Abstract
Objective
No definitive chemotherapeutic regimen has been established in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who failed second- or third-line treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate apatinib, a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, in advanced NSCLC as salvage treatment.
Methods
We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of apatinib in patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC from 2014 to 2015 in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method.
Results
Forty-two patients were included in the present study. Four patients achieved partial response, and 22 achieved stable disease, representing a response rate of 9.5% and a disease control rate of 61.9%. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 4.2 and 6.0 months, respectively. The toxicities associated with apatinib were generally acceptable with a total grade 3/4 toxicity of 50%.
Conclusion
Apatinib appears to have some activity against advanced NSCLC when utilized as salvage treatment.
Keywords: non-small-cell lung cancer, apatinib, VEGF, efficacy
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide.1 For patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), chemotherapy and targeted therapy can prolong survival time and are recommended as standard treatment in advanced NSCLC.2–5 However, there is no definitive therapeutic regimen in patients who failed second-line/third-line treatment. Many patients receive further chemotherapy in practice.6
Treatment by inhibition of VEGFs has been shown to be effective in many solid tumors.7–9 Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, has been shown to significantly improve overall survival (OS) in advanced NSCLC in several prospective studies.10,11 Preclinical and clinical experiments indicated that apatinib, a novel VEGFR inhibitor, has potential as a therapeutic agent for carcinomas.12 Apatinib is a small-molecule VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor that improved progression-free survival (PFS) and OS in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic gastric cancer.13,14 Preliminary results of an apatinib study presented at the ASCO meeting in 2012 (abstract 7548) reported efficacy in NSCLC.15 However, no clinical studies with detailed data have investigated the efficacy of apatinib in NSCLC as salvage treatment.
In the present study, we conducted a retrospective evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of apatinib after failure of prior treatment in advanced NSCLC.
Methods
Patient eligibility
Patients with advanced NSCLC who received apatinib as third-line or further treatment between 2014 and 2015 were recruited. Inclusion criteria were 1) histological or cytological diagnosis of NSCLC according to histopathological criteria (World Health Organization, 2004); 2) lack of local treatment such as radiotherapy or interventional therapy during the duration of apatinib therapy; and 3) recurrence or metastases identified in chest, abdominal, or brain computed tomography (CT) scans and/or bone scans. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital.
Treatment methods
Apatinib was administered at a dose of 500 mg once daily. One treatment cycle was 28 days long. One dose reduction (to 250 mg) for drug-related toxicity was allowed.
Responses and toxicity
Tumor responses were assessed every two cycles or were evaluated early when significant signs of progression appeared. Objective tumor responses were assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1). Objective tumor responses included complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD). The disease control rate (DCR) was defined as the addition of objective response and stabilization rates (CR + PR + SD). Toxicities were evaluated according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria version 4.0 (CTC4.0).
Follow-up
All the patients who were evaluated for tumor response had PFS and OS. PFS encompassed the time from the first day of apatinib to documented progression or death from any cause. OS was defined as the time from the first day of apatinib treatment to death or last follow-up. The median follow-up period was 12.5 months (3.0–23). Follow-up extended till April 30, 2016.
Statistical analysis
Survival analysis was conducted by the Kaplan–Meier analysis and comparison by the log-rank test. The survival curves were calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results
Patients’ characteristics
A total of 42 patients were included; of these, 12 had squamous cell carcinoma and 30 had adenocarcinoma. Seventeen had smoking history and 25 were never-smokers. Twenty-four patients were male and 18 were female, and they had a median age of 56.5 years. Tumor samples for gene mutation analysis were available for 18 patients. EGFR mutations were identified in seven patients (five with deletion in exon 19 and two with L858R in exon 21). All patients received palliative chemotherapy and 29 had targeted therapy in prior treatment. Twenty-two patients had been found to have PR (responder) status and 20 SD or PD (nonresponder) status during prior treatment. Nineteen patients received apatinib as third-line therapy and 23 as further-line treatment. Twenty-five patients had performance status (PS) of 0–1 and 17 had PS of 2. The patient characteristics are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population (n=42)
| Variables | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 24 (57.1) |
| Female | 18 (42.9) |
| PS | |
| 0–1 | 25 (59.5) |
| 2 | 17 (40.5) |
| Age, years | |
| Median (range) | 56.5 (42–75) |
| >60 | 10 (23.8) |
| ≤60 | 32 (76.2) |
| Smoking history | |
| Yes | 17 (40.5) |
| No | 25 (59.5) |
| Histology | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 30 (71.4) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 12 (28.6) |
| EGFR mutation | |
| Yes | 7 (16.7) |
| No | 11 (26.2) |
| Unknown | 24 (57.1) |
| Line of apatinib therapy | |
| Third line | 19 (45.2) |
| Further line | 23 (54.8) |
| Targeted treatment in prior therapy | |
| Yes | 29 (69.0) |
| No | 13 (31.0) |
Abbreviation: PS, performance status.
