Primary pancreatic lymphoma: two case reports and a literature review

Abstract

Primary pancreatic lymphoma (PPL) is an extremely rare disease, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Clinical manifestations of PPL are often nonspecific and may mimic other pancreatic diseases. Because of the limited experience of PPL, clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, optimal therapy, and outcomes are not well defined. We described two cases diagnosed as PPL and confirmed by histological examination and immunohistochemical analysis. Case 1 was a young man with obstructive jaundice and upper abdominal malaise mimicking a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a diffuse heterogeneous mass in the head of the pancreas along with dilated bile ducts, no dilated pancreatic duct, no liver or splenic involvement, or evident retroperitoneal adenopathies. The patient underwent a pancreatico-duodenectomy, and the postoperative histopathology confirmed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Postoperatively, he received six courses of the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone). Case 2 was an older man with left flank pain. A CT confirmed a mass with irregular margins at the tail of the pancreas and the hilum of the spleen. The mass was heterogeneous, with no clear boundary between lesions, spleen, stomach, and pancreas, with nearby blood vessels wrapped around it, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. A CT-guided biopsy was performed. The immunohistological findings of the specimen revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The size of the tumor was significantly reduced after four cycles of the CHOP chemotherapy regimen. These two cases were different in clinical manifestation, location, and treatment. We reviewed the literature and discussed the clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, optimal therapy, and outcomes of this neoplasm.

Introduction

Primary pancreatic lymphoma (PPL) is an extremely rare entity, accounts for <0.5% of malignant pancreatic tumors,^1–3 and is difficult to preoperatively diagnose even with various modalities. Clinically, the presentation of patients with PPL arising from the pancreatic head can often overlap that of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and is difficult to radiographically distinguish. However, due to a much better prognosis for PPL, proper diagnosis is very important. To confirm the diagnosis of PPL, histological analysis is required. Management of PPL involves chemotherapy and radiotherapy,⁴ yet uncertainty regarding the diagnosis of a mass in the pancreatic head usually results in surgical resection as well. For patients with symptoms caused by obstruction of the biliary tract, surgical intervention is effective.⁴ Furthermore, the combination of surgical treatment and adjuvant chemotherapy has a better survival benefit than chemotherapy alone.^5,6 Despite these efforts, surgical intervention is still controversial. We present two cases of PPL that were different in clinical manifestation, location, and treatment, and reviewed this neoplasm. Written informed consent was obtained from both patients to publish the case reports and any accompanying images.

Case 1

A 32-year-old man was admitted to our hospital after feeling ill for 10 days with complaints of jaundice and upper abdominal malaise. A physical examination revealed jaundice. Organomegaly or lymphadenopathy was not detected. Laboratory test results revealed indirect hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin: 154.1 mg/dL, conjugated bilirubin: 90.9 mg/dL). The liver function enzymes showed that alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were increased to 465, 268, and 248 U/L, respectively. The β2-microglobulin level of the patient was 1.89 mg/L. Both his carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were within the normal limits. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed an irregular enlargement of the pancreas and a 3.0×3.5 cm heterogeneous enhanced mass arising from the pancreatic head (Figure 1). The main pancreatic duct was of normal caliber, and there was no connection between the mass and the pancreatic duct. The bile duct was in distention because of the compression by the mass in the head of the pancreas. No focal enhanced mass was observed in the liver, and there were no enlarged lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. The initial diagnosis was pancreatic head cancer or a neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas. The patient underwent a pancreatico-duodenectomy. Macroscopically, the mass had arisen from the pancreatic head and was limited to the pancreas. The cut surface of the tumor was yellowish (Figure 2). A histological report confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Figure 3A). Immunohistochemical staining showed the cells to be positive for CD20 and CD79a (Figure 3B and C) and negative for CD3, CD10, and BCL-2. The histology also confirmed a proliferative index of over 50%–60% (Figure 3D). Finally, based on pathological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as PPL. Postoperatively, the patient received six cycles of treatment with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP regimen). He is still alive and asymptomatic after 16 months of follow-up. The last positron emission tomography-CT did not detect any signs of disease recurrence (Figure 4).

Figure 1.

Abdominal CT findings. A CT scan showing diffuse hypodense enlargement of the pancreatic head (arrow).

