Skip to main content
PMC home page
PLOS ONE logoLink to PLOS ONE
. 2017 Mar 13;12(3):e0173896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173896

Long-term trends and survival analysis of esophageal and gastric cancer in Yangzhong, 1991-2013

Zhaolai Hua 1,2,#, Xianzhi Zheng 2,#, Hengchuan Xue 3, Jianming Wang 2,4,*, Jun Yao 5,*
Editor: Wayne A Phillips6
PMCID: PMC5348038  PMID: 28288195

Abstract

Objective

To describe the long-term trends of the incidence, mortality and survival of upper digestive tract cancers in a high-risk area of China.

Methods

We extracted esophageal and gastric cancer cases diagnosed from 1991 to 2013 through the Yangzhong Cancer Registry and calculated the crude and age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Cancer trends were calculated using the Joinpoint Regression Program and were reported using the annual percentage change (APC). The cancer-specific survival rates were evaluated and compared between groups using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

Results

The age-standardized incidence rate of esophageal cancer declined from 107.06 per 100,000 person-years (male: 118.05 per 100,000 person-years; female: 97.42 per 100,000 person-years) in 1991 to 37.04 per 100,000 person-years (male: 46.43 per 100,000 person-years; female: 27.26 per 100,000 person-years) in 2013, with an APC of -2.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): -3.4%, -1.5%) for males and -4.9% (95% CI:-5.8%, -3.9%) for females. The age-standardized incidence rate of gastric cancer was 165.11 per 100,000 person-years (male: 225.39 per 100,000 person-years; female: 113.34 per 100,000 person-years) in 1991 and 53.46 per 100,000 person-years (male: 76.51 per 100,000 person-years; female: 32.43 per 100,000 person-years) in 2013, with the APC of -3.6% (95% CI: -4.5%, -2.7%) for males and -4.8% (95% CI: -5.7%, -3.9%) for females. The median survival time was 3.0 years for patients with esophageal or gastric cancer. Cancer cases detected after 2004 had a better prognosis.

Conclusions

The age-standardized incidence rates of both esophageal and gastric cancer continuously decreased since 1991 through 2013, whereas the mortality rate remained stable before 2004 and significantly declined following the massive endoscopic screening program initiated in 2004. The survival probability of patients with esophageal and gastric cancer has improved obviously in recent decades.

Introduction

The two most common upper digestive tract cancers worldwide, esophageal cancer and gastric cancer, are the sixth and third leading cause of cancer-related death, respectively [1]. Since the middle of the 20th century, a steady decline in upper digestive tract cancer incidence has been observed in the majority of more developed countries in Northern America and Europe [2–4]. Similar decreasing trends have also been noted in areas with historically high rates, including Ukraine, Colombia, Ecuador, Japan, China and Korea, but the disease burden remains heavy in some developing countries [5, 6].

A long-term trend analysis from in China revealed that the all-cancer incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males, whereas they increased significantly among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have declined significantly for both males and females [5]. The four most common cancers diagnosed in China are lung, gastric, liver, and esophageal, accounting for 57% of all cancers diagnosed in China, compared with 18% in the United States [5, 7]. Gastric, esophageal, and liver cancers were identified as leading causes of cancer-related death [5]. Malignancies of both esophageal and gastric cancers have a particularly poor prognosis and lower survival rate as they typically cause no symptoms and thus are diagnosed with distant metastasis [8, 9].

Yangzhong is an island located in the middle of the Yangtze River, China. It consists of a group of small islands with a special geographical environment and life style [10]. Yangzhong has been reported as a high-risk area for both esophageal cancer and gastric cancer since the 1970s. In 1985, the Yangzhong Cancer Institute was established. In 1991, the Yangzhong Cancer Registry was developed [10]. Since 2004, massive screening and intervention programs for digestive tract caners have been implemented [11], but their effects on the morbidity and mortality of esophageal and gastric cancers have not been thoroughly investigated. Like other health indices, information on survival statistics is an important component in monitoring cancer control activities, which may suggest possible reasons for changes and provide targets for the improvement. Based on the local cancer registry database, we performed the current study to describe the long-term trends of the incidence, mortality and survival of upper digestive tract cancers in Yangzhong.

