Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between changes in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the survival rate, as well as tumor subtype, in recurrent breast cancer. Patients with recurrent breast cancer following surgery were included in this study. NLR was calculated and compared between two time points: Pre-treatment and recurrence. The associations between the longitudinal NLR change, the NLR at the time of recurrence and overall survival following recurrence (OSrec) were evaluated. A total of 89 patients were evaluated. NLR increased by 0.59 at recurrence, as compared with the initial treatment (P<0.05). The triple negative (TN) type demonstrated 4.59 in NLR, which was the highest among the four subtypes at the time of recurrence (P<0.05). The highest change (an increase of 2.0) was observed in TN type cancer (P<0.05). Patients with high NLR upon recurrence demonstrated significantly shorter OSrec rates (P<0.05). On the other hand, patients with an NLR increased by more than a third quartile demonstrated a shorter OSrec rate (P=0.06). When adjusted by covariates, the NLR and tumor subtype were determined to be associated with OSrec (P<0.05). Therefore, an increased NLR predicts survival, even in patients with recurrent breast cancer, and the NLR is potentially useful as an inflammation marker for TN breast cancer.
Keywords: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, triple negative breast cancer, overall survival after recurrence, breast cancer
Introduction
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, and the most frequent cancer in women, with 1.67 million newly diagnosed cases in 2012 (1). Furthermore, it is estimated that 20–30% of all breast cancer cases will become metastatic (2). Although survival outcomes for patients with metastatic breast cancer have improved owing to modern chemotherapy developments, a method for predicting lifetime expectancy has not been established.
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been widely used as an evaluation tool for inflammatory and immune responses. Since increased levels of inflammation, or of an immune reaction, reflect tumor aggressiveness or the host condition, NLR may also be used as a predictor for survival in patients with solid malignancies (3–5). A high value for the NLR is linked with cancer-associated inflammation. Neutrophilia resulting from inflammation inhibits the immune system by suppressing the cytolytic activity of immune cells, including lymphocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, thereby promoting cancer progression (6).
Several studies have demonstrated that NLR is useful in terms of predicting survival prognoses in breast cancer patients (5,7,8). Cross-sectional studies revealed that patients with a higher NLR had poorer survival outcomes. However, the majority of studies targeted patients with early breast cancer, and no studies, thus far, have focused on metastatic breast cancer (5,7–9).
The aim of present study was to evaluate the usefulness of NLR as a prediction tool for patients with recurrent breast cancer.
Patients and methods
Inclusion criteria
A total of 89 patients who had breast cancer recurrence during the follow-up period after surgery between January 2005 and December 2014 at Chiba Graduate School of Medicine were enrolled in the present study. Ethical approval was obtained for this study, and informed consent was obtained from each of the patients prior to their inclusion in the present study. Recurrent sites included local and distant sites: The remnant breast, regional lymph nodes, bone, brain, and internal organs. Patients who already had a metastatic site at the time of initial diagnosis were excluded from the present study to avoid selection and timing biases.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
NLR calculations were made by dividing the serum neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count. According to previous reports, the NLR value may range widely, from 2.5 to 4.0, and a standard cut-off value for a high NLR has not been established (6). A value of 3.0 was selected for the present study on the basis of a previous report that focused on the association between breast cancer subtypes and NLR (9). To compare differences in NLR from the time of initial treatment to recurrence, NLR was calculated at each of these time points. Specimens harvested within one month following chemotherapy were avoided, so as to eliminate any effects due to drugs on NLR.
Treatments for metastatic breast cancer
Tumor staging upon initial treatment was summarized using the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control tumor-lymph node-metastasis (TNM) classification system (10). The current treatment algorism established by Hortobagyi (11), based on tumor subtype, was followed. Bone-modifying agents were added when patients presented with bone metastasis.
Covariates
The following variables were selected as covariates in multivariate analysis, as obtained from medical records: Menopausal status, body mass index (BMI; categorized by the World Health Organization), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and subtype.
Statistical analysis
Univariate analyses were performed to compare clinical and pathological characteristics between two groups categorized by the NLR value (NLR <3 vs. NLR ≥3). Statistical tests were chosen on the basis of a variable distribution. Student's t-tests were used to compare normally distributed variables; Mann-Whitney U tests were used for non-normally distributed variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way factorial ANOVA were used to compare NLR values across tumor subtypes between initial treatment and recurrence. The relative NLR change from initial treatment to the time of recurrence was categorized into two groups according to the third quartile of NLR change (third quartile, 1.66).
Overall survival following recurrence (OSrec) was defined as the time between recurrence and death due to breast cancer. Survival curves were obtained using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the curves were subsequently compared using a log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was also performed to identify factors that independently influenced survival. All tests were two-tailed, and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. SPSS® software version 23 (IBM, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the statistical analysis, and GraphPad Prism 6® (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used to generate the graphs.
