Abstract
Background & aims
Virological breakthrough (VBT) could be a manifestation of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in patients treated with long-term nucleot(s)ide analogues. We aimed to determine the association of on-treatment serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA with VBT in HBeAg-positive CHB patients receiving entecavir (ETV) treatment.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study, including 162 consecutive patients (95 men and 67 women; mean age, 43.1±13.4 years) with HBeAg-positive CHB treated with ETV for at least 48 weeks between August 2008 and May 2015, was conducted. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis were used to identify associations with VBT and clinical factors, including HBV DNA and HBeAg serum status.
Results
Among the 162 ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients, eighteen patients (11.1%) experienced VBT (VBT group), whereas the other 144 patients were without VBT (non-VBT group). The cumulative rate of HBV DNA < 100 IU/mL in the VBT group and the non-VBT group at week 48 were 44.44% and 70.14%, and at week 96 were 58.33% and 92.56%, respectively (p = 0.015). The cumulative rate of HBeAg seroclearance in the VBT group and non-VBT group at week 48 and week 96 were statistically significant (p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis disclosed that failure to achieve HBeAg seroclearance were the factors significantly associated with VBT.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that on-treatment HBV DNA could probably predict VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. Failure to achieve HBeAg seroclearance was associated with VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients. HBV DNA >100IU/mL at 48 weeks is potentially a predictor for VBT.
Introduction
The standard treatment strategies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) include lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir (ETV), telbivudine, tenofovir, and pegylated interferon. Recent studies demonstrated that antiviral therapy could ameliorate liver injury, progression of cirrhosis, and the development of HCC, and could also reduce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence among patients with HBV-related HCC.[1–3]
Virological breakthrough (VBT) could be the most important clinical hint for long-term nucleos(t)ide (NUC)-treated hepatitis B patients with drug resistance.[4, 5] The most common causes of VBT in NUC-treated CHB patients are genotypic resistance and medication adherence.[4, 6, 7] Once resistance confirmed, the treatment strategy is shifted to high potency antiviral agent without cross-resistance should be added as soon as possible.[4, 8] Thus, the standard of care involves on-treatment monitoring of data, including hepatic panel, hepatitis markers and serum HBV DNA, which were also recommended to be used as follow-up the treatment responses.[5, 9, 10]Now, HBV DNA is the standard and important tools for follow-up during NUC treatment. On-treatment HBV DNA monitoring is associated with the effect of treatment, including HBsAg and HBeAg seroclearance/seroconversion, drug resistance, and determination of cessation long-term NA treatment.[5, 9, 11]
ETV is a high-potency NUC capable of achieving viral suppression and resistance to ETV is rarely observed in long-term treatment-naïve patients. [12, 13]However, the association with dynamic change of on-treatment HBV DNA and VBT in ETV-treated CHB patients has not been clearly elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with VBT in ETV-treated CHB. We aimed to determine the association of on-treatment HBV DNA and the occurrence of VBT during ETV treatment in HBeAg-positive CHB patients.
Materials and methods
Patients
We conducted a retrospective cohort study including consecutive naive adult patients with CHB, who had received NUC treatment and whose treatment protocol was followed up regularly. Between August 2008 and May 2015, a total of 162 consecutive ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients (95 men and 67 women; mean age, 43.1±13.4 years) who were followed up for every 12–24 weeks were included in this study. The patients' demographics were regularly recorded as a hepatitis B treatment protocol, composing underlying diseases including liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, body weight, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBV DNA, hepatic panel (albumin [Alb], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], total bilirubin (Bil-T), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), spleen size, renal function test including Creatinine Clearance Rate (CCr), and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). HBV DNA and HBeAg were routinely assessed every 3–6 months at Taichung Veterans General Hospital.
Patients were excluded if they had previous antiviral treatment for hepatitis B, HBeAg seroclearance within 24 weeks after ETV treatment, coinfection with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, or human immunodeficiency virus. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our institution (VGHTC CE16037B).
Definition of virological breakthrough
The occurrence of VBT, defined as any increase in serum HBV DNA by >1 log10 from nadir or redetection of serum HBV DNA at levels 10-fold the lower limit of detection of the viral load after HBV DNA was undetectable. Genotypic resistance (GR) was defined as detection of signature resistance mutation by direct sequencing.
Laboratory methods
HBV DNA was determined by real-time PCR assay (Roche CobasTaqMan HBV Test). HBsAg and HBeAg were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).