Clinical efficacy
Response data for apatinib are as follows: CR (n=0), PR (n=4), SD (n=22), and PD (n=16). The ORR and DCR were 9.5 and 61.9%, respectively. The median PFS was 4.2 months (95% CI, 1.0–9.5; Figure 1). The median OS was 6.0 months (95% CI, 3.9–8.0; Figure 2). There was no significant association of PFS with gender (P=0.06), age (P=0.13), line of therapy (P=0.43), pathological subtype (P=0.36), smoking history (P=0.34), and PS (P=0.07). The EGFR mutation status and response to prior treatment were not found to be statistically associated with PFS after apatinib treatment (P=0.25 and 0.42, respectively).
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier estimates of progression-free survival of apatinib treatment.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival of apatinib treatment.
Interestingly, EGFR-TKI treatment was administered to two patients after apatinib, and the PFS were 11.0 and 9.0 months, respectively. The details of univariate analysis are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of PFS and OS
| PFS | 95% CI | P-value | OS | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.06 | 0.12 | ||||
| Male | 2.5 | 1.4–3.6 | 5.2 | 3.2–5.7 | ||
| Female | 10.0 | 4.7–12.3 | 10.7 | 5.1–14.1 | ||
| Age, years | 0.13 | 0.21 | ||||
| >60 | 7.0 | 1.2–12.3 | 4.2 | 1.5–5.5 | ||
| ≤60 | 1.2 | 0.4–2.0 | 6.5 | 4.2–7.9 | ||
| PS | 0.07 | 0.09 | ||||
| 0–1 | 10.0 | 1.2–13.5 | 8.5 | 5.4–14.2 | ||
| 2 | 3.0 | 0.5–5.5 | 4.5 | 3.0–6.8 | ||
| Line of therapy | 0.43 | 0.31 | ||||
| Third–line | 2.5 | 0.0–8.4 | 7.2 | 3.8–10.5 | ||
| Further-line | 8.0 | 0.1–12.9 | 5.5 | 4.0–7.7 | ||
| Smoking history | 0.34 | 0.47 | ||||
| Yes | 2.5 | 1.5–3.5 | 5.5 | 3.0–8.5 | ||
| No | 8.0 | 5.2–10.8 | 7.8 | 6.0–10.5 | ||
| Histology | 0.36 | 0.17 | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 7.0 | 0.0–12.6 | 6.5 | 0.3–12.7 | ||
| Squamous cell | 1.9 | 0.0–5.0 | 4.3 | 2.1–8.5 | ||
| EGFR status | 0.25 | 0.87 | ||||
| Mutation | 4.4 | 0.6–4.8 | 7.0 | 5.0–9.5 | ||
| Wild-type | 4.0 | 1.0–6.0 | 5.5 | 4.0–6.5 | ||
| Prior treatment efficacy | 0.42 | 0.55 | ||||
| Responder | 4.6 | 1.2–6.2 | 7.5 | 3.5–10.0 | ||
| Nonresponder | 3.5 | 0.0–5.0 | 5.0 | 2.5–9.0 |
Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival; OS, overall survival; PS, performance status.
Toxicity evaluation
All patients were assessed for toxicity. The rate of grade 3/4 toxicity was 50%. Grade 4 toxicity was not observed in all the patients. Two patients discontinued the apatinib treatment because they developed deteriorated hepatic function and hand–foot syndrome. Four patients required dosage reductions. The common grade 3/4 adverse events were hand–foot syndrome (n=6), hypertension (n=4), proteinuria (n=3), hepatic injury (n=3), fatigue (n=2), and nausea/vomiting (n=2; Table 3).
