Skip to main content
PMC home page
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes logoLink to Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
. 2017 Mar 9;15:46. doi: 10.1186/s12955-017-0620-1

Development of the US English version of the phenylketonuria – quality of life (PKU-QOL) questionnaire

Elaina Jurecki 1, Amy Cunningham 2, Vanessa Birardi 1, Grégory Gagol 3, Catherine Acquadro 4,✉
PMCID: PMC5343404  PMID: 28274259

Abstract

Background

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a defect in the metabolism of phenylalanine (PHE) resulting in elevated blood and brain PHE levels, and leading to cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial problems. The phenylketonuria – quality of life (PKU-QOL) questionnaire was the first self-administered disease-specific instrument developed to assess the impact of PKU and its treatment on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients and their caregivers. Available in four versions (child, adolescent, adult and parent), the PKU-QOL was simultaneously developed and validated in seven countries [i.e., France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom (UK)]. The objectives of our study were to develop and linguistically validate the PKU-QOL questionnaire for use in the United States (US).

Methods

The UK versions served as a basis for the development of the US English PKU-QOL questionnaire. The linguistic validation process consisted of 4 steps: 1) adaptation of the UK versions into US English by a translator native of US English and living in the US; 2) a clinician review; 3) cognitive interviews with patients and caregivers to test the appropriateness, understandability and clarity of the US translations; and 4) two proof-readings.

Results

The adaptation from UK to US English revealed the usual syntactic and idiomatic differences between the two languages, such as differences in: 1) Spelling, e.g., “dietician” (UK) vs. “dietitian” (US), or “mum” (UK) vs. “mom” (US); 2) Syntax or punctuation; and 3) Words/expressions use, e.g., “holidays” (UK) vs. “vacation” (US), or “biscuits” (UK) vs. “crackers” (US). The major issue was cultural, and consisted of using a different terminology to describe PKU treatment throughout the questionnaires. The clinician, with the patients and the caregivers, during the interviews suggested to replace “supplement and amino-acid mixture” or “supplements” with “medical formula.” This wording was later changed to “medical food” to be consistent with the terminology used in current US published guidelines.

Conclusions

The translation of the UK English PKU-QOL questionnaire into US English did not raise critical semantic and cultural issues. The PKU-QOL will be valuable for US healthcare providers in individualizing treatment and managing patients with PKU.

Keywords: Phenylketonuria, PKU-QOL questionnaire, Health-related quality of life, Translation, Linguistic validation

Background

Phenylketonuria (PKU), or phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (PAHD), is a rare autosomal recessive disease, induced by the deficiency of the hepatic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine (PHE) into tyrosine (TYR) [1]. This defect results in increased blood concentrations of PHE and toxic accumulation in the brain, leading to cognitive deficiencies, emotional disturbance and psychosocial disabilities [1, 2]. Current treatment for PKU includes a life-long diet highly restrictive in PHE that excludes high protein foods, and is supported nutritionally with medical foods [3] with the goal of maintaining blood PHE in the range of 120–360 μmol/l [3]. Medical foods for PKU provide the amino acids required for normal growth and development, without PHE or with negligible amounts of PHE, and include conditionally essential TYR and varying quantities of carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, and minerals [4, 5]. Pharmacological treatment with sapropterin dihydrochloride (KUVAN® BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA) is to date the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medication indicated for the treatment of PKU in conjunction with a PHE-restricted diet in individuals with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-responsive PKU [3, 6]. Although the mechanism of action underlying the BH4 therapeutic effect is not entirely understood, it is thought that the primary mechanism-of-action for BH4 treatment in PKU is the activation of residual PAH enzyme resulting in increased PHE oxidation to TYR [7, 8]. Research suggests that approximately 50% of PKU patients in the US could exhibit a beneficial response to BH4 [9].