Notes: (A–B) unenhanced and (C–D) arterial phase.

Abbreviation: CT, computed tomography.

Figure 2.

A gross pathological examination revealed a 3.0 × 4.0 cm multiseptated mass in the pancreatic head (arrow). The cut surface of the tumor was yellowish (arrow).

Figure 3.

Histopathology showed small tumor cells without cell adhesion or tissue structure proliferation (A), and HE immunochemical staining was positive for B-cell markers CD20 and CD79a (B, C), compatible with the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. HE immunochemical staining confirmed a proliferative index of over 50–60% (D). (A–C ×400; D ×200).

Abbreviation: HE, hematoxylin and eosin.

Figure 4.

A PET-CT did not detect any signs of disease recurrence after 16 months.

Notes: A and B represent different planes on PET-CT.

Abbreviations: R, right; L, left; PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography.

Case 2

A 62-year-old man presented with a 1-month history of left flank pain. He presented to another hospital and had a CT which revealed a lesion in the tail of the pancreas. He was then transferred to our institution for further workup and evaluation. His past medical history was unremarkable. A physical examination revealed an upper abdominal mass but did not detect peripheral lymphadenopathy. His liver function enzymes were normal. However, LDH was 236 U/L. The β2-microglobulin level of the patient was 2.37 mg/L. Serum tumor markers CA 19-9, CEA, and chromogranin A were normal. An abdominal CT scan confirmed that a mass with irregular margins was in the hilum of the spleen. The mass was heterogeneous, with no clear boundary between lesions, spleen, stomach, and pancreas, nearby blood vessels were wrapped around it, and there were multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity (Figure 5A and B). A CT-guided biopsy was taken from the mass. The pathological evaluation of the CT-guided biopsy revealed that the tumor was CD20-positive (Figure 6B) and CD3- and pancytokeratin-negative, with a high Ki-67 proliferation index (80%) (Figure 6C), and findings are consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Figure 6A). Due to the ill-defined mass, it was difficult to judge whether the tumor originated from the pancreas or spleen. However, a CHOP chemotherapy regimen is the preferred regimen for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma regardless of the location of the primary site. He consented to chemotherapy with the CHOP regimen. Lesions were significantly reduced after two cycles of treatment. A CT confirmed that the lymph nodes of the splenic hilum are significantly narrowed. The spleen was normal, and a low-density lesion at the tail of the pancreas was still present. Under these circumstances, we confirmed our diagnosis of PPL arising from the pancreatic tail. The size of the tumor was significantly reduced after four cycles of the CHOP chemotherapy regimen (Figure 7), and further follow-up is being carried out.

Figure 5.

(A, B) A CT scan showing diffuse hypodense enlargement of the pancreatic tail (arrow).

Figure 6.

Pathological findings. (A) HE shows irregularly-shaped, atypical lymphocyte infiltration (×40). (B) CD20 positive atypical lymphocytic cells (×400). (C) A high Ki-67 proliferation index (80%; ×200).

Abbreviation: HE, hematoxylin and eosin.

Figure 7.

Lesions were significantly reduced after 2 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy regimen (A, B). After 4 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy regimen (C, D).

Discussion

PPL is extremely rare, comprising 1% of extra-nodal lymphomas and 0.5% of malignant pancreatic tumors.^1–3,7 From our review of the English literature (Table 1),^4,5,8–31 the most common lymphoma variant in the pancreas is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, accounting in one study for as much as 80% of all the PPL cases.²⁹ Abdominal pain, jaundice, acute pancreatitis, small bowel obstruction, and diarrhea are the most commonly presenting symptoms,^7,30 but these are nonspecific and overlap those of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, the common presentations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, such as fever, chills, and night sweats, are rare (2%) in PPL.⁷ The widely accepted criteria for diagnosis of PPL were established by Dawson et al.³² They include a dominant mass in the pancreas, the absence of superficial or mediastinal lymphadenopathy on chest imaging, a normal leukocyte count in the peripheral blood, and the absence of hepatic or splenic involvement. Most PPLs occur in the pancreatic head, although they may also be found in other parts of the pancreas.^1,2,7 In our patients, case 1 presented with jaundice and upper abdominal malaise and the mass was located in the head of the pancreas, whereas case 2 presented with left flank pain and the mass was located at the tail of the pancreas.

