Abstract
Introduction
Ureterorenoscopy (URS) is a popular and growing option for management of ureteric and renal stones. The CROES URS Global Study was set up to assess the outcomes of URS in a large worldwide cohort of patients involving multiple centres. In this paper, we analysed the database for intra-operative and post-operative complications associated with ureterorenoscopy.
Methods
The CROES database was established via collaboration between 114 centres in 32 countries worldwide, and information on both intra-operative and post-operative complications was collected electronically between January 2010 and October 2012.
Result
On analysis of a total of 11,885 patients, the overall complication and stone-free rates were found to be 7.4 and 85.6 %, respectively. The intra-operative and post-operative complication rates were 4.2 and 2.6 %, respectively, and in total 5 deaths were reported in the study period. Taking into account different world economies, there were no differences in the complication rates between the developing and developed nations or between different centres from different continents.
Conclusion
Ureterorenoscopy is a safe and effective procedure for treatment of stones, the outcomes of which are broadly comparable in different parts of the world for similar patient and stone demographics.
Keywords: Ureterorenoscopy, Complications, Clavien–Dindo, Urolithiasis
Introduction
Ureterorenoscopy (URS) is used for management of urolithiasis and is often preferred due to its higher stone-free rate (SFR) compared to shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), and lower complication rate compared to percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) [1]. Most important complications of ureterorenoscopy are up-migration [1, 2] of stones, higher retreatment rates [1] due to incompletely removed stones (specifically in larger stones), and damage to the ureter [1–3] (from minor mucosal damage to avulsion) as a consequence of access sheath placement or difficulties with negotiating the ureter and rarely due to repetitive in and out movement of instruments.
Most recent guidelines [4] state that the overall complication rate after URS is 9–25 %. Most complications are minor and do not require intervention, and ureteral avulsion and strictures are rare (<1 %). There is no statement on classification of complications by the EAU. In the literature, several classification scoring systems can be found, such as the Clavien–Dindo [5, 6] classification system, the Satava [7] classification system, and the PULS [8] classification system. The Clavien–Dindo classification system is the most widely used scoring of complications in surgical procedures. However, both the Satava and PULS scoring systems are URS specific.
The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) URS Global Study was set up to assess the indications for URS and its treatment outcomes. Important aspects of these outcomes were the nature and severity of complications. In this study, we describe the intra-operative and post-operative complications associated with URS treatment from the CROES database.
Methods
The CROES URS Global Study consists of 11,885 patients at 114 centres in 32 countries. All these 114 centres used collected data electronically through an internet website (www.croesoffice.org), by which data were encrypted and stored in a central database at the CROES office. This database includes both intra- and post-operative complications which were collected between January 2010 and October 2012. Details on data collection have been previously described elsewhere [9].
The location of these stones was ureteric (n = 8676, 73 %) and renal (n = 1852, 15.6 %), and the majority of ureteric stones were in the distal ureter (42 %).
Complications
During the procedure, a standardized case report form (CRF) was used to collect details of any complication, which included information on the relationship of this specific event with the type of stone treatment. To define intra-operative complications, all predefined categories (uneventful, bleeding, ureteral perforation, failed access, conversions, and avulsion) were used as dichotomous variables (either having, or not having that specific complication), which allowed more than one option at the same time. Complications that could not be registered using any of the predefined categories could be classified as ‘other’. The free text that was captured with the ‘other’ option was further categorized with data mining. This categorization was based on URS-related complications known from the literature and included stone migration (proximal or extraureteral), mucosal injury, inability to reach a stone, and malfunction of instruments [7]. Descriptions that did not match any of these categories were examined manually and were classified as suspicious of tumour, impacted stones, encrusted stent, infection related, complications not directly related to URS or undefined complications.
After the procedure, the standardized Clavien–Dindo scoring system for surgical procedures [5, 6] was used. Post-operative complications were classified using the predefined categories: bleeding, fever, urinary tract infection (UTI), pulmonary embolism, cerebro-vascular accident (CVA), sepsis, acute abdomen, or acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Again, the option ‘other’ was available, in which the possibility was given to describe the complication in free text. The free text was categorized with data mining into one of the predefined variables, or into an additional category: pain, urinary retention, stent misplacement, nausea and vomiting, respiratory, or allergic reaction. The advantage of using the Clavien–Dindo scoring system is that in addition to the nature of the complications, it also covers grades of severity of these complications.
Statistical analyses
We calculated the actual numbers and percentages of complications. Analyses on consequences were performed with a simplified dichotomous variable described as ‘having’ or ‘not having’ complications and were subdivided into ‘intra- and post-operative complications’ ranging from ‘minor’ to ‘major’ complications.