Tests for antiviral drug resistance mutations
HBV DNA was extracted from serum sample of patients by High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit (Roche) and then determined by real-time PCR assay (QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit)(QiaGene) for mutation detection. All samples were also tested for antiviral drug resistance mutations by a line probe assay, INNO-Lipa HBV DR v.3 (Innogenetics NV, Gent, Belgium) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.[14]
Statistical analysis
Statistical tests were performed by SPSS (version 13.0; Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical variables were compared by Chi-squared test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD, and compared by Mann–Whitney U test. The cumulative rates of HBeAg seroclearance and HBV DNA <100 IU/mL associated with VBT were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The log rank test was used to compare the cumulative rate of HBeAg seroclearance and HBV DNA<100 IU/mL in different groups; Cox proportional hazard model was performed to analyze factors associated with VBT, and significant factors(P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis were subjected to multivariate analysis to determine independent predictive factors. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05.
Results
Patients' characteristics
The demographic data of ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients with VBT and without VBT are shown in Table 1. A total of 162 naïve HBeAg-positive CHB patients received ETV treatment. Eighteen (11.11%) ETV-treated patients experienced VBT and the other 144 (88.8%) patients did not experience VBT during follow-up. Only one (5.5%) of the VBT-experienced patients had confirmed GR with L180M and M204V mutation (S1 Table and S1 Fig). Among the VBT-experienced patients, 10 patients (55%) had no GR. Another 7 patents (38.8%) did not receive mutation check-up (Fig 1); 1 patient suspected of poor compliance according to medical record,3 patients experienced VBT with low serum HBV DNA (less than 130 IU/mL); 3 patients was loss to follow-up. There were no significant differences in gender, fatty liver, and liver cirrhosis between the two groups. There were significant differences in age between the VBT group and non-VBT group (p = 0.016). The baseline laboratory data including pre-treatment HBV DNA level, platelet count, spleen size, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, PT, Alb, CCr, and AFP were not significantly different between the two groups.
Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics of patients.
| Total (n = 162) | Virologic breakthrough | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 18) | No (n = 144) | |||
| Age | 41.5 (34.0–52.0) | 52 (38.5–59.5) | 41 (33–49) | 0.016* |
| Gender(Male) | 95 (58.6%) | 84 (58.3%) | 11 (61.1%) | 1.000 |
| Follow-up time (weeks) | 192 (140–250) | 187.5 (104–233) | 192 (144–254) | 0.197 |
| Fatty liver | 66 (40.7%) | 6 (33.3%) | 60 (41.7%) | 0.672 |
| Liver cirrhosis f | 33 (20.5%) | 4 (22.2%) | 29 (20.3%) | 0.766 |
| Pre-treatment HBVDNA(log10 /mL) | 7.53 (6.26–8.04) | 7.33 (6.09–8.06) | 7.53 (6.29–8.04) | 0.817 |
| Body weight (kg) | 63 (55–77) | 65 (51.2–84.5) | 63 (55.0–76.7) | 0.985 |
| Spleen size (cm) | 9.6 (8.4–11.4) | 10.9 (8.6–12.5) | 9.5 (8.4–11.2) | 0.234 |
| Platelet (*103/CUMM) | 178 (127.0–228.5) | 168 (118.5–245.5) | 182 (127.5–228.0) | 0.758 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.45–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.551 |
| ALT (U/L) | 136 (69–367) | 158 (74–370) | 133 (68.-371) | 0.852 |
| ALP (U/L) | 116 (89–156) | 102 (90–140) | 118 (87–160) | 0.545 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.9 (3.6–4.3) | 3.8 (3.7–4.2) | 4.0 (3.5–4.3) | 0.698 |
| Prothrobin time (s) | 11.1 (10.6–11.6) | 10.9 (10.2–11.5) | 11.1 (10.6–11.7) | 0.384 |
| CCr (ml /min/1.73 m2) | 92.56 (79–113.67) | 104 (86–127) | 91 (77–114) | 0.107 |
| AFP (ng/ml) | 7.91 (4.33–16.46) | 7.05 (5.79–11.23) | 7.96 (4.185–16.735) | 0.661 |
Chi-square test.
f Fisher's Exact Test. Mann-Whitney U test.
*P<0.05
**P<0.01.
Continuous data were expressed median and IQR.
Categorical data were expressed number and percentage.
Fig 1. Outcome of patients with virological breakthrough.