Table 1.

Reported cases of primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma in the English literature of our review

Author	Year	Sex/age, year (mean)	Location in pancreas (number)	Pathology (number)	Treatment (number)	Outcome/follow-up, months (number)
Shtamler et al8	1988	Female/31	Head	DHL	PD+CMT	ANED/14 months
Hirabayashi et al9	1991	Male/74	Head	B-cell lymphoma	DP	AWD
Joly et al10	1992	Female/23	Head	B-cell lymphoma	PD+CMT	DOD
Van Beers et al11	1993	5 males and 3 females/26–77 (58)	Head (5), body and tail (3)	NBL (8)	NA	NA
Behrns et al5	1994	8 males and 4 females/NR	Head (6), body (3), tail (2), whole (1)	DLBCL (7), mixed (2), and small cleaved lymphoma (2)	RT (5), CMT (2), RT+CMT (3), PD (2)	Survival (mean) RT/22 months, CMT/13 months, RT+CMT/26 months
Ezzat et al12	1996	4 males and 1 female/38–51 (43)	Head (4), body and tail (1)	DLBCL (3) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (2)	CMT (3), CMT+RT (2)	ANED/21, 24, 26, 84 months (4); AWD/23 months (1)
Salvatore et al13	2000	Male/59	Whole	DLBCL	CMT	NA
Nayer et al15	2004	7 males and 1 female/35–75 (55)	Head (7), body and tail (1)	LBCL (4), follicular lymphoma (1), small lymphocytic lymphoma (1), suspicious (1)	RT+CMT (3), CMT (4), NA (2)	AWD/72 months (1), ANED/2, 5, 6, 7, 72 months (5), NA (2)
Volmar et al14	2004	7 males and 3 females/46–86 (65)	Head (12), body (1), and tail (1)	LBCL (6), FCL (3), and unclassified B-cell lymphoma (1)	CMT	DOD (2), AWD (12)
Ji et al16	2005	Male/46	Head	DLBCL	PD	NA
Arcari et al17	2005	4 males and 1 female/58–71 (65)	Head (5)	Large B-cell (3) and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (2)	PD+CMT (2), CMT+RT (2), CMT (1)	ANED/78 months (range 8–160 months)
Lee et al18	2006	Female/61	Head	B-cell lymphoma	DP+CMT	ANED
Wang et al19	2006	Male/49	Head	Burkitt lymphoma		DOD
Lin et al4	2006	5 males and 1 female/16–65 (45)	Head (3), body and tail (2), whole (1)	B-cell lymphoma (3) and NBL (3)	PD+CMT (2), CMT+RT (1), CMT (2)	DOD/0.5, 37, 49 months (3), ANED (1), NA (2)
Basu et al20	2007	Male/42	Body	DLBCL	CMT+RT	ANED
Saif et al21	2007	Female/57	Whole	LBCL	CMT	NA
Liakakos et al22	2008	Male/65	Head	NBL	PD+CMT	ANED/21 months
Hashimoto et al23	2008	Male/50	Head	DLBCL	CMT+PD	ANED/7 months
Sağlam et al24	2009	Male/20		Burkitt lymphoma	CMT	DOD
Bautista et al25	2009	Male/13	Tail	NBL	CMT	ANED/15 months
Haji et al26	2009	Not mention	Head (2) and tail (1)	DLBCL	CMT+RT (2) and PD+CMT (1)	NA
Sugishita et al27	2010	Male/16	Head	DBCL	PD+CMT	ANED/48 months
Abe et al28	2010	Male/56	Head	B-cell lymphoma	PD+CMT	NA
Alexander et al29	2011	Male/61	Head	DLBCL	PD+CMT	ANED/18 months
Anderloni et al30	2015	Female/33	Head	NBL	CMT	ANED/18 months
Fukuba et al31	2016	Female/60	Head	DLBCL	CMT	NA

Abbreviations: ANED, alive and no evidence of disease; AWD, alive with disease; cm, centimeters; CMT, chemotherapy; DHL, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma; DLBCL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; DOD, died of disease; DP, distal pancreatectomy; FCL, follicular cell lymphoma; LBCL, large B cell lymphoma; n, number of cases; NA, not available; NBL, non-Hodgkin B lymphomas; PD, pancreatico-duodenectomy; RT, radiotherapy.