Methods

Ethics statement

This project has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nanjing Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Data source

Yangzhong is a county-level city in eastern China, with a population of 280,000 and an area of 327 km2 at the end of 2015. The Yangzhong Cancer Mortality Registry was established in 1985 and is organized and maintained by the Yangzhong Cancer Research Institute (affiliated with Yangzhong People’s Hospital). In 1990, case reports of both cancer occurrence and death to the Yangzhong Cancer Registry became compulsory, and the registry has functioned well since 1991. The cancer registry covers the entire local population. Cancer cases are reported to the registry from multiple sources, including local hospitals, community health centers and village clinics. A standard notification card is used to report the information of cancer cases, including patient’s demographic characteristics (name, date of birth, sex, address and occupation) and disease characteristics (type of cancer, cancer site, date of diagnosis, pathology, and treatment). Patients reported to Yangzhong Cancer Registry were followed to confirm their diagnosis and survival status. Both active case searching and passive case reporting methods were adopted. For passive follow-up, death information about patients with esophageal or gastric cancer was extracted from death certificates in the vital statistical section of Yangzhong Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Patients without death information were considered to be “alive” until the end time of our research. In addition, mortality data were matched with the cancer incidence database. Active follow-up was necessary in the absence of reliable health information. Home visits or postal/telephone enquiries were performed to confirm the essential information. We extracted data from 1991 to 2013 based on the registry database. All cancer cases identified as codes C15 (esophageal cancer) or C16 (gastric cancer) from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) were included in the analysis [12]. The information of death, living status or loss to follow-up were updated through December 31, 2015. Patients that were alive at the closing date, lost to follow-up or died by other causes were considered censored [13, 14].

Quality control

Data reported to the Cancer Registry were checked for eligibility and validity before being entered into the database. Quality was assessed based on the criteria of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/International Association of Cancer Registries (IARC/IACR). Additionally, data sorting, checking and evaluation were performed using relevant software, including Excel and IARC-crgTools [15, 16]. The proportion of morphological verification (MV %), percentage of cancer cases identified with death certification only (DCO %), mortality to incidence ratio (MI), percentage of uncertified cancer (UB %), and percentage of cancer with undefined or unknown primary site (secondary) (CPU %) were used to evaluate the completeness, validity and reliability of the data [17]. In the current study, the overall indicators of MV %, DCO %, and MI ratio were 71.23%, 2.98% and 0.65, respectively. The UB % and CPU % were less than 5% for both esophageal and gastric cancers.

Statistical analyses

The annual age-standardized rate and age-specific rate were calculated from 1991 through 2013. The age-adjusted rates represent a weighted average of the age-specific rates in which the weights are the proportions of persons in the corresponding age group of the standard population. This method reduced the potential confounding effect caused by age. We calculated the world age-standardized rate according to Segi’s world standard population [18]. Cancer trends were calculated using the Joinpoint Regression Program and were reported using the annual percentage change (APC). Joinpoint Regression Program 4.3.1.0 was downloaded from the website of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, MD, USA). The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to plot the survival curves. The 3-year cancer-specific survival rates (proportion of patients alive at the specified time) were calculated. Survival analysis between groups was performed using the log-rank test [19]. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 or STATA 10.0 software.

Results

Esophageal cancer

From 1991 to 2013, 6493 esophageal cancer cases were identified in Yangzhong County. Among them, 3446 (53.1%) were men and 3047 (46.9%) were women. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer was relatively stable during the study period, but the age-standardized incidence significantly decreased from 107.06 per 100,000 person-years (male: 118.05 per 100,000 person-years; female: 97.42 per 100,000 person-years) in 1991 to 37.04 per 100,000 person-years (male: 46.43 per 100,000 person-years; female: 27.26 per 100,000 person-years) in 2013, with an APC of -2.5% (95% CI: -3.4%, -1.5%) for males (P <0.01) and -4.9% (95% CI: -5.8%, -3.9%) for females (P <0.01) (Tables 1 and 2; Fig 1A). The age-specific rates were relatively low in populations younger than 40 years and increased with age, reaching the peak at 75 years of age (Fig 2A). The age-specific rate was higher in males than in females for each age group.