The PHE-restricted diet can be burdensome to individuals with PKU and their families, leading to a risk of non-adherence with treatment, especially in adolescents and young adults [10–13]. Obstacles to treatment adherence include time constraints and stress associated with food preparation and record keeping, as well as restrictions imposed on social life. In addition, medical foods and specialty low protein foods may be poorly accepted and can impose a financial burden [11]. Diminishing adherence with age is a global issue. In a study surveying ten European centers, Ahring et al. [14] showed blood PHE control and the percentages of blood PHE concentrations within each center’s local and national target ranges diminished for patients above 16 years of age.

Psychological and neurocognitive problems may be observed in individuals with PKU [15]. In a systematic literature review [16], Enns et al. reported that overall intellectual functioning and specific neuropsychological abilities may be suboptimal in patients treated with diet only and having either high or fluctuating blood PHE concentrations. They described executive dysfunction in working memory, conceptual reasoning, mental flexibility and organizational strategy. Attentional problems leading to negative impacts on academic progress, as well as on self-esteem and emotional development, were noted. Regarding the evaluation of quality of life (QOL), Enns et al. described contrasting results. Out of six studies reviewed, two presented optimal outcomes, i.e., QOL comparable to normal controls [17, 18] and four reported suboptimal results [19–22]. However, more recent studies (published after Enns et al.’s review) suggest that the QOL of patients with PKU is often comparable to that of the general population [23–27]. Common to these studies is the use of generic measures to assess QOL, i.e. questionnaires intended for use irrespective of the underlying disease. This suggests that the observation of normal QOL outcomes might be the result of the lack of specificity of these generic questionnaires, not specifically designed to address the impact of PKU and its treatment on patients’ lives, therefore, failing to assess more subtle problems that may be experienced by individuals with PKU. For instance, in their evaluation of BH4 on quality of life, Ziesch et al. [23] used the KINDL (Kinder Lebensqualität), a generic measure of QOL for children (originally developed in German). They noticed that QOL results conflicted with personal reports from children and parents, felt to be related to the use of the KINDL which did not capture aspects that mattered to the patients. As a result, they called for the development of a specific disease-related PKU QOL instrument. Such an instrument should be able to detect decrements in specific domains of the life of patients with PKU as well as potential improvements in these domains due to therapeutic interventions.

The phenylketonuria – quality of life (PKU-QOL) questionnaire was developed to address these issues [28]. This is the first self-administered instrument developed for patients with PKU and their caregivers which assesses PKU symptoms, PKU in general (i.e., physical, emotional, social and overall impacts of PKU), and the impact of treatment. The PKU-QOL exists in four versions, three are age-specific [Child (9–11 years old) PKU-QOL (40 items), Adolescent (12–17 years old) PKU-QOL (58 items), Adult PKU-QOL (65 items)], and one version enables the evaluation of the QOL of children by their caregivers as well as an assessment of the parents’ QOL [Parent PKU-QOL (54 items)]. The four versions share a similar structure, but reflect the specific realities of each population. The PKU-QOL was simultaneously developed and validated in seven countries (i.e., France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey and the UK).

The objectives of our study were to adapt and linguistically validate the PKU-QOL for use in the United States by healthcare providers to evaluate the QOL of patients with PKU.

Methods

Linguistic validation process

The linguistic validation process used to develop the US version of the PKU-QOL was in compliance with the recommendations of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research [29, 30]. The UK questionnaire served as a basis for the development of the US English PKU-QOL.

The process, conducted by a coordinating center (i.e., Mapi Language Services), consisted of 4 steps. The first step was adapting the UK English version of the PKU-QOL questionnaire to US English. The source UK English version of the PKU-QOL was assessed for its suitability in the linguistic and cultural context of the US, and its wording was adapted when needed. The adaptation was performed by a translator native of US English and living in the US. It is important this step be performed in the target country (i.e., US), to make sure the version is adapted to the contemporary context of the country in which it will be used. Discussion with the coordinating center led to the development of a first target US version. A report summarizing the issues encountered and solutions retained was developed. A second step was a clinician review to obtain input from medical experts on specific terminology used. Issues and solutions were discussed with the coordinating center and the in-country translator. The third step consisted of in-depth cognitive individual interviews with patients and caregivers. The objective was to investigate the appropriateness, understandability and clarity of the US PKU-QOL questionnaire. Participants were asked to comment on their understanding of each part of the questionnaire (i.e., instructions, questions and response categories) and suggest alternative formulations where wording was thought to be problematic. Difficulties were scrutinized and solutions were proposed during discussions between the coordinating center and the in-country-consultant. Finally, two proof-readings were conducted by two translators working independently (i.e., the in-country consultant and one translator new to the study).