Nonspecific biochemical markers can help a physician to make an accurate diagnosis of PPL. CA 19-9, a serum tumor marker, is generally increased in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma,³³ but it is rarely raised in patients with PPL. Lin et al reported that 80% of the patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma have a high CA 19-9 level, whereas in patients with PPL, the serum CA 19-9 level is normal or only slightly elevated unless a biliary obstruction is presented.⁴ LDH and β2-microglobulin levels are thought to be elevated in lymphoproliferative disorders, but they are not necessarily elevated in PPL.³⁴ However, a higher β2-microglobulin and LDH level are indicators of a poor prognosis for PPL patients.³⁵

Various imaging modalities have been used in the evaluation of pancreatic mass lesions. PPL can be divided into two morphological groups on CT: the pancreas has a similar appearance to pancreatitis, with an infiltrative mass and peripancreatic fat stranding or the pancreas seems to have a well-circumscribed tumor.²² Some radiological findings that point to PPL (instead of adenocarcinoma) include a bulky, localized pancreatic head tumor; no significant pancreatic duct dilatation; no enlarged lymph nodes below the level of the renal veins; and no retroperitoneal, hepatic, or splenic involvement.³⁶ Furthermore, the presence of calcification or necrosis can rule out PPL.⁷ With regard to the results of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), a retrospective analysis by Ramesh et al² determined that none of the patients showed features of pancreatic ductal dilation. Surrounding lymphadenopathy is common with any lymphoma. However, this feature would not exclude adenocarcinoma. Concerning endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings, moderate-to-severe ductal dilation that is often seen in pancreatic adenocarcinoma has not been reported in patients with PPL.³⁶ Therefore, patients with moderate-to-severe ductal dilation may help to exclude the diagnosis of PPL. Magnetic resonance imaging is quite nonspecific.³⁶

Certain clinical and imaging characteristics may help to suggest a diagnosis of PPL, but they are both nonspecific. Thus, pathology is necessary. Initially, the biopsy can be performed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). However, EUS-guided FNA was shown to improve diagnostic accuracy, and the sensitivity of diagnosing PPL was a significant increase compared with that of FNA alone.^15,37,38 CT-guided biopsy, which is minimally invasive, is another option for obtaining specimens.¹³ Alternatively, a laparoscopy or laparotomy can be performed to biopsy the pancreatic lesion or lymph nodes. In our cases, diagnoses were based on CT-guided biopsy and surgical biopsy.

The strategy for PPL consists of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of them. Most chemotherapy consists of CHOP and sometimes rituxan plus CHOP (R-CHOP). The majority of patients with PPL receiving only chemotherapy can achieve long-term disease remission.³⁹ However, Behrns et al⁵ reported that it is difficult to obtain long-term survival by chemotherapy alone. Battula et al⁶ also reported that the 5-year survival rate of PPL treated with current chemotherapy was inferior to the combination of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Surgical intervention, however, is still controversial. It has been proven that pancreatic resection alone does not improve the survival rate of PPL.²² For patients with jaundice, choledochojejunostomy is considered an effective treatment option.^4,36,40 But, in recent years, various nonoperative strategies can relieve this complication with a high rate of success. The role of radiation therapy has also not yet been defined except as an adjuvant to chemotherapy. A study by Behrns et al showed some evidence that an initial surgical resection, when coupled with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, was associated with increased long-term survival of PPL.⁵ In case 1, the patient was not diagnosed with PPL preoperatively, but since there was obstruction of the biliary tract, a pylorus-preserving pancreatico-duodenectomy was performed. His postoperative course was uneventful, and six cycles of CHOP were performed with no signs of recurrence after 16 months. In case 2, the size of the tumor was significantly reduced after four cycles of CHOP chemotherapy. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate treatment depending on the disease progression and the patient’s condition.

Conclusion

We presented two rare cases of PPL. Certain clinical and imaging characteristics as well as biochemical markers are not specific for PPL. Since patients with PPL have a much better prognosis than those with adenocarcinoma and the treatment widely differs from those of other pancreatic neoplasms, a definite diagnosis should be sought based on the histological examination. Combined therapy may be the optimal treatment approach for PPL, but it needs further evaluation.