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. 2017 Mar 19;12:55–67. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.03.024

An atlas of paste fabrics and supplemental paste compositional data from late middle preclassic-period ceramics at the Maya site of Holtun, Guatemala

Michael G Callaghan a,⁎, Daniel Pierce b, Brigitte Kovacevich a, Michael D Glascock b
PMCID: PMC5376253  PMID: 28393087

Abstract

This data article contains an atlas of paste fabrics and supplemental paste compositional data generated from Late Middle Preclassic-period ceramics at the Maya site of Holtun, Guatemala. The data include maps showing locations of archeological contexts, excavation profiles, photographs and photomicrographs of sherds and paste fabrics, and compositional data produced by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) at the Research Reactor, University of Missouri (MURR). The NAA data include a biplot and table of canonical discriminant analyses, Mahalonobis distance calculations, and Euclidian distance searches between the samples.

Keywords: Maya, Archeology, Middle Preclassic, Ceramics, Neutron Activation Analysis, Microscopy, Craft production

Specifications Table

Subject area Archaeology
More specific subject area Archaeometry
Type of data Maps, tables, charts, photographs, photomicrographs
How data was acquired Digital microscope (Dinolite AMZ750), Neutron Activation Analysis, statistical analysis
Data format Raw and analyzed
Experimental factors Sherds were cleaned, dried, and crushed into powder for NAA
Experimental features Mineralogical and elemental analysis of paste composition
Data source location Archaeological site of Holtun, Department of Peten, Guatemala and MURR
Data accessibility Data is with this article
Related research article 2017, Callaghan, Michael G., Daniel Pierce, Brigitte Kovacevich, and Michael D. Glascock. “Chemical Paste Characterization of Late Middle Preclassic-Period Ceramics from Holtun, Guatemala and its Implications for Production and Exchange”. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 12:334-345.
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Value of the data

  • •

    Data presented here represent a standard for chemical paste compositional analysis of archeological ceramic material using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).

  • •

    These data are a benchmark for paste compositional analysis of Late Middle Preclassic-period ceramics in the Maya lowlands.

  • •

    These data include the first published atlas of paste fabrics for Middle Preclassic Maya ceramics.

  • •

    These data can be compared to compositional data from other Maya sites to identify clay procurement zones, centers of ceramic production, and exchange networks during the Late Middle Preclassic through Postclassic periods.

  • •

    These data can be compared to similar data from other world regions in an effort to reconstruct patterns of production and exchange in early states.

1. Data

These data include a map showing the location of Holtun in Guatemala and its relation to neighboring sites (Fig. 1), maps of the site showing the location of groups cited in this study (Fig. 2), maps of the locations of excavation units within the patios where samples were found (Fig. 3, Fig. 5), profiles of excavations showing stratigraphy of excavation units where samples were found (Fig. 4, Fig. 6), photographs of sherds and an atlas of paste fabrics with corresponding table of type: varieties (Appendix A), and compositional data produced by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) at the Research Reactor, University of Missouri (MURR). The NAA data include a table of Mahalonobis distance calculations of elemental concentrations between samples (Table 1), a chart and table of canonical discriminant analyses of paste groups and elemental concentrations (Fig. 7 and Table 2), and a chart of a log-based Euclidian distance search between the samples (Fig. 8). The data also include results of Chi-Square tests of association between paste chemical composition groups and ceramic attributes including type: variety, group, ware, temper, decoration, and form (Appendix B).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Map of Lake Yaxha Area, Guatemala showing location of the site of Holtun in relation to other sites (map by Rodrigo Guzman).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Map of Holtun, Guatemala (map by Rodrigo Guzman).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Map of Group F, Patio A with location of excavation units including HTN 1-1 (map by Rodrigo Guzman).

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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Map of Group F, Patio C with location of excavation units including HTN 3-1 (map by Rodrigo Guzman).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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Profile of excavation unit HTN 1-1 (drawing by Patricia Rivera Castillo).

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

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Profile of excavation unit HTN 3-1 (drawing by Juan Saravia).

Table 1.

Mahalonobis distance calculations for each identified group.