Multivariate analysis of association with virological breakthrough
Table 2 shows the univariate and multivariate analysis of association with VBT. In the univariate analysis, failure to achieve HBV DNA <100 IU/mL at week 48 and nadir response, HBeAg seroclearance and age were associated with VBT. The multivariate analysis showed HBeAg seroclearance was significantly associated with VBT (HR = 0.25, CI = 0.07–0.94, p = 0.04)(Table 2)
Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with virological breakthrough.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Pre-treatment HBVDNA level (log IU/ml) | 1.05 | (0.70–1.57) | 0.818 | 0.86 | (0.52–1.41) | 0.545 |
| Post-treatment HBV DNA<100IU/mL | 0.04 | (0.01–0.12) | <0.001** | |||
| Post-treatment HBV DNA<100IU/mL at week 48 |
0.32 | (0.12–0.80) | 0.015* | 0.32 | (0.10–1.00) | 0.050 |
| HbeAgseroclearance | 0.17 | (0.05–0.60) | 0.006* | 0.25 | (0.07–0.94) | 0.040* |
Cox regression.
Adjusted for age, gender, body weight, pre-treatment HBVDNA level (log IU/ml), post-treatment HBV DNA<100IU/mL at week 48,HbeAgseroclearance.
*P<0.05
**P<0.01.
Characteristics and clinical outcome of patients experienced virological breakthrough
Information on baseline characteristics and clinical outcome of 18 ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients with VBT is provided in Table 3. Of the 18 patients who experienced VBT, 5 patients continued treatment with ETV, 8 patients received add-on ADF to ETV and 5 patients received TDF as rescue therapy. Regarding to the outcome of these patients, 10 patients achieved VR, 4 patient died, 3 patients lost to on-treatment follow-up and 1 patient did not achieve to VR.
Table 3. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcome of patients experienced virological breakthrough.
| Patient No | Age (yr) | Sex | Mutation | Rescue therapy | Clinical outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 39 | F | ─ | Maintenance of ETV | Death |
| 2 | 67 | M | ─ | ETV and ADF | Achieved VR |
| 3 | 52 | F | ND | ETV and ADF | Achieved VR |
| 4 | 33 | M | ND | Maintenance of ETV | Loss of follow-up |
| 5 | 54 | M | L180M, M204V | ETV and ADF | Death |
| 6 | 54 | M | ND | TDF | Achieved VR |
| 7 | 49 | F | ─ | Maintenance of ETV | Loss of follow-up |
| 8 | 71 | F | ND | TDF | Achieved VR |
| 9 | 61 | M | ND | ETV and ADF | Death |
| 10 | 59 | F | ND | TDF | Achieved VR |
| 11 | 59 | M | ─ | ETV and ADF | Achieved VR |
| 12 | 41 | M | ND | ETV and ADF | Achieved VR |
| 13 | 31 | M | ─ | Maintenance of ETV | Loss of follow-up |
| 14 | 71 | F | ND | TDF | Achieved VR |
| 15 | 41 | M | ─ | Maintenance of ETV | Failure to VR |
| 16 | 53 | M | ND | TDF | Death |
| 17 | 36 | F | ND | ETV and ADF | Achieved VR |
| 18 | 37 | M | ─ | ETV and ADF | Achieved VR |
─,No data available
ND, mutation was not dectected
VR, viral suppression; HBV DNA < 100IU/mL
ETV = Entecavir; ADF = Adefovir; TDF = Tenofovir
On-treatment HBV DNA association with virological breakthrough
Our results demonstrated that the cumulative rates of HBV DNA < 100 IU/mL in the VBT group and non-VBT group at week 48 were44.44% and 70.14%, and at week 96 were 58.33% and 92.56%, respectively (p = 0.015) (Fig 2).
Fig 2. Cumulative rate of HBV DNA <100IU/mL in relation to virological breakthrough.
VBT: virological breakthrough.
On-treatment HBeAg seroclearance association with virological breakthrough
Our results demonstrated that cumulative rate of HBeAg seroclearance in the VBT group and non-VBT group at weeks 48,96,144,192, and 240 were 5.56% and 13.19%,11.11% and 28.47%,11.11% and 45.37%,19.19% and 56.68%,19.19% and 63.95%, respectively (p = 0.014) (Fig 3).
Fig 3. Cumulative rate of HBeAg seroclearance in relation to virological breakthrough.
VBT: virological breakthrough.
Discussion
Our results demonstrated 18 (11.1%) of 162 patients with ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB experienced VBT. HBeAg seroclearance was associated with a lower possibility of VBT, as demonstrated by our results. Among the 18 patients who had VBT and were continuously followed up, failure to achieve HBeAg seroclearance was independent predictors for VBT. Failure to achieve HBV DNA <100IU/mL within 48 weeks is potentially a predictor for VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients. This finding implies that we could use on-treatment HBV DNA and HBeAg seroclearance to assess treatment and predict the likelihood of VBT.