Table 3.
Main grade 3/4 toxicities of apatinib treatment
| Toxicity | Grades 3–4 | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Hand–foot syndrome | 6 | 14.3 |
| Hypertension | 4 | 9.5 |
| Proteinuria | 3 | 7.1 |
| Hepatic injure | 3 | 7.1 |
| Fatigue | 2 | 4.8 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 2 | 4.8 |
| Febrile neutropenia | 1 | 2.4 |
| Anemia | 1 | 2.4 |
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess whether apatinib as salvage chemotherapy confers clinical benefit in patients with advanced NSCLC. The results demonstrated that apatinib had efficacy against advanced NSCLC in later-line treatment.
Platinum-based chemotherapy is widely used in routine NSCLC treatment. For patients with some gene mutations, targeted therapy has been identified that can prolong survival and preserve quality of life.3–5 The present results are consistent with the use of targeted therapy for second-line therapy when given to 40%–60% of patients and to 20%–30% of patients for third-line or further therapy for decreased PS and lower toxicity.16,17 Regimens with low toxicity and good efficacy are not available in China for patients in these clinical settings. For patients who have failed third-line treatment, no standard treatment has been recommended.
Apatinib is a novel small-molecule protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor that selectively targets VEGFR-2, which binds all VEGF-A isoforms, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. The binding of VEGF-A to VEGFR-2 can induce a cascade of signaling pathways, eventually causing cellular proliferation and endothelial cell survival.18,19 Several studies have confirmed that blocking VEGFR-2 was a promising therapy for inhibiting angiogenesis.20,21 Apatinib, the first oral VEGFR-2 inhibitor, has been shown to have survival benefit compared with placebo in advanced gastric cancer in a Phase III trial (6.5 vs 4.7 months, P=0.0149)14 and has been approved in China for the treatment of patients with advanced gastric cancer refractory to two or more lines of prior chemotherapy. Apatinib was also reported to be an effective salvage therapy agent in advanced breast carcinoma patients who failed standard treatment (PFS: 3.3 months, OS: 10.7 months).22 Two cases treated with apatinib have been reported in NSCLC patients with PFS of 4.6 and 6 months.23
In the present study, the DCR and ORR were 61.9 and 9.5%, which indicates superior efficacy as second-line chemotherapy over docetaxel in NSCLC.24 Of note, more than one-third of patients in the present study had PS of 2, which may influence the efficacy of apatinib. Bevacizumab, another antiangiogenesis drug, is not approved for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma because of hemorrhage.24 In the present study, 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma were treated, and no hemorrhage occurred, suggesting safety of this oral inhibitor. Combination of an antiangiogenesis drug and EGFR-TKIs showed a promising therapy in NSCLC.25 Interestingly, two of our patients continued on a combination of EGFR-TKI and apatinib after progression on prior EGFR-TKI. Better efficacy was found in both these patients. This combination treatment may prove to be effective therapy after wider validation.
The most common adverse events with apatinib treatment were skin reactions of the hands and feet (“hand–foot syndrome”), proteinuria, and hypertension with total grade 3/4 adverse events of ∼60% in gastric carcinoma.13,14 More than 20% of patients required dose modifications after being started on the recommended dose of apatinib (850 mg daily) treatment in a Phase 3 study.14 In the study of Hu et al,22 where the recommended dose was 500 mg daily, the rate of grade 3/4 toxicity was significantly decreased but the efficacy was similar to that of the high-dose regimen in breast carcinoma. In the present study, we used the 500 mg recommended dose in our patients, and the results showed that half of these patients developed grade 3 toxicities, but none showed grade 4 toxicities.
The major limitation of the present study is its retrospective nature and small number of patients. There was also some heterogeneity in the study population, with different histology and clinical characteristics occurring. Finally, the dose of 500 mg was used in the present study, which should be confirmed in future trials. Two prospective clinical studies that are ongoing in China (NCT01287962 and NCT01270386) currently will provide further data on the efficacy of apatinib in patients with advanced NSCLC.
Conclusion
In summary, the present results suggest that apatinib is an effective regimen for salvage treatment of advanced NSCLC, but further prospective studies with larger numbers of patients are required to fully establish the efficacy and safety of this treatment.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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