Abstract
Background
To investigate the expression and clinical relevance of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 (SOCS6) in acute leukemia (AL).
Patients and methods
The enrolled AL patients were divided into three groups (newly diagnosed, relapsed, and complete remission [CR]). Healthy donors were also included as a control group in this study. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of SHP-1 and SOCS6. Statistical analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between mRNA levels of SHP-1 and SOCS6 with patient outcomes.
Results
mRNA expression of SHP-1 was significantly lower in AL patients than that in healthy donors. The newly diagnosed or relapsed AL patients had lower mRNA levels of SHP-1 than the patients in CR. In contrast, SOCS6 mRNA expression was significantly higher in newly diagnosed or relapsed patients than that in patients in CR as well as healthy donors. However, mRNA levels of both SHP-1 and SOCS6 were positively correlated with the patient remission. The chemotherapy-induced remission rate was higher in patients with detectable SHP-1 or SOCS6 expression than in patients with undetectable SHP-1 or SOCS6 expression. Furthermore, the AL patients with detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression had lower incidence rate of invasive fungal infection.
Conclusion
The results suggest that expression patterns of SHP-1 and SOCS6 differ in AL patients. Despite the difference, expression of SHP-1 and SOCS6 is associated with favorable outcomes, suggesting an anticancer property of these two genes in AL.
Keywords: SHP-1, SOCS6, leukemia, prognosis, invasive fungal infection
Introduction
Leukemia is a group of heterogeneous and clonal hematopoietic malignancies, which is caused by mutations in hematopoietic stem cells or precursor cells. Although it can be found in any ages, leukemia often occurs in young adults with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality.1 The main cause of death includes severe infection, especially invasive fungal infection, bone marrow suppression, and so on. Therefore, early treatment of invasive fungal infection can increase the survival rate of patients with leukemia.
Undoubtedly, the development of cancer is closely linked with abnormal expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.2 Increased expression of oncogenes or silence of tumor suppressor genes is crucially involved in the tumorigenesis. Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is a tumor suppressor in lymphoma, leukemia, and other types of cancers. SHP-1, a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, plays an important role in suppressing the growth-promoting and oncogenic potentials of tyrosine kinases.3 SHP-1 is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells and functions as a negative regulator of p-STAT3Tyr705 signal transduction. It has been shown that the lower expression or silence of SHP-1 gene is associated with tumorigenesis.
SOCS6 is a member of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, which is a negative regulator of cytokine or growth factor-associated signaling. It is specifically involved in negative regulation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) transduction pathway.4 It has been observed that SOCS6 is expressed in many types of tissues and that its expression is downregulated in several types of cancers.
Although it has been investigated in solid tumors, the expression of SHP-1 and SOCS6 has not been determined in hematological malignancies including leukemia. Especially, whether the expression levels of SHP-1 and SOCS6 affect the outcomes in patients with leukemia is unknown. In this study, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of SHP-1 and SOCS6 in newly diagnosed or relapsed leukemia patients or patients in complete remission (CR) was investigated. The effect of expression levels of SHP-1 and SOCS6 on the incidence rate of chemotherapy-induced remission and invasive fungal infection was also determined.
Patients and methods
Ethical statement
Eligible patients provided written informed consent, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Kailuan General Hospital.
Patient characteristics
A total of 62 patients (30 males and 32 females with a median age of 35 years [range: 14–70 years]) with acute leukemia (AL) including 36 newly diagnosed, 6 relapsed, and 20 in CR were enrolled in the study. Clinical data for these patients presenting to Tangshan Kailuan Hospital from August 2012 to October 2013 were evaluated. AL was diagnosed by using morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and molecular biology (MICM) of bone marrow cells. The patients were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria published in 2008. As a control, 30 healthy donors (14 males and 16 females) with a median age of 34 years (range: 18–48 years) were enrolled in this study (Table 1).
Table 1.