Table 1. Incidence rate of esophageal and gastric cancer in Yangzhong, 1991–2013.

Cancers Year Male Female Total
N CR ASR N CR ASR N CR ASR
Esophageal cancer 1991 159 117.60 118.05 150 108.15 97.42 309 112.82 107.06
1992 131 96.96 92.13 173 124.91 110.54 304 111.11 101.28
1993 145 107.40 99.28 122 88.21 74.06 267 97.69 85.75
1994 137 101.55 88.36 152 110.06 89.14 289 105.86 89.03
1995 125 92.72 79.61 151 109.49 84.92 276 101.20 82.51
1996 147 109.12 89.86 158 114.73 85.04 305 111.96 87.97
1997 149 110.68 87.04 117 85.08 64.09 266 97.75 74.91
1998 132 98.12 75.22 157 114.33 83.09 289 106.31 79.81
1999 157 116.79 86.92 162 118.14 81.97 319 117.48 84.46
2000 159 118.35 85.66 142 103.66 71.80 301 110.94 78.54
2001 155 115.43 82.08 162 118.39 77.34 317 116.93 80.39
2002 154 114.81 78.20 129 94.48 57.98 283 104.56 67.88
2003 163 121.52 84.74 138 101.07 63.74 301 111.21 74.37
2004 164 122.10 82.55 140 102.48 64.99 304 112.21 74.19
2005 182 135.31 90.37 132 96.56 58.07 314 115.78 74.17
2006 184 136.28 86.55 138 100.08 59.13 322 117.99 73.13
2007 146 107.85 64.99 120 86.64 51.69 266 97.13 58.07
2008 86 63.35 38.96 76 54.69 28.59 162 58.97 33.86
2009 156 113.31 69.03 111 78.42 45.84 267 95.63 57.22
2010 160 115.32 64.40 106 74.21 39.7 266 94.47 51.79
2011 154 111.50 62.30 104 73.08 36.14 258 92.01 49.00
2012 174 126.17 66.02 118 82.55 38.03 292 103.97 51.44
2013 127 91.92 46.43 89 62.05 27.26 216 76.71 37.04
Gastric cancer 1991 300 221.90 225.39 171 123.29 113.34 471 171.97 165.11
1992 258 190.97 183.73 165 119.13 103.24 423 154.61 141.72
1993 235 174.07 161.61 157 113.52 91.72 392 143.43 125.9
1994 247 183.09 162.87 163 118.03 93.97 410 150.18 126.86
1995 264 195.83 170.26 140 101.52 76.94 404 148.14 121.69
1996 242 179.64 150.44 150 108.92 82.11 392 143.89 115.37
1997 222 164.92 131.57 138 100.35 76.47 360 132.29 102.85
1998 225 167.27 133.51 143 104.14 75.62 368 135.38 103.29
1999 209 155.48 118.93 140 102.10 69.36 349 128.53 93.54
2000 242 180.13 133.52 143 104.40 70.6 385 141.90 100.12
2001 251 186.93 134.88 136 99.40 64.57 387 142.75 98.19
2002 248 184.90 126.2 170 124.51 77.59 418 154.44 101
2003 252 187.88 128.35 136 99.61 65.71 388 143.35 96.05
2004 228 169.76 118.35 112 81.99 52.75 340 125.50 84.99
2005 260 193.31 128.28 129 94.37 60.01 389 143.44 92.87
2006 265 196.27 123.33 133 96.46 58.45 398 145.84 90.27
2007 228 168.43 102.39 153 110.48 62.31 381 139.12 81.98
2008 114 83.99 49.59 71 51.09 30.12 185 67.35 39.26
2009 237 172.15 107.25 137 96.79 52.78 374 133.95 79.16
2010 250 180.19 104.21 84 58.81 30.22 334 118.62 66.32
2011 236 170.88 94.3 120 84.33 42.22 356 126.96 67.86
2012 240 174.04 92.64 93 65.06 33.24 333 118.57 62.26
2013 206 149.10 76.51 94 65.54 32.43 300 106.54 53.46
Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: N, number of cases; CR, crude rate; ASR, age-standardized rate.