Results
Demographic and clinical characteristics
A total of 73 patients (82%) had tumors ≥2 cm in size, and 48 patients (54%) had axillar metastasis. In examining the tumor subtypes based on immunohistochemical staining, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2)-negative (ER+/HER−), ER+/HER+, HER2 type and triple negative (TN) type were present in 31 (35%), 20 (22%), 14 (16%) and 24 (27%) cases, respectively. A total of 83 patients (93%) received chemotherapy [47 (53%) neoadjuvant and 36 (40%) adjuvant chemotherapy cases]. Thirty-eight cases (43%) demonstrated local recurrence, and 51 (57%) had distant metastasis (Table I).
Table I.
Demographics of the patients.
| Variable | No. of patients (n=89) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year, average ± SD) | 50.9±11.3 | |
| BMI (kg/m2, average ± SD) | 22.3±3.6 | |
| WHO BMI classification | ||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 9 | 10 |
| Normal range (18.5≤ BMI <25 kg/m2) | 59 | 66 |
| Overweight (25≤ BMI <30 kg/m2) | 19 | 21 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 2 | 3 |
| Menopausal status | ||
| Premenopausal | 40 | 45 |
| Postmenopausal | 49 | 55 |
| T stage | ||
| 1 | 16 | 18 |
| 2 | 53 | 60 |
| 3 | 8 | 9 |
| 4 | 12 | 13 |
| N stage | ||
| 0 | 41 | 46 |
| 1 | 36 | 40 |
| 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 10 | 12 |
| Subtypes | ||
| ER+, HER− | 31 | 35 |
| ER+, HER+ | 20 | 22 |
| HER2 type | 14 | 16 |
| Triple negative type | 24 | 27 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | ||
| Yes | 47 | 53 |
| No | 42 | 47 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | ||
| Yes | 36 | 40 |
| No | 53 | 60 |
| Recurrent site | ||
| Local | 21 | 24 |
| Lymph node | 17 | 19 |
| Lung | 15 | 17 |
| Liver | 11 | 12 |
| Bone | 12 | 13 |
| Brain | 6 | 7 |
| Other | 7 | 8 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WHO, World Health Organization; ER, estrogen receptor; HER, human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor.
Changes in NLR
The TN type demonstrated an NLR of 4.59, which was highest among the four tumor subtypes at the time of recurrence (P<0.05). On the other hand, the initial NLR was not significantly different (P=0.58; Table II).
Table II.
Longitudinal change in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio from the time of initial treatment to recurrence of the cancer.
| Initial | Recurrent | Change | Relative change (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | 95% CI | P-value | Mean | 95% CI |
| NLR | 2.24 | 1.01 | 2.83 | 2.18 | 0.59 | 0.15–1.04 | <0.05 | 138.4 | 118.1–158.7 |
| ER+/HER− | 2.00 | 0.92 | 2.67 | 2.17 | 0.66 | −0.11–1.43 | 0.09 | 154.5 | 122.8–186.1 |
| ER+/HER+ | 2.44 | 1.24 | 2.46 | 1.47 | 0.03 | −0.63–0.68 | 0.94 | 128.9 | 77.6–180.3 |
| TN type | 2.59 | 0.77 | 4.59 | 3.1 | 2.00 | 0.23–3.77 | <0.05 | 92.1 | 56.9–127.2 |
| HER2 type | 2.17 | 1.00 | 2.33 | 1.57 | 0.16 | −0.53–0.85 | 0.63 | 152.6 | 106.6–198.6 |
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ER, estrogen receptor; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; TN, triple negative; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
Overall, NLR increased by 0.59 at the time of recurrence, as compared with the initial treatment [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15–1.04; P<0.05]. The highest change in NLR was observed in the TN type, which increased by 2.0 (95% CI, 0.23–3.77; P<0.05; Table II). Other subtypes also demonstrated an increased NLR between the two time points, although these changes did not reach the level of significance (Table II).
Survival analysis
The median OSrec was 964 days. Patients with a high NLR at the time of recurrence demonstrated significantly shorter OSrec times [Hazard ratio (HR), 2.68; 95% CI, 1.29–5.57; P<0.05) (Fig. 1), whereas no difference was observed in the OSrec stratified by NLR at initial treatment (P=0.58; Fig. 2). Patients with NLR values increased by more than a third quartile demonstrated shorter OSrec times (P=0.06; Fig. 3). The TN type demonstrated significantly shorter OSrec times among the four subtypes, with a median survival of 308 days (P<0.05).
Figure 1.
Comparison of survival curves for overall survival following recurrence stratified by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at the time of recurrence. OS, overall survival.
Figure 2.
Comparison of survival curves for overall survival following recurrence stratified by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at the time of initial treatment. OS, overall survival.
Figure 3.
Comparison of survival curves for overall survival following recurrence stratified by longitudinal change in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio from the time of initial treatment to the recurrence. OSrec, overall survival following recurrence.
When adjusted by covariates (menopausal status, BMI, LDH and subtypes), NLR and tumor subtype were significantly associated with OSrec (HR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.01–10.86 for the TN type, and HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.29–6.64 for NLR>3.0; Table III).
Table III.