The decline of on-treatment HBV DNA is important in the assessment of the treatment response. Serum HBV DNA level >2000 IU/mL after 6 months of lamivudine therapy is associated with the occurrence of VBT in CHB patients and a decrease in follow-up HBV DNA levels (> 3 log) was significantly associated with HBsAg seroclearance.[11, 15]The 2-Year GLOBE trial results revealed baseline HBV DNA and on-treatment HBV DNA at week 24 were risk factors associated with VBT in CHB patients receiving lamivudine and telbivudine. [16] Poor response to viral suppression could be correlated with occurrence of drug-resistance. Non-detectable serum HBV DNA at treatment week 24 was the strongest predictor for HBeAg seroconversion, virological breakthrough, and virus resistance.[15, 17]Patients with on-treatment HBV DNA levels of more than 1000 copies/mL after 6 months of lamivudine therapy there was a 63.2% chance of subsequent occurrence of YMDD variants.[18] Thus, we could use on-treatment HBV DNA level to predict the treatment effect as well as VBT. To our best knowledge, there are scant data on ETV-treated naïve HBeAg-positive patients, and the present study is the first to describe the association of HBV DNA and HBeAg dynamics with VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive patients.
ETV is currently the first-line therapy due to its potent viral suppression capability and the rarity of ETV-resistant mutations.[12, 13, 19] ETV has also been used as a rescue treatment option for patients with a high genetic barrier.[4, 20] However, the efficacy of ETV is affected by on-treatment virological response and failure to achieve virological response at week 48 is a strong predictor of ETV-resistant mutation, especially in patients with lamivudine-resistant mutants.[21] Cumulative rate of VBT at week 96 and 144 was higher in CHB patients with partial virological response compared to patients with complete virological response under ETV treatment.[22] The cumulative probability of genotypic resistance and virological breakthrough due to resistance were 51% and 43% at year 5, respectively, in ETV-treated patients with mutation of rtM204I/V and rtl180 M.[12]
Patients with CHB usually require long-term antiviral agents due to the low rate HBsAg seroclearance, HBeAg seroconversion, and HBV DNA clearance. [9] Thus, it is important to monitor VBT during follow-up. The main causes of VBT included medical adherence and genotype resistance. The first step is to differentiate between VBT due to poor drug compliance and VBT due to drug resistance. About 60% of VBTs are related to drug resistance. Confirmation of medication adherence and antiviral mutation in CHB is important to avoid unnecessary change of antiviral therapy.[23] Thus, VBT could be a valuable parameter in the clinical assessment of antiviral drug resistance as it typically appears within 3 months of the emergence of resistance.[18]Furthermore, it would be particularly useful to closely monitor VBT in patients with persistent higher HBVDNA level, poor drug compliance, and inadequate medical adherence. HBV DNA is not only used to monitor treatment response but also for surveillance of the possibility of antiviral resistance because the use of routine genotypic testing is not practical due to the high cost. Once resistance to ETV is confirmed, therapeutic options include adding adefovir or switching to drugs with a higher potency and higher genetic barriers to resistance, such as tenofovir.[4]
There are some limitations in the present study. First, it is difficult to differentiate HBeAg seroclearance within 6 months of entecavir due to efficacy of antiviral therapy and due to spontaneous HBeAg seroclearance. So patients with HBeAg seroclearance within 6 months of entecavir should be excluded. Therefore, the number of cases was small and all patients were HBeAg-positive. Further studies may be needed to investigate the association between VBT and other clinical outcomes in CHB patients who are HBeAg-negative. Second, as a retrospective study, presence of antiviral drug resistance mutations was only checked in 11 of 18 (61%) patients. Third, because this was a retrospective study, adherence of drugs could not be definitely confirmed by reviewing the medical record. Fourth, there was lack of quantitative HBsAg level in this study.
In conclusion, our results demonstrated that on-treatment HBV DNA dynamics could predict VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. The clearance of serum HBeAg was associated with VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients. On-treatment HBV DNA could predict VBT in ETV-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients and further studies are needed to elucidate this potential association. Naïve HBeAg-positive CHB patients receiving ETV with VBT had a low HBeAg seroclearance rate and failed to achieve a low serum HBV DNA level during follow-up.
Supporting information
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Data Availability
We have uploaded minimal data as supplementary data.
Funding Statement
There are currently no funding sources in this study.
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Data Availability Statement
We have uploaded minimal data as supplementary data.