Table 2. Joinpoint analysis of esophageal and gastric cancers in Yangzhong, 1991–2013.

Cancers Gender Incidence Mortality
Period APC(95% CI) Tendency P-value Period APC(95% CI) Tendency P-value
Esophageal cancer Total 1991–2013 -3.5(-4.3, -2.7) <0.01 1991–1993 47.5(-14.4, 154.1) 0.1
1993–2004 -2.9(-5.8, 0.5) 0.1
2004–2010 -17.7(-26.2, -8.3) <0.01
2010–2013 16.8(-11.4, 53.9) 0.2
Male 1991–2013 -2.5(-3.4, -1.5) <0.01 1991–1993 41.9(-23, 161.5) 0.2
1993–2004 -2.3(-5.6, 1.1) 0.2
2004–2010 -15(-24.2, -4.7) <0.01
2010–2013 15.3(-13.6, 53.8) 0.3
Female 1991–2013 -4.9(-5.8, -3.9) <0.01 1991–2000 1.5(-4.8, 8.1) 0.6
2000–2013 -11.9(-15.5, -8.1) <0.01
Gastric cancer Total 1991–2013 -4.0(-4.8, -3.2) <0.01 1991–2001 1.1(-2.8, 5.2) 0.6
2001–2011 -13.8(-18.3, -8.9) <0.01
2011–2013 34.4(-26.6, 146.1) 0.3
Male 1991–2013 -3.6(-4.5, -2.7) <0.01 1991–1993 38.5(-7.9, 108.3) 0.1
1993–2002 -1.9(-4.9, 1.2) 0.2
2002–2011 -13.5(-16.9, -10) <0.01
2011–2013 40(-1.1, 98.2) 0.1
Female 1991–2013 -4.8(-5.7, -3.9) <0.01 1991–1999 2.4(-4.9, 10.2) 0.5
1999–2013 -11(-14.3, -7.6) <0.01
Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: APC, annual percentage change; CI, confidence interval.

Fig 1. Age-adjusted incidence rates of esophageal and gastric cancers in Yangzhong.

Fig 1

Open in a new tab

A: esophageal cancer; B: gastric cancer.

Fig 2. Age-specific incidence rates of esophageal and gastric cancer in Yangzhong.

Fig 2

Open in a new tab

A: esophageal cancer; B: gastric cancer.

The age-standardized mortality rate for esophageal cancer increased from 1991 (25.15 per 100,000 person-years) to 1993 (62.94 per 100,000 person-years), remained stable from 1994 (56.38 per 100,000 person-years) to 2003 (50.78 per 100,000 person-years) and then decreased from 2004 (45.32 per 100,000 person-years) to 2011 (13.98 per 100,000 person-years), with a significant APC of -17.7% (95% CI: -26.2%, -8.3%; P <0.01) (Tables 2 & 3; Fig 3A).

Table 3. Mortality rate of esophageal and gastric cancers in Yangzhong, 1991–2013.