Participants

Patients with a formal diagnosis of PKU were recruited by medical experts from sites in the US who agreed to participate in this study. Medical experts were asked to recruit patients of specified ages according to the questionnaire being evaluated. Patients and their caregivers were included if they agreed to participate in the interviews. Patients were not recruited based on their phenotype. Participants in the interviews had to be native English-speaking residents of the US. Participants were not included if they were not able or willing to provide informed consent and were not native US English speakers.

Analysis

The linguistic validation report was reviewed to identify difficulties and problematic issues, as well as the solutions proposed to overcome them. The types of difficulties were categorized as Cultural (C), Idiomatic (I), Semantic/conceptual (S) or Syntactic (Sy) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Categorization of translation difficulties

Category Definition
Cultural (C) A word or formulation in the original is culturally loaded in the target context due to societal or religious customs (e.g., eating habits in Asian countries). The usage of certain words or phrases based on the culture of a given society may be improper in the target language.
For instance,, starchy foods (e.g., potato, bread, etc.), starchy foods (e.g.,. rice, pasta, chapatti, etc.).
Semantic (S) Semantics concerns meanings, which are both denotative, i.e. the literal word (lexis), and connotative, namely the set of cultural and/or subjective associations implied by a word in addition to its literal explicit meaning. This category includes lexical differences.
For instance, meet your responsibilities, meet your duties, meet your obligation s.
Idiomatic/pragmatics (I) The practicalities of how a language is used in its everyday context are different between the source and target language. For example, one language may have more social registers than another (there are a number of different forms of addressing a person in Japanese, whereas English may only have one) and the idiosyncrasies of one language (repetitions, focus on particular words, use of idiomatic expressions, etc.) may not be found in another.
For instance, I feel downhearted and blue, I feel down and sad.
Syntactic/grammar (Sy) Syntactic difficulties correspond to specific aspects related to sentence structure, grammar, punctuation. The structure and grammar of the source and target language may diverge. For example, there is no grammatical form for the past tense in Tagalog.
For instance, How flexible have you been finding …? How flexible have you found …?
Open in a new tab

Results

Participants

Interviews were conducted with 15 patients and 5 caregivers of patients with PKU (Table 2). The US versions of the PKU-QOL were administered as follows: Child PKU-QOL to five children; Adolescent PKU-QOL to five adolescents; Adult PKU-QOL to five adults; and Parent PKU-QOL to five parents of the children/adolescents already recruited to test the children and adolescent versions.

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of the cognitive interview participants

Participants*
Characteristics Child Adolescent Adult Parent
Age in years:
Range (mean)		 9–11 (9.8) 12–17 (14.8) 19–36 (28.4) 31–56 (41)
Gender: males/females 2/3 4/1 2/3 2/3
Level of education 4th–6th grade
(two aged 9 in 4th grade; two aged 10 in 5th grade; one aged 11 in 6th grade)		 6th–11th grade
(one aged 12 in 6th grade; one aged 14 and one aged 15 in 8th grade; one aged 16 in 9th grade, one aged 17 in 11th grade)		 11th–12th grade
(highest obtained)		 11th–12th grade
(highest obtained)
Open in a new tab

*n = 5 for each population

The general impression reported was favorable. The questionnaire on the whole was reported to be clearly worded and easy to understand. The instructions, as well as the response choices, were found to be straightforward and free from ambiguity. For each item, respondents had no difficulty in choosing their answer.

