Table 1. International, national, and territory/state protections currently in place for devil and manta rays.
International, national, territorial, and state legal protection that restricts fishing and/or trade of a single or multiple species of devil (Mobula spp.) and/or manta (Manta spp.) ray. The term legal protection is used here to refer to protection obligation, legal or otherwise, and does not examine protection implementation success or effectiveness. The date that this legal protection was passed is included in brackets.
| Mobula eregoodootenkee | Mobula hypostoma | Mobula kuhlii | Mobula japanica | Mobula mobular | Mobula munkiana | Mobula rochebrunei | Mobula tarapacana | Mobula thurstoni | Manta alfredi | Manta birostris | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Protections | |||||||||||
| CITES (2016) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
| IATTC (2015) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| European Union (2015) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| GFCM (2015) | √ | ||||||||||
| CMS Appendix I & II (2014) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| CITES Appendix II (2013) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| European Union (2012) | √ | ||||||||||
| CMS Appendix I & II (2011) | √ | ||||||||||
| Barcelona Convention SPA/BD Protocol Annex II (2001) | √ | ||||||||||
| Bern Convention Appendix II (2001) | √ | ||||||||||
| National Protections | |||||||||||
| Peru (2016) | √ | ||||||||||
| Australia (2015) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| Indonesia (2014) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Maldives (2014) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| United Arab Emirates (2014) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Brazil (2013) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Australia (2012) | √ | ||||||||||
| Ecuador (2010) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
| New Zealand (2010) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Mexico (2007) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
| Croatia (2006) | √ | ||||||||||
| Israel (2005) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Malta (1999) | √ | ||||||||||
| Philippines (1998) | √ | ||||||||||
| Territory and State Protections | |||||||||||
| West Manggarai/Komodo, Indonesia Regency (2013) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Raja Ampat, Indonesia Regency (2012) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Guam, USA Territory (2011) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australian Indian Ocean Territories (2010) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Hawaii, USA State (2009)a | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Yap, Federated States of Micronesia (2008) | √ | √ | |||||||||
| Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, USA Territory (2007) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Florida, USA State (2006) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Notes.
a
A bill is currently under consideration by Hawaii’s state legislature to expand protection to include all sharks and rays.