Basic characteristics
| Characteristics | n | Gender | n | Age, years (range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newly diagnosed | 36 | Male | 30 | |
| Relapsed | 6 | 35 (14–70) | ||
| Complete remission | 20 | Female | 32 | |
| Healthy donors | 30 | Male | 14 | 34 (18–48) |
| Female | 16 |
Patient treatment
Newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) received standard chemotherapy regimen of either idarubicin and cytarabine (IA) or daunorubicin plus cytarabine (DA). Patients with subtype M3 were treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or ATRA plus arsenic trioxide (As2O3), or ATRA combining with low-dose DA or HA (cytarabine and homoharringtonine base). Patients with relapse or refractory M3 received As2O3 therapy. For ALL patients, chemotherapy regimen VDCLP (vincristine, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, l-asparaginase, prednisone) was administered. Patients with invasive fungal infection were treated with voriconazole or micafungin.5
Reagents and equipment
TRIzol® Reagent was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase was purchased from Promega Corporation (Fitchburg, WI, USA). Taq DNA polymerase was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). DNA Thermal Cycler PE480 was purchased from PerkinElmer Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). AlphaImager gel documentation system (AlphaImager 1200) was purchased from ProteinSimple (San Jose, CA, USA).
Isolation of mononuclear cells
Bone marrow samples (4 mL) from AL patients and healthy donors were freshly collected in a heparin tube at a concentration of 100 U/mL (heparin: bone marrow =1:4). Mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque. Cells were placed in an Eppendorf tube for the extraction of total RNA.
Extraction of total RNA and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Total RNA was extracted by using TRIzol® Reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality of RNA was measured by the ratio of OD260/OD280. RNAs with ratio in the range of 1.6–2.0 were considered as high-quality RNA samples. The cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription (RT) reaction. PCR was done by using DNA Thermal Cycler PE480 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The primers and PCR conditions were listed in Table 2. PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gels and analyzed using an AlphaImager 1200. The relative SHP-1 expression level for each sample was calculated by absorbance value of SHP-1 mRNA divided by absorbance value of β-actin (internal control) mRNA.
Table 2.
PCR conditions and primers
| Gene | Primer sequences forward and reverse | PCR cycling conditions | Product length (bp) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SHP-1 | F: 5′-GGGCAGGCAGAGACGCT-3′ | 94°C/45″ 56°C/45″ | 238 |
| R: 5′-CTTCTTGAAATGCTCCACCA-3′ | 72°C/60″ | ||
| SOCS6 | F: 5′-TCTCACCATTGCTACTCCA-3′ | 94°C/45″ 55°C/45″ | 466 |
| R: 5′-GAGTCCCTGATTGAATGCTC-3′ | 72°C/60″ | ||
| β-Actin | F: 5′-TCATCACCATTGGCAATGAG-3′ | 94°C/45″ 55°C/45″ | 150 |
| R: 5′-CACTGTGTTGGCGTACAGGT-3′ | 72°C/60″ |
Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SHP-1, Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1; SOCS6, suppressor of cytokine signaling 6; F, forward; R, reverse.
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed by using the statistical software SPSS13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and were represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The non-parametric rank sum test was performed to determine the difference of SHP-1 and SOCS6 mRNA levels between the group of newly diagnosed patients or patients in CR and the group of healthy donors. The χ2 test was performed to determine the difference of the incidence rate of chemotherapy-induced remission and invasive fungal infection between groups of patients with detectable and undetectable SHP-1 or SOCS6 mRNA expression. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
mRNA expression of SHP-1 in patients with AL
To explore the role of SHP-1 in AL, the mRNA expression of SHP-1 was first measured by PCR. To do this, the total RNA from mononuclear cells of bone marrow from newly diagnosed (n=36), relapsed (n=6) AL patients, or patients in CR (n=20) and also the total RNA from healthy donors (n=30) were isolated. The RT was performed to synthesize cDNA for semi-quantitative PCR analysis. The expression level of SHP-1 for each sample was calculated by dividing the absorbance value of SHP-1 mRNA by the absorbance value of β-actin mRNA.
It was found that SHP-1 mRNA expression was detectable in all cases of healthy donors (detection rate: 100%). In patients, the SHP-1 mRNA expression levels varied and the overall detection rate was lower than that in healthy donors. Of 36 newly diagnosed AL patients, 9 patients had detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression (detection rate: 25%). It was observed that SHP-1 mRNA expression can be determined in 12 of 20 patients in CR with the detection rate being 60%. Interestingly, none of 6 relapsed AL patients had detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
mRNA expression of SHP-1 and SOCS6 in AL patients. (A) mRNA expression of SHP-1 in AL patients; (B) mRNA expression of SOCS6 in AL patients.