All analyses were performed using STATA version 13, StataCorp LP, College Station, USA (www.stata.com).
Results
Out of 11,885 patients, 874 (7.4 %) had a complication, with a stone-free rate (SFR) of 85.6 %. Table 1 shows descriptive information of patients with and without complications. For 18 (0.2 %) patients, no information was available regarding complications. In Table 2, the nature of these complications is listed.
Table 1.
Descriptive information on the CROES URS Global study
| Patients with complications N = 874 |
Patients without complications N = 10,993 |
|
|---|---|---|
| Pre-operative characteristics | ||
| Age | 51.7 (16.3) | 48.4 (15.8) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 556 (63.7) | 7145 (65.0) |
| Female | 317 (36.3) | 3842 (35.0) |
| BMI | 26.7 (5.2) | 27.0 (5.4) |
| Comorbidity | ||
| CVD (including DM) | 357 (40.9) | 3233 (29.4) |
| Prednisone | 14 (1.6) | 92 (0.9) |
| Crohn’s disease | 8 (0.9) | 51 (0.5) |
| ASA | ||
| I | 324 (39.3) | 5672 (55.4) |
| II | 356 (43.2) | 3635 (35.5) |
| III | 137 (16.6) | 884 (8.6) |
| IV | 7 (0.9) | 56 (0.6) |
| Stone location | ||
| Ureteral stones | 209 (62.9) | 8068 (73.4) |
| Renal stones | 550 (23.9) | 1597 (14.5) |
| Combined procedure | 83 (9.5) | 975 (8.9) |
| Previous stone treatment | 456 (52.2) | 4482 (40.8) |
| Congenital abnormalities | ||
| Horse shoe | 5 (0.6) | 40 (0.4) |
| Malrotation | 1 (0.1) | 16 (0.2) |
| Ectopic | 5 (0.6) | 23 (0.2) |
| Solitary kidney | 38 (4.4) | 274 (2.5) |
| Pre-operative stent placement | 194 (22.3) | 1985 (18.1) |
| Intra-operative characteristics | ||
| Operation time (min) | 50 (33–75) | 40 (25–60) |
| URS type | ||
| Semi rigid | 562 (64.5) | 8204 (74.9) |
| Flexible | 174 (20.0) | 1607 (14.7) |
| Both | 135 (15.5) | 1138 (10.4) |
| Antibiotics | 775 (89.3) | 9019 (83.0) |
| Access* | ||
| Balloon | 72 (8.2) | 1505 (13.7) |
| Access Sheath | 252 (28.8) | 2011 (18.3) |
| Guidewire | 722 (82.6) | 8475 (77.2) |
| Other | 20 (2.3) | 264 (2.4) |
| Fragmentation device | ||
| US | 25 (2.9) | 121 (1.1) |
| Laser | 413 (47.5) | 5500 (50.2) |
| Pneumatic | 180 (20.7) | 3456 (31.5) |
| EHL | 5 (0.6) | 29 (0.3) |
| Other | 4 (0.5) | 210 (1.9) |
| None | 242 (27.9) | 1679 (15.3) |
| Post-operative characteristics | ||
| Retreatment including readmission | 407 (46.6) | 1490 (13.6) |
| SFR (treated area) | 514 (59.8) | 9682 (89.9) |
| LOHS (days) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (1–2) |
| Post-operative stent placement | 769 (88.8) | 8888 (81.0) |
| Hospital characteristics | ||
| Economy | ||
| Developed region: G7 | 281 (32.2) | 2828 (25.7) |
| Developed region: non-G7 | 286 (32.7) | 2776(25.3) |
| Emerging region: BRIC | 107 (12.2) | 2102 (19.1) |
| Emerging region: MICT | 100 (11.4) | 1233 (11.2) |
| Emerging region: G20 | 92 (10.5) | 1974 (18.0) |
| Developing region | 8 (0.9) | 81 (0.7) |
| Continent | ||
| Africa | 40 (4.6) | 397 (3.6) |
| Asia | 231 (26.4) | 4478 (40.7) |
| Europe | 495 (56.6) | 4721 (42.9) |
| North America | 65 (7.4) | 776 (7.1) |
| Oceania | 6 (0.7) | 53 (0.5) |
| South America | 37 (4.2) | 569 (5.2) |
| Case volume | 4.8 (4.2–5.3) | 5.0 (4.4–5.9) |
Data are n (%) of patients for whom data were available. Percentages exclude missing values from denominators
* More than one option allowed
Table 2.