Adaptation issues

The adaptation from UK to US English revealed the usual semantic (S), syntactic (Sy) and idiomatic (I) differences between the two languages, such as differences in:

  1. Spelling (S): i.e., “dietician” (UK) vs. “dietitian” (US); “mum” (UK) vs. “mom” (US).

  2. Syntax or punctuation (Sy): i.e., “I was so angry I wanted to hit something or someone” (UK) vs. “I was so angry that I wanted to hit something or someone” (US); ‘X’ (UK) vs. “X” (US).

  3. Words/expressions use (S/I): i.e., “holidays” (UK) vs. “vacation” (US); “please tick the box” (UK) vs. “please check the box” (US); “Following are…” (UK) vs. “Below there are…” (US); “biscuits” (UK) vs. “crackers” (US); “filling in” (UK) vs. “filling out” (US).

At a cultural level, date format i.e., “day/month/year” (UK) was replaced by “month/day/year” (US). The terminology to describe PKU treatment throughout the questionnaires was changed in order to be fully understood by the patients and caregivers. During the interviews, the clinicians, patients and caregivers, suggested simplification of the terminology by replacing “supplement and amino-acid mixture” or “supplements” with a single expression, i.e., “medical formula.” This wording was later changed to “medical food” to be consistent with the terminology used in current US published guidelines [3, 5].

In contrast, words involving feelings (e.g., angry, happy, sad, afraid, bad, shy, embarrassed, left out, irritable, fussy, aggressive, anxious, or moody), symptoms (e.g., headaches, tired) or behavior (e.g., to drink, to eat, to cook) were not changed.

Discussion

The adaptation of the PKU-QOL questionnaire from UK English to US English did not reveal major semantic or cultural issues. Participating patients with PKU and their caregivers provided input essential to adaptation of the PKU-QOL questionnaire so that each component could be easily understood by the US target population. The PKU-QOL questionnaire was well accepted by the participants of the study, which supports the assumption that concepts assessed and identified during the development of the original PKU-QOL questionnaire [28] were equally relevant to the US patients and their caregivers. We did not recruit patients based on their phenotype. This was a deliberate choice since our intent was not to test the content validity of the US PKU-QOL, but to test how well the patients understood the questionnaire, and whether or not the wording was clear and explicit. However, we acknowledge that, for the future use of the PKU-QOL, disease phenotype is relevant as the degree of dietary PHE restriction is impacted by this. When the PKU-QOL questionnaires are updated in the future, we intend to include an explanatory sentence acknowledging that some patients may not require some treatment components (medical food, special low protein food, etc.), and the questions should be answered with that in mind.

Other than the initial papers on the development and use of the PKU-QOL questionnaire in seven countries [27, 28], published research on cross-cultural perspectives of quality of life of patients with PKU is scarce [31]. Most of the cross-cultural evaluations currently published review diagnostic and management perspectives in various countries [32–35]. The availability of the PKU-QOL questionnaire in eight countries (i.e., France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, UK and the US) will encourage cross-cultural research in PKU, and will be the first step to wider development and use in various cultural settings. International studies assessing differences of impact across cultures would be of great interest. They would enable cross-cultural comparisons and improve awareness, tracking, and management of impact on patients with PKU in different cultures, thus providing opportunity for increased support. In addition, the cross-cultural equivalence of the eight language versions of the PKU-QOL questionnaire (due to the use of rigorous cross-cultural methodologies [28] during the development phase), will enable the pooling of data gathered in different countries, and optimize the chance of demonstrating treatment benefit. This will be useful in assessing the impact of standard dietary treatment, pharmacological treatments such as sapropterin, and potential new therapies on clinical outcomes.