Notes: *Versus healthy donor, P<0.05; #versus newly diagnosed, P<0.05; ∆versus CR, P<0.05.
Abbreviations: AL, acute leukemia; CR, complete remission; mRNA, messenger RNA; SHP-1, Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1; SOCS6, suppressor of cytokine signaling 6.
In addition to a higher detection rate, SHP-1 mRNA expression levels were also higher in healthy donors with a median expression level of 3.121 (range: 0.138–9.638, n=30). In newly diagnosed AL patients, the median level of SHP-1 mRNA expression was 0.101 (range: 0–0.706, n=36), which is significantly lower than that in healthy donors (P<0.05). In patients in CR, the median level of SHP-1 mRNA expression was 0.301 (range: 0–1.262, n=20), which is significantly higher than that in newly diagnosed patients, but still significantly lower than that in healthy donors (Figure 1).
mRNA expression of SOCS6 in patients with AL
In contrast to SHP-1, the detection rate of SOCS6 mRNA expression was lower in healthy donors. Of 30 healthy donors, 17 donors had detectable SOCS6 mRNA expression (detection rate: 57%). In patients, the overall detection rate of OCS6 mRNA expression was higher than that in healthy donors. Of the 36 newly diagnosed AL patients, 33 patients had detectable SOCS6 mRNA expression (detection rate: 91.7%). It was observed that SOCS6 mRNA expression can be determined in 15 of 20 patients in CR with the detection rate being 75%. In contrast to the finding that no relapsed AL patients had detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression, it was found that 5 of 6 relapsed AL patients had detectable SOCS6 mRNA expression (detection rate: 83.3%, Figure 1).
Similar to a lower detection rate, SOCS6 mRNA expression levels were also lower in healthy donors with a median expression level of 0.458 (range: 0–2.866, n=30). In newly diagnosed AL patients, the median level of SOCS6 mRNA expression was 0.982 (range: 0–9.598, n=36), which is significantly higher than that in healthy donors (P<0.05). In patients in CR, the median level of SOCS6 mRNA expression was 0.529 (range: 0–2.555, n=20), which is significantly lower than that in newly diagnosed patients. Relapsed patients had the highest mRNA expression of SOCS6 with a median level of 1.228 (range: 0–9.6, n=6), which is significantly higher than that in newly diagnosed patients or patients in CR (Figure 1).
Effect of SHP-1 expression on patient outcomes
Also, whether the expression levels of SHP-1 were associated with patient outcomes (rates of chemotherapy-induced remission and invasive fungal infection) need to be determined. To do this, the newly diagnosed or relapsed patients were divided into 2 groups based on detectable or undetectable SHP-1 mRNA expression. SHP-1 mRNA expression was detectable in 9 patients (all in newly diagnosed) and undetectable in 33 patients (27 in newly diagnosed and 6 relapsed). As shown in Table 3, chemotherapy-induced remission rate was higher in patients with detectable SHP-1 expression than the patients with undetectable SHP-1 expression. All the 9 patients were induced to remission with a remission rate being 100%. Out of 33 patients with undetectable SHP-1 mRNA, 16 patients were induced to remission with a remission rate being 48%, which is significantly lower than the patients with detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression.
Table 3.
Effect of SHP-1 and SOCS6 mRNA expression on patient outcomes
| Outcome | SHP-1 mRNA expression
|
χ2 | P-value | SOCS6 mRNA expression
|
χ2 | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detectable | Undetectable | Detectable | Undetectable | |||||
| Chemotherapy-induced remission | 100% (9/9) | 48% (16/33) | 5.79 | <0.05 | 66% (25/38) | 0% (0/4) | 4.06 | <0.05 |
| Invasive fungal infection | 11% (1/9) | 97% (32/33) | 26.07 | <0.01 | 88% (29/38) | 100% (4/4) | 0.21 | >0.05 |
Abbreviations: mRNA, messenger RNA; SHP-1, Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1; SOCS6, suppressor of cytokine signaling 6.