Membership probabilities(%) for samples in Group: unassign
Probabilities calculated by projecting unknowns against reference Groups.
ANID Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Best Group
HTN002 0.000 18.076 34.374 0.344 Group 3
HTN003 0.000 4.308 87.639 0.633 Group 3
HTN038 0.000 5.096 32.951 2.203 Group 3
HTN068 0.000 0.138 3.548 19.799 Group 4
HTN069 0.000 0.108 3.291 25.457 Group 4
HTN082g 0.000 0.001 0.002 7.465 Group 4
HTN082r 0.000 3.314 99.872 0.158 Group 3
HTN085 0.000 13.100 66.881 0.189 Group 3



Membership probabilities(%) for samples in Group: Group 1



HTN004 72.337 2.073 0.014 0.000 Group 1
HTN020 51.099 2.529 0.009 0.000 Group 1
HTN021 65.876 1.894 0.008 0.000 Group 1
HTN022 34.040 2.239 0.034 0.000 Group 1
HTN031 46.706 2.484 0.033 0.000 Group 1
HTN032 60.626 1.875 0.012 0.000 Group 1
HTN034 70.936 1.958 0.011 0.000 Group 1
HTN035 18.186 1.192 0.005 0.000 Group 1
HTN058 15.092 3.861 0.092 0.000 Group 1
HTN059 72.621 2.223 0.018 0.000 Group 1
HTN083 80.221 2.109 0.012 0.000 Group 1
HTN084 97.824 2.549 0.015 0.000 Group 1
HTN086 7.526 1.846 0.004 0.000 Group 1
HTN087 9.063 5.153 0.022 0.000 Group 1
HTN088 59.296 4.184 0.040 0.000 Group 1
HTN089 22.226 4.960 0.077 0.000 Group 1
HTN090 93.895 3.232 0.022 0.000 Group 1
HTN091 77.800 3.206 0.016 0.000 Group 1
HTN092 56.667 1.851 0.012 0.000 Group 1
HTN093 42.797 1.765 0.006 0.000 Group 1
HTN094 76.728 3.781 0.026 0.000 Group 1
HTN095 61.522 4.098 0.039 0.000 Group 1



Membership probabilities(%) for samples in Group: Group 2



HTN030 0.000 13.599 42.838 0.003 Group 3
HTN046 0.000 76.793 2.285 0.000 Group 2
HTN047 0.000 89.429 1.647 0.001 Group 2
HTN072 0.000 75.981 7.595 0.001 Group 2
HTN073 0.000 51.344 0.416 0.000 Group 2
HTN074 0.000 98.935 3.131 0.002 Group 2
HTN075 0.000 58.209 6.176 0.000 Group 2
HTN076 0.000 55.926 0.636 0.002 Group 2
HTN077 0.000 32.025 3.978 0.086 Group 2
HTN078 0.000 92.504 4.946 0.007 Group 2
HTN079 0.000 43.874 0.319 0.000 Group 2
HTN081 0.000 19.301 8.903 0.306 Group 2



Membership probabilities(%) for samples in Group: Group 3



HTN008 0.000 0.993 56.213 5.942 Group 3
HTN010 0.000 1.756 94.733 0.349 Group 3
HTN014 0.000 0.444 41.650 9.379 Group 3
HTN016 0.000 0.839 59.081 4.960 Group 3
HTN018 0.000 1.690 81.582 0.032 Group 3
HTN025 0.000 0.709 55.327 0.016 Group 3
HTN026 0.000 0.159 24.795 2.901 Group 3
HTN027 0.000 0.995 15.568 0.000 Group 3
HTN028 0.000 0.883 14.346 0.000 Group 3
HTN029 0.000 2.114 77.451 1.963 Group 3
HTN036 0.000 29.981 23.529 0.162 Group 2
HTN039 0.000 0.974 81.168 0.443 Group 3
HTN040 0.000 27.863 22.109 0.193 Group 2
HTN041 0.000 9.931 81.641 0.114 Group 3
HTN049 0.000 0.320 45.197 0.828 Group 3
HTN051 0.000 10.461 6.393 0.000 Group 2
HTN052 0.000 2.042 89.812 0.944 Group 3
HTN053 0.000 0.793 40.838 0.002 Group 3
HTN054 0.000 0.561 52.464 5.229 Group 3
HTN055 0.000 33.757 15.293 0.143 Group 2
HTN056 0.000 1.225 73.307 2.539 Group 3
HTN057 0.000 0.969 45.858 0.003 Group 3
HTN062 0.000 2.900 97.410 0.090 Group 3
HTN063 0.000 22.397 20.604 0.292 Group 2
HTN067 0.000 4.045 95.101 0.392 Group 3
HTN070 0.000 2.588 77.243 1.742 Group 3