Conclusions

The adaptation of the UK English PKU-QOL questionnaire into US English did not raise critical semantic and cultural issues. The four versions of the PKU-QOL questionnaire are now fully linguistically validated in US English. The PKU-QOL questionnaire will be valuable for US healthcare providers in individualizing treatment and managing patients with PKU. The PKU-QOL questionnaire will allow patients’ perceptions to be assessed and documented as patients age, increasing understanding of the impact of PKU on the QOL of patients and their parents throughout the life cycle. The use of validated tools to assess the impact of standard dietary therapy, pharmacological treatments such as sapropterin, and potential new therapies on clinical outcomes will be valuable in managing patients with PKU in the future, and will encourage collection of data that is consistent across treatment centers.

Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to the patients, caregivers and the clinician who have contributed to this study.

Funding

The study was funded by BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc.

Availability of data and materials

Any material related to this work is available on request.

Authors’ contributions

EJ managed and participated in the design of the project, providing clinical and scientific expertise about PKU, and critically reviewed the manuscript. AC provided clinical and scientific expertise about PKU throughout the project, in particular with regards to the definition of concepts, and critically reviewed the manuscript. AC also participated as a clinical advisory board member during the development of the European QOL questionnaires. VB drafted the manuscript. GG managed the global organization of the project, reviewed the outcomes of each step of the linguistic validation to the finalization of the US version of the PKU-QOL, and participated in the development of the manuscript. CA reviewed all steps, analyzed the data generated at each step, designed the categorization of translation difficulties, participated in the interpretation of results, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

EJ and VB are employees of BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., USA. GG is an employee of Mapi, a consulting company commissioned by BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., USA. CA received an honorarium from Mapi for her scientific advice and expertise.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All study subjects gave informed, written consent prior to their participation; consent on behalf of all children taking part was given in writing by their parents or guardians. No submission to Ethical Committee was required.

Intellectual property and condition of use

The PKU-QOL questionnaire is available in four versions: Child PKU-QOL, Adolescent PKU-QOL, Adult PKU-QOL and Parent PKU-QOL. The PKU-QOL is protected by international copyright – PKU-QOL © BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. – 2015 – All Rights Reserved. The PKU-QOL is available freely for use in individual medical practice and in non-privately funded academic research. Access to the questionnaire, as well as further information on, or permission to use the PKU-QOL and/or translations, can be found on https://eprovide.mapi-trust.org/instruments/phenylketonuria-impact-and-treatment-quality-of-life-questionnaire. Potential users will have to create an account on eProvide (link to https://eprovide.mapi-trust.org/register) and specify in the Organization field that they are a clinician. This categorization will enable free access to the PKU-QOL and its translations.

A software called “PKU-QoL© Electronic scorer” is available to ease the calculation of PKU-QOL scores for all four versions. This software and QuickStart guide can be downloaded from the following link: Download PKU-QOL© Electronic scorer files.

Abbreviations

BH4

Tetrahydrobiopterin

C

Cultural

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

HRQL

Health-related quality of life

I

Idiomatic

KINDL

Kinder Lebensqualität

PAH

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

PAHD

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency

PHE

Phenylalanine

PKU

Phenylketonuria

PKU-QOL

Phenylketonuria – quality of life

QOL

Quality of life

S

Semantic

Sy

Syntactic

TYR

Tyrosine

UK

United Kingdom

US

United States

Contributor Information

Elaina Jurecki, Email: EJurecki@bmrn.com.

Amy Cunningham, Email: acunnin@tulane.edu.

Vanessa Birardi, Email: vanessa.birardi@bmrn.com.

Grégory Gagol, Email: ggagol@mapigroup.com.

Catherine Acquadro, Email: cacquadro@mapigroup.com.