The result of Cox proportional hazards model.
| Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| NLR | >0.05 | ||
| Normal (<3.0) | Ref | ||
| High (≥3.0) | 2.93 | 1.29–6.64 | |
| BMI | 0.09 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | Ref | ||
| Normal range (18.5≤ BMI <25) | 0.38 | 0.09–1.44 | |
| Overweight/obese (BMI ≥25) | 0.88 | 0.21–3.72 | |
| Menopause | 0.28 | ||
| Premenopausal | Ref | ||
| Postmenopausal | 1.56 | 0.69–3.47 | |
| LDH | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | >0.05 |
| Subtypes | >0.05 | ||
| ER+, HER− | Ref | ||
| ER+, HER+ | 0.28 | 0.05–1.43 | |
| Triple negative type | 3.31 | 1.01–10.86 | |
| HER2 type | 0.77 | 0.29–2.08 |
Ref, reference; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; BMI, body mass index; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ER, estrogen receptor; HER; human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor; CI, confidence interval.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first one to evaluate the predictive value of NLR changes in the recurrent breast cancer setting. It was determined that a higher NLR at the time of recurrence predicted poorer OSrec times in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, TN breast cancer had significantly higher NLRs at the time of recurrence, as compared with other subtypes.
The predictive value of the NLR for survival outcome has been evaluated in several solid malignancies, and a high NLR has been confirmed to be associated with significantly shorter overall survival by meta-analysis (3). Several studies have demonstrated that the pre-treatment NLR predicts survival outcomes for patients with early breast cancer (7–9). In addition, a meta-analysis that included eight studies revealed that an increased NLR was a strong predictor of poor survival (6). However, in five of those studies, the inclusion criteria were inconsistent, and patients with or without metastasis were included. The present study has demonstrated that NLR may be used as a predictive marker for patients not only with pre-treatment status, but also in a metastatic setting.
The present study also analyzed the longitudinal NLR change from pre-treatment to the time of recurrence. The average NLR was increased at the time of recurrence as compared with pre-treatment. Although the difference was not significant, the group with an NLR more than a third quartile higher tended to have shorter OSrec times. To the best of our knowledge, only found three previous studies have analyzed longitudinal NLR changes in colon and hepatocellular carcinoma (12–14); no study has been focused on breast cancer. Those studies focused on the change of NLR from the time of pretreatment to post-treatment, demonstrating that patients with a significantly increased NLR during the treatment term have shorter survival.
The present study also revealed that the inflammatory status upon initial treatment is associated not only with a high recurrence rate, but also with the survival outcome following recurrence. The importance of inflammation for prognosis was also confirmed by another inflammation-based prognostic score, the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), which was calculated for serum C-reactive protein and albumin, surrogating the degree of the nutrition and inflammatory status in patients with solid malignancies (15–17). Furthermore, the mGPS system was improved by the addition of neutrophil counts (18). Based on this result, it may be postulated that the inflammatory status during the follow-up period after initial treatment exerts a key role in survival following recurrence. Monitoring the NLR during the follow-up period may contribute towards early detection for patients who potentially have a higher risk of recurrence.
TN breast cancer and NLR
The present study demonstrated that TN breast cancer had a significantly higher NLR at the time of recurrence, and the highest degree of NLR change compared with the other subtypes. Previous studies demonstrated that TN breast cancer patients with a high pre-treatment NLR had significantly shorter disease-free and overall survival rates (9). TN breast cancer is aggressive, and demonstrates a high rate of recurrence at an earlier time point following initial treatment (19). That aggressive behavior is promoted by inflammation. For example, the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 inhibits colony formation, cell survival and predicts patient survival (20). A further study also demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, induce the endothelial-mesenchymal transition in TN breast cancer cells (21). Additionally, a recent clinical trial confirmed that the inflammatory reaction at local tumor sites in TN breast cancer could be indicative of a chemotherapeutic effect, by analyzing the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (22,23). Taken together, these previously published studies demonstrated that inflammation serves a key role in TN breast cancer progression.
To date, numerous surrogate inflammation markers have been evaluated either in vivo or in vitro for TN breast cancer, but none have entered common use in a clinical setting due to lack of availability, and their expensiveness. By using NLR as a simple surrogate marker for the degree of inflammation, it is possible to predict survival outcomes, even in patients with metastases. Furthermore, it is possible to determine the current status of inflammation in high-risk patients by monitoring the NLR during the follow-up period. The data associated with longitudinal NLR changes require further refinement in order to confirm the role of inflammation for survival outcome, particularly for the inflammation-based tumor type.
The present study had several limitations. Due to the limited number of patients, the statistical power of the analysis may have been reduced. Secondly, a historical matching group was not used to compare the NLR between recurrent and non-recurrent groups; thus, the difference in the relative NLR change between these two groups was not included in the present study.
In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that an increased NLR predicts survival outcome, even in patients with recurrent breast cancer. In addition, the present study has demonstrated the potential usefulness of NLR as an inflammation marker for TN breast cancer.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their thanks to all patients who participated in this study. This study was presented at the 3rd Advanced Breast Cancer Third International Consensus Conference, 2–4 November 2015, in Lisbon, Portugal.
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