Citius, Altius, Fortius: The impact of guide catheter extensions in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention

The Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin for “faster, higher, stronger”) nicely summarizes the role of guide catheter extensions in contemporary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).

The concept behind guide catheter extensions is simple: the closer you get to the lesion, the easier it is to deliver equipment. Guide catheter extensions allow deep intubation of the vessel (sometimes even through the target lesion), extending the reach of the guide catheter (1–5). Multiple benefits follow:

First, guide catheter extensions make the procedure faster (Citius). Efficiency is important in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, both for optimizing patient safety (the shorter the procedure, the lesser the chance for adverse events to happen, for anticoagulation effect to wane, for adverse events related to additional equipment use, etc.), thereby improving the workflow of the laboratory, and for reducing procedural costs. If a stent can be delivered within 5 vs. 30 minutes, both the patient and operators benefit.

Second, guide catheter extensions allow successful completion of procedures that previously might have been much more challenging or even impossible—effectively raising the bar on what can be achieved (Altius). Development of guide catheter extensions is in part responsible for the recent explosion in chronic total occlusion (CTO) and high-risk complex PCI (6), allowing the operators to “push the envelope.” The Guideliner reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking and dissection (CART) technique is a beautiful example of guide catheter extension use to facilitate one of the most challenging steps of retrograde CTO PCI by effectively moving the ostium of the coronary artery distally into the vessel and facilitating guidewire externalization (7, 8).

Third, guide catheter extensions markedly increase guide catheter support (Fortius), facilitating delivery of guidewires, balloons, and stents across challenging anatomy—for example, in tortuous and calcified lesions (9), CTOs (10), and saphenous vein graft lesions (11).

Do all these benefits come at a price? Yes, both literally and metaphorically. Guide catheter extensions carry a cost, which may, however, be offset by savings in additional equipment that would have been required to facilitate the procedure. They also carry a risk of complications: deep engagement can lead to vessel dissection (4, 6, 12), and advancing equipment through the extension may result in deformation or equipment loss (13, 14). Moreover, it is important to know what can and what cannot pass through a guide catheter extension, since it effectively decreases the inner guide lumen by approximately 2 French. Understanding these risks and taking preventive (or, if needed, corrective) actions is critical for everyone using these devices.

The authors of the two-center description of Guideliner-assisted PCI published in this issue of the Journal are to be congratulated for providing a thorough review of the beneficial outcomes after implementation of the Guideliner catheter in their practice, especially since they achieved excellent results without an increase in complications (15). Their series illustrates in action how Citius, Altius, Fortius can be achieved with proper use of novel equipment by operators committed to delivering the best outcomes for their patients.

A stamp published in USA in 2005 by Child Health Organisation emphasising the importance of stethoscope