References

  • 1.Blau N, Van Spronsen FJ, Levy HL. Phenylketonuria Lancet. 2010;376(9750):1417–27. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60961-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Waisbren SE, Noel K, Fahrbach K, Cella C, Frame D, Dorenbaum A, et al. Phenylalanine blood levels and clinical outcomes in phenylketonuria: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Mol Genet Metab. 2007;92(1–2):63–70. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.05.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Vockley J, Andersson HC, Antshel KM, Braverman NE, Burton BK, Frazier DM, et al. American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Therapeutics Committee. Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency: diagnosis and management guideline. Genet Med. 2014;16(2):188–200. doi: 10.1038/gim.2013.157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Camp KM, Lloyd-Puryear MA, Huntington KL. Nutritional treatment for inborn errors of metabolism: indications, regulations, and availability of medical foods and dietary supplements using phenylketonuria as an example. Mol Genet Metab. 2012;107(1–2):3–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Singh RH, Rohr F, Frazier D, Cunningham A, Mofidi S, Ogata B, et al. Recommendations for the nutrition management of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Genet Med. 2014;16(2):121–31. doi: 10.1038/gim.2013.179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Levy HL, Milanowski A, Chakrapani A, Cleary M, Lee P, Trefz FK, et al. Sapropterin Research Group. Efficacy of sapropterin dihydrochloride (tetrahydrobiopterin, 6R-BH4) for reduction of phenylalanine concentration in patients with phenylketonuria: a phase III randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2007;370(9586):504–10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61234-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Erlandsen H, Stevens RC. A structural hypothesis for BH4 responsiveness in patients with mild forms of hyperphenylalaninaemia and phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2001;24(2):213–30. doi: 10.1023/A:1010371002631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Erlandsen H, Pey AL, Gámez A, Pérez B, Desviat LR, Aguado C, Stevens RC. Correction of kinetic and stability defects by tetrahydrobiopterin in phenylketonuria patients with certain phenylalanine hydroxylase mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(48):16903–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407256101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Michals-Matalon K, Bhatia G, Guttler F, Tyring SK, Matalon R. Response of phenylketonuria to tetrahydrobiopterin. J Nutr. 2007;137(6 Suppl 1):1564–7. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1564S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Belanger-Quintana A, Burlina A, Harding CO, Muntau AC. Up to date knowledge on different treatment strategies for phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab. 2011;104(Suppl):19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Bilginsoy C, Waitzman N, Leonard CO, Ernst SL. Living with phenylketonuria: perspectives of patients and their families. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(5):639–49. doi: 10.1007/s10545-005-4478-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Mütze U, Roth A, Weigel JF, Beblo S, Baerwald CG, Buhrdel P, et al. Transition of young adults with phenylketonuria from pediatric to adult care. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34(3):701–9. doi: 10.1007/s10545-011-9284-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Walter JH, White FJ, Hall SK, MacDonald A, Rylance G, Boneh A, et al. How practical are recommendations for dietary control in phenylketonuria? Lancet. 2002;360(9326):55–7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09334-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Ahring K, Bélanger-Quintana A, Dokoupil K, Gokmen-Ozel H, Lammardo AM, MacDonald A, et al. Blood phenylalanine control in phenylketonuria: a survey of 10 European centres. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(2):275–8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Giovannini M, Verduci E, Salvatici E, Paci S, Riva E. Phenylketonuria: nutritional advances and challenges. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012;9(1):7. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Enns GM, Koch R, Brumm V, Blakely E, Suter R, Jurecki E. Suboptimal outcomes in patients with PKU treated early with diet alone: revisiting the evidence. Mol Genet Metab. 2010;101(2–3):99–109. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.05.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Bosch AM, Tybout W, van Spronsen FJ, de Valk HW, Wijburg FA, Grootenhuis MA. The course of life and quality of life of early and continuously treated Dutch patients with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007;30(1):29–34. doi: 10.1007/s10545-006-0433-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Bosch AM, Maurice-Stam H, Wijburg FA, Grootenhuis MA. Remarkable differences: the course of life of young adults with galactosaemia and PKU. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009;32(6):706–12. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-1253-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Landolt MA, Nuoffer JM, Steinmann B, Superti-Furga A. Quality of life and psychologic adjustment in children and adolescents with early treated phenylketonuria can be normal. J Pediatr. 2002;140(5):516–21. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2002.123663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Gassio R, Campistol J, Vilaseca MA, Lambruschini N, Cambra FJ, Fuste E. Do adult patients with phenylketonuria improve their quality of life after introduction/resumption of a phenylalanine-restricted diet? Acta Paediatr. 2003;92(12):1474–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00834.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Simon E, Schwarz M, Roos J, Dragano N, Geraedts M, Siegrist J, et al. Evaluation of quality of life and description of the sociodemographic state in adolescent and young adult patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008;6:25. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-6-25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Bik-Multanowski M, Didycz B. Mozrzymas, Nowacka M, Kaluzny L, Cichy W et al. Quality of life in noncompliant adults with phenylketonuria after resumption of the diet. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009;32(1):126. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-9969-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Ziesch B, Weigel J, Thiele A, Mütze U, Rohde C, Ceglarek U, et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in PKU: effect on dietary treatment, metabolic control, and quality of life. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012;35(6):983–92. doi: 10.1007/s10545-012-9458-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Thimm E, Schmidt LE, Heldt K, Spiekerkoetter U. Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with phenylketonuria: unimpaired HRQoL in patients but feared school failure in parents. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2013;36(5):767–72. doi: 10.1007/s10545-012-9566-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Demirdas S, Maurice-Stam H, Boelen CC, Hofstede FC, Janssen MC, Langendonk JG, et al. Evaluation of quality of life in PKU before and after introducing tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4); a prospective multi-center cohort study. Mol Genet Metab. 2013;110(Suppl):49–56. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.09.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Cazzorla C, Cegolon L, Burlina AP, Celato A, Massa P, Giordano L, Polo G, Daniele A, Salvatore F, Burlina AB. Quality of Life (QoL) assessment in a cohort of patients with phenylketonuria. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1243. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Bosch AM, Burlina A, Cunningham A, Bettiol E, Moreau-Stucker F, Koledova E, et al. Assessment of the impact of phenylketonuria and its treatment on quality of life of patients and parents from seven European countries. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:80. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0294-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Regnault A, Burlina A, Cunningham A, Bettiol E, Moreau-Stucker F, Benmedjahed K, et al. Development and psychometric validation of measures to assess the impact of phenylketonuria and its dietary treatment on patients’ and parents’ quality of life: the phenylketonuria - quality of life (PKU-QOL) questionnaires. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:59. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0261-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, et al. ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value Health. 2005;8(2):94–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Wild D, Eremenco S, Mear I, Martin M, Houchin C, Gawlicki M, et al. Multinational trials-recommendations on the translations required, approaches to using the same language in different countries, and the approaches to support pooling the data: the ISPOR Patient-Reported Outcomes Translation and Linguistic Validation Good Research Practices Task Force report. Value Health. 2009;12(4):430–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00471.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Keil S, Anjema K, van Spronsen FJ, Lambruschini N, Burlina A, Bélanger-Quintana A, et al. Long-term follow-up and outcome of phenylketonuria patients on sapropterin: a retrospective study. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e1881–8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Giżewska M, MacDonald A, Bélanger-Quintana A, Burlina A, Cleary M, Coşkun T, et al. Diagnostic and management practices for phenylketonuria in 19 countries of the South and Eastern European Region: survey results. Eur J Pediatr. 2016;175(2):261–72. doi: 10.1007/s00431-015-2622-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Zerjav Tansek M, Groselj U, Angelkova N, Anton D, Baric I, Djordjevic M, et al. Phenylketonuria screening and management in southeastern Europe - survey results from 11 countries. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:68. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0283-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Trefz FK, van Spronsen FJ, MacDonald A, Feillet F, Muntau AC, Belanger-Quintana A, et al. Management of adult patients with phenylketonuria: survey results from 24 countries. Eur J Pediatr. 2015;174(1):119–27. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2458-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Mei L, Song P, Kokudo N, Xu L, Tang W. Current situation and prospects of newborn screening and treatment for Phenylketonuria in China - compared with the current situation in the United States, UK and Japan. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2013;2(4):106–14. doi: 10.5582/irdr.2013.v2.4.106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

Any material related to this work is available on request.

Articles from Health and Quality of Life Outcomes are provided here courtesy of BMC

RESOURCES