Membership probabilities(%) for samples in Group: Group 4



HTN001 0.000 0.048 2.350 60.457 Group 4
HTN005 0.000 0.069 3.594 57.395 Group 4
HTN006 0.000 0.004 0.053 63.313 Group 4
HTN007 0.000 0.002 0.024 47.950 Group 4
HTN009 0.000 0.130 4.027 25.692 Group 4
HTN011 0.000 0.000 0.001 15.006 Group 4
HTN012 0.000 0.044 2.343 69.313 Group 4
HTN013 0.000 0.090 9.873 37.788 Group 4
HTN015 0.000 0.004 0.083 80.786 Group 4
HTN017 0.000 0.010 0.426 88.804 Group 4
HTN019 0.000 0.009 0.356 90.987 Group 4
HTN023 0.000 0.043 4.253 48.542 Group 4
HTN024 0.000 0.362 12.228 23.390 Group 4
HTN033 0.000 0.008 0.289 69.942 Group 4
HTN037 0.000 0.011 0.484 88.236 Group 4
HTN042 0.000 0.005 0.121 54.943 Group 4
HTN043 0.000 0.008 0.389 40.913 Group 4
HTN044 0.000 0.001 0.003 29.583 Group 4
HTN045 0.000 0.042 4.024 52.175 Group 4
HTN048 0.000 0.000 0.001 13.091 Group 4
HTN050 0.000 0.003 0.067 48.924 Group 4
HTN060 0.000 0.004 0.085 42.828 Group 4
HTN061 0.000 0.002 0.023 60.845 Group 4
HTN064 0.000 0.265 25.529 20.622 Group 3
HTN065 0.000 0.014 0.769 77.593 Group 4
HTN066 0.000 0.077 6.668 60.375 Group 4
HTN071 0.000 0.043 0.829 10.618 Group 4
HTN080 0.000 0.006 0.104 33.997 Group 4
HTN096 0.000 0.006 0.084 15.241 Group 4
HTN097 0.000 0.035 1.192 38.473 Group 4
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Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

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Biplot of Canonical Discriminant Analysis (chart by Daniel Pierce).

Table 2.

Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Canonical Discriminant Analysis of four identified source groups in the Holtun sample.

Element CD1 CD2 CD3
82.04534 12.38223 5.57243
Sm −2.41498 0.164417 −0.88161
Eu 1.76103 −0.43321 0.583455
Al 0.977728 0.331017 −0.84942
Hf −0.69086 −0.43159 −0.87062
Ti 0.804131 0.773795 0.256648
Sc −0.60128 −0.38501 0.561172
Lu 0.652725 0.177529 0.546106
Dy −0.80766 −0.19096 0.190131
La 0.701471 0.473308 −0.06208
Th 0.380362 0.137782 0.704084
Fe −0.50274 0.206254 −0.38915
Sb −0.05235 −0.54797 −0.29008
Yb −0.23533 0.274016 −0.43433
Ca 0.481173 0.253661 −0.0568
Zn −0.41997 0.175993 0.199425
Nd 0.171687 −0.0996 0.207373
Cs −0.17353 0.020681 −0.18374
Tb −0.13697 −0.17429 −0.11571
As 0.049685 0.084167 0.1929
Cr 0.113298 −0.12899 0.120426
U −0.10773 0.173209 0.020955
Ta 0.117935 −0.05244 0.151552
Na 0.122198 0.081784 −0.13194
Mn 0.183093 −0.04356 0.052349
Zr −0.13084 0.042307 0.127145
V −0.06074 0.134068 −0.11214
Ce 0.09062 −0.13003 −0.01066
Co 0.002246 0.123474 −0.01544
K −0.05889 0.072121 0.078588
Ba −0.01922 −0.00726 −0.06326
Rb −0.04245 −0.02099 −0.01691
Wilk׳s lambda: 0.000538
Approx. F: 20.59806
p‐value: 4.98E‐59
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Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

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Log of Euclidian distances between samples (chart by Daniel Pierce).