Descriptive information on intra- and post-operative complications
| Number | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Intra-operative complication | ||
| Bleeding | 167 | 1.41 |
| Perforation | 124 | 1.05 |
| Failed access | 198 | 1.67 |
| Conversions | 19 | 0.16 |
| Other | 100 | 0.84 |
| Mucosal injury | 15 | 0.13 |
| Tumour (incidental) | 7 | 0.06 |
| Migration | 15 | 0.13 |
| Impacted stone | 4 | 0.03 |
| Encrusted stent | 7 | 0.06 |
| Infection | 8 | 0.07 |
| Complication NOT by URS | 8 | 0.07 |
| Undefined | 36 | 0.30 |
| Post-operative complication | ||
| Bleeding | 54 | 0.45 |
| Fever | 204 | 1.72 |
| UTI | 113 | 0.95 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 2 | 0.02 |
| CVA | 1 | 0.01 |
| Sepsis | 36 | 0.30 |
| Acute abdomen | 5 | 0.04 |
| AMI | 1 | 0.01 |
| Pain | 39 | 0.33 |
| Urinary retention | 13 | 0.11 |
| Stent misplacement | 12 | 0.10 |
| Nausea and vomiting | 3 | 0.03 |
| Respiratory | 5 | 0.04 |
| Allergy | 5 | 0.04 |
| Other | 17 | 0.15 |
Combining information on intra- and post-operative complications 55 (0.5 %) had both intra- and post-operative complications with 507 (4.2 %) and 311 (2.6 %) having isolated intra-operative and post-operative complications, respectively. Figure 1 shows the severity scores of all post-operative complications. Due to the nature of the intra-operative complication registration, the severity could not be elicited for the intra-operative complications. The vast majority of lower grades (I–II) of the Clavien classification scores were related to bleeding, fever, urinary tract infection (UTI), and pain. Events with Clavien grade III or IV were related to sepsis, stent misplacement, urinary retention, or complications from the ‘other’ category. The higher Clavien scores (IVA and IVB) that were scored post-operatively were scored in Australia, Chile, Czech Republic, Egypt, Israel, Japan, USA, and The Netherlands. There were no major differences found in severity of complications between continents (comparing Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, Oceania, and South America). Specifically, there were no differences in the higher Clavien scores. The only difference was that Europe, Oceania, and Africa had more grade 2 scores compared to Asia, North America, and South America, which had more grade 1 scores. Neither was there any difference in complications between different world economies (on comparing developed region G7, non-G7, BRIC, MIKT, G20 and the developing regions of the world).
Fig. 1.
Clavien score by type of post-operative complication
As shown in Fig. 1, a total of 5 patients (0.04 %) died post-operatively during the 3-month follow-up period. Causes of death were described as fatal pulmonary embolism, sepsis, cardiac dysrhythmia, cardiac-related death and finally a case of acute bronchopneumonia and multi-organ failure. There were no intra-operative deaths reported from this worldwide series.
The pre- and post-operative stenting rates were 18.2 and 81 % for patients without complications, compared to 22.4 and 87 % for patients with complications. The median case volume per centre for patients without complications was higher (n = 155) compared to patients with complications (n = 120).
Discussion
Principle findings of the study
In this CROES study, the worldwide complications among 11,885 patients who underwent URS are presented. The most frequent complications were fever, failed procedures and bleeding, with a total of five post-operative deaths. The overall complication rate (7.4 %) was relatively low and acceptable for a mixed cohort of unselected patient population.
There were no differences in the overall rates of complications between different continents and economies (developed versus developing countries) suggesting that URS safety is comparable across the world.
Classification of URS complications
One of the reasons for a low complication rate might be a slight selection bias for these patients who might be fitter compared to those receiving other forms of treatment. Another potential reason is the use of Clavien–Dindo classification system. Although the use of the Clavien–Dindo classification system for intra-operative complications is widely accepted in surgical disciplines, this may not be the best suitable scoring system for URS treatment. For this reason, the Satava classification system as proposed by Tepeler et al. [7] which is used in minimally invasive procedures might be better suited. This classification system describes complications that are URS specific, such as mucosal damage. Another proposed URS-specific classification system is the Post-Ureteroscopic Lesion Scale (PULS) [8]. In the present study, the intra-operative complications were classified with predefined categories covering topics of the Satava and PULS scoring system, and the post-operative complications were classified by the Clavien–Dindo system. As this study is a registry representing real-life situations, we chose to use the more general Clavien–Dindo classification system as it is used by majority of the centres worldwide.