Cancers Year Male Female Total
N CR ASR N CR ASR N CR ASR
Esophageal cancer 1991 43 31.81 33.96 30 21.63 19.17 73 26.65 25.15
1992 63 46.63 44.91 92 66.43 57.73 155 56.65 51.9
1993 104 77.04 71.36 93 67.24 55.6 197 72.08 62.94
1994 87 64.49 56.91 96 69.51 56.22 183 67.03 56.38
1995 103 76.41 65.87 118 85.56 66.03 221 81.04 66.05
1996 103 76.46 62.57 106 76.97 57.35 209 76.72 60.82
1997 91 67.60 53.56 90 65.45 45.02 181 66.51 49.41
1998 104 77.31 60.39 87 63.36 46.14 191 70.26 52.89
1999 125 92.99 69.45 123 89.70 61.13 248 91.33 65.85
2000 92 68.48 50.72 120 87.61 58.14 212 78.14 54.11
2001 102 75.96 54.24 96 70.16 45.53 198 73.04 50.39
2002 103 76.79 52.36 91 66.65 39.56 194 71.68 46.23
2003 101 75.30 52.56 108 79.10 48.37 209 77.22 50.78
2004 100 74.45 50.53 88 64.42 39.46 188 69.39 45.32
2005 107 79.55 52.45 76 55.60 34.73 183 67.48 43.58
2006 62 45.92 28.32 53 38.44 21.61 115 42.14 25.17
2007 62 45.80 27.52 48 34.66 18.18 110 40.17 22.86
2008 61 44.94 27.93 47 33.82 17.77 108 39.32 22.46
2009 55 39.95 23.77 40 28.26 14.88 95 34.02 19.3
2010 52 37.48 21.07 30 21.00 10.33 82 29.12 15.68
2011 47 34.03 17.67 32 22.49 10.6 79 28.17 13.98
2012 82 59.46 31.76 49 34.28 15.69 131 46.65 23.5
2013 73 52.84 26.65 55 38.35 16.02 128 45.46 21.57
Gastric cancer 1991 63 46.60 49.33 43 31.00 28.11 106 171.97 37.09
1992 134 99.19 96.83 109 78.70 66.07 243 154.61 81.59
1993 158 117.04 108.79 83 60.01 47.97 241 143.43 77.06
1994 165 122.31 111.66 101 73.13 56.24 266 150.18 92.25
1995 183 135.75 117.45 133 96.44 74.05 316 148.14 94.02
1996 154 114.32 97.58 96 69.71 52.06 250 143.89 73.73
1997 170 126.29 102.1 94 68.36 49.47 264 132.29 75.50
1998 157 116.71 90.69 119 86.66 63.35 276 135.38 76.10
1999 187 139.12 108.96 120 87.51 59.56 307 128.53 82.75
2000 188 139.94 104.66 108 78.85 51.44 296 141.90 77.75
2001 188 140.01 100.29 97 70.89 46.42 285 142.75 71.85
2002 170 126.74 88.17 101 73.98 46.25 271 154.44 66.43
2003 177 131.96 91.41 88 64.45 42.97 265 143.35 66.36
2004 131 97.54 67.82 79 57.83 37.68 210 125.50 51.81
2005 141 104.83 69.13 97 70.96 43.72 238 143.44 56.28
2006 88 65.18 40.87 42 30.46 18.77 130 145.84 28.87
2007 111 82.00 50.96 52 37.55 20.64 163 139.12 35.58
2008 91 67.04 38.79 45 32.38 18.2 136 67.35 27.88
2009 68 49.39 30.78 36 25.43 12.5 104 133.95 21.24
2010 74 53.34 31.04 40 28.00 14.84 114 118.62 22.48
2011 60 43.44 24.34 34 23.89 10.59 94 126.96 17.37
2012 112 81.22 42.67 39 27.28 13.96 151 118.57 27.70
2013 127 91.92 47.34 56 39.04 18.56 183 106.54 32.11
Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: N, number of cases; CR, crude rate; ASR, age-standardized rate.

Fig 3. Age-adjusted mortality rates of esophageal and gastric cancers in Yangzhong.

Fig 3

Open in a new tab

A: esophageal cancer; B: gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer

From 1991 through 2013, 8537 patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer, of which 5459 (63.9%) were men and 3078 (36.1%) were women. The crude incidence rate of gastric cancer declined throughout the study period, and the age-standardized incidence rate declined significantly from 165.11 per 100,000 person-years (male: 225.39 per 100,000 person-years; female: 113.34 per 100,000 person-years) in 1991 to 53.46 per 100,000 person-years (male: 76.51 per 100,000 person-years; female: 32.43 per 100,000 person-years) in 2013. The APC was -3.6% (95% CI: -4.5%, -2.7%) for males (P <0.01) and -4.8% (95% CI: -5.7%, -3.9%) for females (P <0.01), according to the age-standardized incidence rate (Tables 1 and 2; Fig 1B). The age-specific rates were relatively low in populations younger than 45 years and then increased significantly with age, reaching the peak at 70 years (Fig 2B). Similar to esophageal cancer, the age-specific rate was higher in males than in females in each age group.