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

2.1. Study area

The materials for this study consisted of 97 samples of archeological ceramics from eight contexts dating to the Late Middle Preclassic-period at the Maya site of Holtun, Guatemala [6]. The archeological site of Holtun is an intermediate sized civic-ceremonial center with documented occupation beginning in the Late Middle Preclassic through Terminal Classic periods (600 BCE – AD 900) [14], [17], [7], [8], [9]. The site is situated approximately 35 km southwest of Tikal and 12.3 km to the south of Yaxha (Fig. 1). The formal site consists of a monumental epicenter built atop a karstic hill positioned along a roughly northeast-southwest linear axis (Fig. 2). The approximate area of the epicenter is 970×815 m. The epicenter consists of 12 main groups and 86 structures [12]. Holtun, Guatemala has been the focus of investigations since 2010 [14].

2.2. Sample

Seven of the eight contexts consisted of sealed stratified deposits located beneath a Late Middle Preclassic-period plaza floor in Group F, Patio A (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). These are sequential layers of fill identified as HTN 1-1-10 through HTN 1-1-16 [14]. Four radiocarbon dates associated with contexts HTN 1-1-12 through HTN 1-1-15 place these layers of deposition between 788 and 473 BCE (calibrated), which is within the established Late Middle Preclassic-period range of 600–300 BCE [4]. The eighth context (HTN 3-1-6) comes from a sealed stratified deposit beneath a Late Middle Preclassic-period plaster floor in Group F, Patio C (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). While no carbon date is associated with this context, stratigraphy and type: variety-mode classification of ceramics in this context indicate HTN 3-1-6 is a sealed, unmixed, Late Middle Preclassic-period deposit

2.3. Type: Variety-mode classification and digital photomicrographs

A type: variety-mode classification was performed on all sherds within the eight contexts (see [5], [10]). Next, all samples were photographed with a Canon EOS Rebel DSLR 10 megapixel camera (Appendix A). Pastes were analyzed with a Dinolite AMZ750 digital stereomicroscope with photomicrographs taken at 50x and 250x magnification (Appendix A). Three wares are represented in the sample. Flores Waxy Ware is the slipped serving ware tradition of red, black, and cream colors of the Joventud, Chunhinta, and Pital Groups respectively. Slipped ceramics within Flores Waxy Ware also included two dichrome types: namely, Muxanal Red-on-cream and Tierra Mojada Resist. Forms of slipped ceramics included bowls and jars. Unslipped utilitarian ceramics belong to Uaxactun Unslipped Ware and are classified within the Jocote and Achiotes Groups. Sherds of Mars Orange Paste Ware were also included in the sample. Mars Orange Paste Ware is characterized by fine orange paste with few to no inclusions, or volcanic ash inclusions. This ware appears in bowls, dishes, and jars.

2.4. Sample preparation and NAA

Ceramic samples were prepared for NAA using procedures standard at MURR. Fragments of about 1 cm2 were removed from each sample and abraded using a silicon carbide burr in order to remove glaze, slip, paint, and adhering soil, thereby reducing the risk of measuring contamination. The samples were washed in deionized water and allowed to dry in the laboratory. Once dry, the individual sherds were ground to powder in an agate mortar to homogenize the samples. Archival samples were retained from each sherd (when possible) for future research.