Meaning and weakness of the study
One may question if the present manuscript has added value within the perspective of previous (large) single-centre studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Since this is not only the largest URS database, but also a database representing, prospectively collected data in a structured database resulting in homogenous data collection, this study provides added value to our insights into global outcomes of URS procedures.
A major limitation of the study is the small number of complications. Consequently, comparison of outcomes of patients with and without complications cannot be supported by statistical tests for differences. In general, when small groups (rare case disease) are to be compared, techniques as used case–control analyses are more suitable [10]. Hence, no matter how large the database, the percentage of cases matters.
Another possible limitation is linked to the Clavien–Dindo classifications system, and we may have suffered underreporting in minor self-limiting complications as described by Ibrahim [2]. One of these underreported self-limiting complications may be mucosal damage, and there is some debate whether or not mucosal damage is simply part of the procedure, or a complication worth mentioning and grading [8, 11]. Reasons for procedure-related mucosal damage may be the repetitive in and out movement of instruments, but also inappropriate use of instruments (for example, basketing) can be debated. Another underreported complication may be haematuria [2], which is not well reported in our study. This could well be a natural self-limiting part of the procedure rather than a complication. Also the use of information from the ‘other’ category might have been underreported due to the way of collecting this information. Similarly, up-migration or retropulsion of stone may not be a complication in itself but increases the total operative time or potentially the need for further treatment of this stone at a later date.
In our study, we have used predefined categories and highly frequent mentioned events as categories of complications. However, the complications that do not happen very often, or that users may be unlikely to present as complications, like those described in the manufacturer and user facility device experience (MAUDE) database, such as locked deflection, which is a rare case technical complication may not be captured [12]. This may also be the case for emergency ureterorenoscopy [13], as this was only performed in some but not all reporting centres. Unfortunately, information on elective or emergency procedures was not captured in the CROES URS Global study.
Areas of future research
To put URS-related complications into perspective, we can compare the outcomes with PNL or SWL. One of the advantages of SWL is the possibility to perform a procedure without anaesthesia and without any invasiveness into the human body [4]. Infection-related complications with URS may be reduced using disposable material (scopes, laser-tips, baskets); however, its invasive nature unequivocally is related to potential infectious complications. For the same reason, PNL has higher complication rates (CROES PCNL = 20.5 %) [14]. More understanding on higher complication rates for pre-stented patients is needed, as it might simply be a reflection of the complexity of the case rather than being related to the stent in itself.
For stone and patient demographics, apart from comparing outcomes with all treatment types, it would also be ideal to standardize and predefine the treatment decisions, which vary widely amongst different healthcare setups worldwide. Only when this is achieved, we can truly compare outcomes and define complications, which are truly accepted benchmark worldwide.
Conclusions
Ureterorenoscopy is a safe and effective procedure for treatment of stones, the outcomes of which are broadly comparable in different parts of the world for similar patient and stone demographics.
Acknowledgments
The URS Global Study was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Boston Scientific, who had no involvement in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation, or reporting of the data. Dr Nienke Wijnstok provided statistical support for this manuscript.
Authors’ contributions
B.K. Somani collected and analysed the data and wrote and edited the manuscript; G. Giusti, Y. Sun, P.J. Osther, M. Frank, M. De Sio, and B. Turna collected the data and wrote and edited the manuscript; J. de la Rosette developed the protocol/project, collected and analysed the data, and wrote and edited the manuscript.
Abbreviations
- AMI
Acute myocardial infarction
- CRF
Case report form
- CROES
Clinical Research Office of Endourological Society
- CVA
Cerebro-vascular accident
- CVD
Cardiovascular disease
- DM
Diabetes mellitus
- EHL
Electro-hydraulic lithotripsy
- LOHS
Length of hospital stay
- PNL
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
- SFR
Stone-free rate
- SWL
Shockwave lithotripsy
- URS
Ureterorenoscopy
- US
Ultrasound
- UTI
Urinary tract infection
Appendix: Clavien classification of surgical complications
-
I.
Any deviation from the normal post-operative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions.
-
II.
Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications.
*Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included.
-
III.Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention
-
IIIA.Intervention not under general anaesthesia
-
IIIB.Intervention under general anaesthesia
-
IIIA.
-
IV.Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications)‡ requiring IC/ICU-management
-
IVA.Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis)
-
IVB.Multi organ dysfunction
-
IVA.
-
V.
Death of a patient
*D: If the patients suffer from a complication at the time of discharge, the suffix ‘d’ (for ‘disability’) is added to the respective grade of complication. This label indicates the need for a follow-up to fully evaluate the complication.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
No competing financial interests exist.
Ethical standard
All human studies have been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
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