The age-standardized mortality rate for gastric cancer fluctuated during 1992 (81.59 per 100,000 person-years) and 2001 (71.85 per 100,000 person-years), and then decreased significantly from 2002 (66.43 per 100,000 person-years) to 2011 (17.37 per 100,000 person-years), with an APC of -13.5% (95% CI: -16.9%, -10.0%; P <0.01) (Tables 2 and 3; Fig 3B).

Survival analysis

All cancer patients were followed for survival status and cause of death. Through December 31, 2015, 3940 (60.7%) of the 6493 esophageal cancer patients and 5228 (61.2%) of 8537 gastric cancer patients died of cancer-related causes. The median survival time was 2.99 years for patients with esophageal cancer and 2.92 years for patients with gastric cancer. The 3-year survival rate for esophageal cancer increased from 25.89% (95% CI: 21.15%, 30.87%) in 1991 to 60.88% (95% CI: 55.02%, 66.21%) in 2012 (P for trend <0.001). The 3-year survival rate for gastric cancer increased from 27.81% (95% CI: 23.84%, 31.91%) in 1991 to 62.13% (95% CI: 56.69%, 67.10%) in 2012 (P for trend <0.001) (Fig 4).

Fig 4. Three-year survival rates of esophageal and gastric cancers in Yangzhong.

Fig 4

Open in a new tab

As a massive endoscopic screening program was initiated in 2004 in Yangzhong, we compared the survival rates of two time periods (1991–2003 and 2004–2012). As shown in Fig 5, a significantly positive prognosis was observed among patients diagnosed after 2004 (Log-rank test: P <0.001).

Fig 5. Survival curves of upper digestive tract cancer before and after 2004.

Fig 5

Open in a new tab

Discussion

Esophageal cancer and gastric cancer are two common cancers in China. Despite the declining trends of them worldwide [5], the absolute number of cases in China is enormous, partly due to the population size and age [20, 21]. In this longitudinal study, we observed declining trends in the incidence and mortality rates of both esophageal and gastric cancers. Survival analyses showed that the survival probability of patients with esophageal and gastric cancer in Yangzhong has significantly improved during the most recent decades.

The incidence and mortality rates of upper digestive tract cancers were not entirely consistent in different areas. Esophageal cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer but some countries like China, Iran, India, and Japan have a higher incidence than others [22]. There is considerable variation in the incidence of gastric cancer among different geographic regions in the world, with nearly two-thirds occurring in developing countries [22]. In Asia, the highest incidence of gastric cancer has been reported from some eastern countries such as China, Korea and Japan and the low incidence rates are found in south Asia [5, 22]. Even in China, there is a considerable variation in the incidence of both esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. For example, the estimated new cases of esophageal cancer was 364,100 in rural areas which was significantly higher than that in urban areas (113,800) [5]. Possible reasons for the variation in incidence and mortality include racial differences, environment, diet, cooking habits, behaviors, effectiveness of prevention, early detection and management of cancer cases in different areas [1, 21, 23–26]. The incidence rate in the study area increased sharply among people aged more than 40 years and reached to a peak during the age group of 70–75 years. This suggests that we can select residents aged 40–69 years as candidates for cancer screening.

Previous studies in Yangzhong have revealed that hot-temperature food items, pork braised in brown sauce, old stocked rice intake, pickled vegetables, and drinking river water increase the risk of esophageal cancer or gastric cancer [25, 27]. In recent decades, Yangzhong has undergone rapid economic growth. Living conditions and standards have significantly improved. Everyone has access to safe tap water. The dietary pattern has undergone great changes, and the nutritional status of the local population has also improved. These factors may contribute to the decrease in incidence of upper digestive tract cancers. But the rapid growth of the population, aging, increased tobacco smoking, and H. pylori infection may also contribute to the burden of gastrointestinal cancer [21, 28].