Two analytical samples were prepared from each source specimen. Portions of approximately 150 mg of powder were weighed into clean high-density polyethylene vials used for short irradiations at MURR. At the same time, 200 mg of each sample was weighed into clean high-purity quartz vials used for long irradiations. Individual sample weights were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mg using an analytical balance. Both vials were sealed prior to irradiation. Along with the unknown samples, Standards made from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certified standard reference materials of SRM-1633a (coal fly ash) and SRM-688 (basalt rock) were similarly prepared, as were quality control samples (e.g., standards treated as unknowns) of SRM-278 (obsidian rock) and Ohio Red Clay (a standard developed for in-house applications).

Neutron activation analysis of ceramics at MURR, which consists of two irradiations and a total of three gamma counts, constitutes a superset of the procedures used at most other NAA laboratories [11], [15], [16]. As discussed in detail by Glascock [11], a short irradiation is carried out through the pneumatic tube irradiation system. Samples in the polyvials are sequentially irradiated, two at a time, for five seconds by a neutron flux of 8×1013 n cm−2 s−1. The 720-second count yields gamma spectra containing peaks for nine short-lived elements aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), dysprosium (Dy), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V). The samples are encapsulated in quartz vials and are subjected to a 24–hour irradiation at a neutron flux of 5×1013 n cm−2 s−1. This long irradiation is analogous to the single irradiation utilized at most other laboratories. After the long irradiation, samples decay for seven days, and then are counted for 1800 s (the "middle count") on a high-resolution germanium detector coupled to an automatic sample changer. The middle count yields determinations of seven medium half-life elements, namely arsenic (As), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), uranium (U), and ytterbium (Yb). After an additional three- or four-week decay, a final count of 8500 s is carried out on each sample. The latter measurement yields the following 17 long half-life elements: cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), europium (Eu), iron (Fe), hafnium (Hf), nickel (Ni), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (Sc), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), terbium (Tb), thorium (Th), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). The element concentration data from the three measurements are tabulated in parts per million.

2.5. Statistical analysis of NAA data

Irradiation and gamma-ray spectroscopy followed procedures established by Glascock [11] and Neff [15], [16]. The interpretation of compositional data obtained from the analysis of archeological materials is discussed in detail elsewhere (e.g., [1], [2], [3], [11], [13], [16]). The approach used to interpret chemical data for pottery involves hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to establish initial groupings within the sample (see [6] Fig. 6). After constructing base groups through HCA and PCA, bivariate plots were used to refine groups (see [6] Figs. 7–10 and Table 2). Note, Strontium (Sr) and Nickel (Ni) were removed from all statistical techniques due to the high number of missing values within the dataset. Next, Mahalonobis distance based probabilities were calculated to assess likelihood of group membership (Table 1). A canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was then conducted using the previously identified groups (Fig. 7 and Table 2). Finally, Euclidian Distance Searches (EDS) were conducted to identify the most chemically similar previously analyzed samples in MURR׳s Mesoamerican NAA database (Fig. 8, also see [6] Table 1).

2.6. Chi-square tests of association

Chi-square tests of association were run between paste group and the following variables: type: variety, ceramic group, ceramic ware, temper, vessel form, and decoration (Appendix B).

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by a National Science Foundation senior project research grant (BCS-1430954) and National Science Foundation grant to the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (BCS-1415403). We thank Karla J. Cardona Caravantes, Co-Director of the Holtun Archeological Project, and the Instituto de Antropología e Historía (IDAEH) for facilitating export of the samples used in this study. We also thank Whitney Goodwin and Rodrigo Guzman for their work on sherd images and maps used in this article. We thank Shilo Bender and Aurora Blanchard for their role in preparing the samples for irradiation.

Footnotes

Transparency document

Transparency data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.03.024.

Appendix A

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.03.024.

Transparency document. Supplementary material

Supplementary material

mmc1.pdf (100.1KB, pdf)

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Supplementary material

mmc2.docx (76.7KB, docx)

Supplementary material

mmc3.zip (106.8MB, zip)

Supplementary material

mmc4.pdf (124.2KB, pdf)

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Associated Data

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Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material

mmc1.pdf (100.1KB, pdf)

Supplementary material

mmc2.docx (76.7KB, docx)

Supplementary material

mmc3.zip (106.8MB, zip)

Supplementary material

mmc4.pdf (124.2KB, pdf)

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