The good to excellent prognosis of patients with upper digestive tract cancers in the United States is mainly due to early detection and early treatment [28, 29]. Although prevention efforts are critical to reduce the long-term burden of cancer, the effects of intervention may not be seen immediately [5]. Therefore, facilitating the early diagnosis of cancer and improving access to and availability of optimal treatments may have the greatest potential to have a significant impact on the existing burden of cancer in China [30]. Many studies have shown that endoscopic screening is effective for the early detection of upper digestive tract cancers, thus reducing incidence and fatality [31]. In 2004, an early detection and treatment program was initiated in China [32]. As a pilot site, Yangzhong was selected to implement a population-based endoscopic screening program for early detection and treatment of esophageal and gastric cancer. One of our previous studies revealed a significant positive effect on the survival of patients diagnosed through massive endoscopic screening [11]. In this study, by comparing the age of diagnosis before and after 2004, we found a mean age shift from 65.09 years to 62.11 years (P <0.001), which may be partially attributed to the screening program. However, caution is required in interpreting the long-term survival rate in Fig 5, as the follow-up time in this study was not longer enough to allow a precise estimation of survival beyond five-years.

The present study has several limitations. First, we lack necessary information to analyze the variation in subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancers. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, we failed to obtain all the necessary variables to control the bias in estimating the survival rate. Second, we need to be cautious in interpreting the results regarding trends of cancer occurrence and in linking the longitudinal trends to the implementation of the screening program. Variation in exposure to environmental risk factors or changes in lifestyle across this period may also play an important role. Third, the intention of screening is to diagnose a disease earlier than it would be without screening. However, the leading time bias may contribute to the increase in survival percentage after 2004. This is an important factor when evaluating the effectiveness of the endoscopic screening program. Fourth, The possible "period effects", which would have been associated with the improved completeness of the registries over time or the introduction of new diagnostic tools in recent years, could not be ruled out. However, such period effects might have contributed to artificially increased trends rather than decreasing trends as observed in this study.

Conclusion

The age-standardized incidence rates of both esophageal and gastric cancer continuously decreased from 1991 through 2013, whereas the mortality rate remained stable before 2004 and significantly declined following the massive endoscopic screening program initiated in 2004. The survival probability of patients with esophageal and gastric cancer has improved in recent decades. Information from this study provides a better understanding of survival differences that are influenced by changing prevention and treatment strategies.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper.

Funding Statement

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673249), Qing Lan Project (2014), Social Development Project of Zhenjiang (SH2016048), Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation, Jiangsu Province Department of Health (Y201313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

References

  • 1.Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:87–108. 10.3322/caac.21262 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Anderson WF, Camargo MC, Fraumeni JF Jr., Correa P, Rosenberg PS, Rabkin CS. Age-specific trends in incidence of noncardia gastric cancer in US adults. JAMA. 2010;303:1723–8. 10.1001/jama.2010.496 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Gallagher LG, Li W, Ray RM, Romano ME, Wernli KJ, Gao DL, et al. Occupational exposures and risk of stomach and esophageal cancers: update of a cohort of female textile workers in Shanghai, China. Am J Ind Med. 2015;58:267–75. 10.1002/ajim.22412 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Kuipers EJ. Screening for gastric cancer in Western countries. Gut. 2016;65:543–4. 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310356 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:115–32. 10.3322/caac.21338 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Murphy G, Fan JH, Mark SD, Dawsey SM, Selhub J, Wang J, et al. Prospective study of serum cysteine levels and oesophageal and gastric cancers in China. Gut. 2011;60:618–23. 10.1136/gut.2010.225854 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Chen XZ, Liu Y, Wang R, Zhang WH, Hu JK. Improvement of cancer control in mainland China: epidemiological profiles during the 2004–10 National Cancer Prevention and Control Program. Lancet. 2016;388 Suppl 1:S40. [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Veitch AM, Uedo N, Yao K, East JE. Optimizing early upper gastrointestinal cancer detection at endoscopy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12:660–7. 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.128 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Ward ST, Hancox A, Mohammed MA, Ismail T, Griffiths EA, Valori R, et al. The learning curve to achieve satisfactory completion rates in upper GI endoscopy: an analysis of a national training database. Gut. 2016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Wang JM, Xu B, Hsieh CC, Jiang QW. Longitudinal trends of stomach cancer and esophageal cancer in Yangzhong County: a high-incidence rural area of China. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:1339–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Zheng X, Mao X, Xu K, Lu L, Peng X, Wang M, et al. Massive Endoscopic Screening for Esophageal and Gastric Cancers in a High-Risk Area of China. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0145097 10.1371/journal.pone.0145097 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Organization WH. ICD 10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, vol. 1 Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992. [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Kato M, Nishida T, Yamamoto K, Hayashi S, Kitamura S, Yabuta T, et al. Scheduled endoscopic surveillance controls secondary cancer after curative endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer: a multicentre retrospective cohort study by Osaka University ESD study group. Gut. 2013;62:1425–32. 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301647 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Sun P, Zhang F, Chen C, Bi X, Yang H, An X, et al. The ratio of hemoglobin to red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic parameter in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study from southern China. Oncotarget. 2016;7:42650–60. 10.18632/oncotarget.9516 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.J. Ferlay CB, S. Whelan, D. Parkin. Check and Conversion Programs for Cancer Registries (IARC/IACR Tools for Cancer Registries). International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2005.
  • 16.Chen V. F J, Padrós J.G., Storm H., Whelan S., Parkin D., et al. Comparability and Quality Control in Cancer Registration, IARC, IACR. Lyon,France: 1994. [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Bao PP, Zheng Y, Wu CX, Huang ZZ, Gao YT, Jin F, et al. Cancer incidence in urban Shanghai, 1973–2010: an updated trend and age-period-cohort effects. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:284 10.1186/s12885-016-2313-2 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Maruthappu M, Watkins J, Noor AM, Williams C, Ali R, Sullivan R, et al. Economic downturns, universal health coverage, and cancer mortality in high-income and middle-income countries, 1990–2010: a longitudinal analysis. Lancet. 2016;388:684–95. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00577-8 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Peeters A, Nusselder WJ, Stevenson C, Boyko EJ, Moon L, Tonkin A. Age-specific trends in cardiovascular mortality rates in the Netherlands between 1980 and 2009. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26:369–73. 10.1007/s10654-011-9546-9 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Cook MB, Chow WH, Devesa SS. Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977–2005. Br J Cancer. 2009;101:855–9. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605246 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet. 2013;381:400–12. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Pourhoseingholi MA, Vahedi M, Baghestani AR. Burden of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia; an overview. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8:19–27. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Abnet CC, Corley DA, Freedman ND, Kamangar F. Diet and upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:1234–43 e4. 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.007 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.di Pietro M, Chan D, Fitzgerald RC, Wang KK. Screening for Barrett's Esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:912–23. 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.012 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Yu H, Fu C, Wang J, Xue H, Xu B. Interaction between XRCC1 polymorphisms and intake of long-term stored rice in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study. Biomed Environ Sci. 2011;24:268–74. 10.3967/0895-3988.2011.03.010 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Pasechnikov V, Chukov S, Fedorov E, Kikuste I, Leja M. Gastric cancer: prevention, screening and early diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:13842–62. 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13842 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Wang JM, Xu B, Rao JY, Shen HB, Xue HC, Jiang QW. Diet habits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, green tea drinking, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Chinese population. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:171–6. 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32800ff77a [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Van Cutsem E, Sagaert X, Topal B, Haustermans K, Prenen H. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2016;388:2654–64. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30354-3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Lagergren J, Lagergren P. Recent developments in esophageal adenocarcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:232–48. 10.3322/caac.21185 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Zhou M, Wang H, Zhu J, Chen W, Wang L, Liu S, et al. Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990–2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2016;387:251–72. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00551-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Ilbawi AM, Anderson BO. Cancer in global health: how do prevention and early detection strategies relate? Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:278cm1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Zhao P, Dai M, Chen W, Li N. Cancer trends in China. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010;40:281–5. 10.1093/jjco/hyp187 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper.

Articles from PLoS ONE are provided here courtesy of PLOS

RESOURCES