Next, whether expression of SHP-1 impact invasive fungal infection in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed AL was also determined. As shown in Table 3, the incidence rate of invasive fungal infection was significantly lower in patients with detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression than patients with undetectable SHP-1 mRNA expression. Of 9 patients with detectable SHP-1 expression, only 1 patient developed invasive fungal infection (incident rate: 11%). In contrast, 32 of 33 patients with undetectable SHP-1 mRNA expression had invasive fungal infection (incident rate: 97%).
Effect of SOCS6 expression on patient outcomes
The effect of expression levels of SOCS6 on the incident rates of chemotherapy-induced remission and invasive fungal infection in patients with AL was also determined. SOCS6 mRNA expression was detectable in 38 patients (33 in newly diagnosed and 5 in relapsed) and undetectable in 4 patients (3 in newly diagnosed and 1 in relapsed). Chemotherapy-induced remission rate was higher in patients with detectable SOCS6 mRNA expression than the patients with undetectable expression as shown in Table 3. Of 38 patients with detectable SOCS6 mRNA expression, 25 patients were induced to remission (remission rate: 67%). However, none of the 4 patients with undetectable SOCS6 mRNA expression was induced to remission (remission rate: 0%), which is significantly lower than patients with detectable SHP-1 mRNA expression.
In contrast to SHP-1, it was found that there was no significant difference of the incidence rate of invasive fungal infection between patients with detectable and undetectable SOCS6 mRNA expression. As shown in Table 3, the incidence rates of invasive fungal infection were 88% and 100% in patients with detectable and undetectable SOCS6 mRNA expression, respectively, without statistically significant difference. Of note, no statistical analysis was performed for patients in CR due to no invasive fungal infection observed in this group of patients.
Discussion
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be a key regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic cell signal transduction, and it comprises two regulatory kinases protein–tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and PTPs. The dynamic balance between phosphorylation by PTKs and dephosphorylation by PTPs plays a pivotal role in the regulation of intracellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels, which is crucially involved in the control of cell growth, differentiation, and cell cycle. Disrupting the balance can result in abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to the development of various diseases. Elevated level of intracellular protein phosphorylation is one of the features in cancer cells. SHP-1 is one of the key phosphatases in signal transduction and negatively regulates intracellular protein phosphorylation. It has been shown that mRNA and protein levels of SHP-1 were decreased in tumor cells of leukemia and lymphoma as well as other neoplastic diseases. The methylation of SHP-1 gene promoter or transcription blockade of SHP-1 protein synthesis contributes to the decreased SHP-1 expression in several cancer cells. SHP-1 is usually expressed in normal cells, but its expression is reduced in AL and increased in patients in CR.2 It was reported that SHP-1 plays a role in CML disease progression. Reduced expression of SHP-1 might free BCR-ABL1 to recruit and activate JAK2.6 It was found that newly diagnosed AL patients had reduced expression of SHP-1 mRNA compared with healthy donors. When a CR is reached, these patients have elevated expression of SHP-1 compared with newly diagnosed patients. Importantly, it was observed that SHP-1 expression is positively correlated with the disease remission in leukemia, confirming the role of SHP-1 as a tumor suppressor gene during the pathogenesis of leukemia.
Proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells are regulated by many soluble peptides through JAK-STAT pathway. JAK-STAT pathway plays an important role in the development of cancers and autoimmune diseases.7 Heuser et al8 showed that STAT signaling is involved in self-renewal of leukemia stem cells. Normally, there are also other regulators, such as SOCS family, to deactivate JAK-STAT signaling. SOCS6 exerts its function through JAK-STAT pathway.9 The SOCS family consists of eight proteins in humans, termed as SOCS1–7 and CISH. SOCS1–3 and CISH primarily regulate cytokine receptor, whereas SOCS4–7 are major regulators of tyrosine kinase receptor. These proteins play important roles not only in the development and homeo-stasis of body but also in the inhibition of tumor growth and anti-inflammation.10 It has been shown that SOCS6 is a stem cell factor-dependent negative feedback regulator and possess targeting specificity of SOCS family bearing ubiquitin ligase.11 This study found that newly diagnosed AL patients had higher mRNA expression level of SOCS6 compared with healthy donors. mRNA expression level of SOCS6 is decreased in patients in CR. Furthermore, it was observed that SOCS6 expression was positively correlated with chemotherapy-induced remission in AL patients, which is consistent with a previous study.12
In summary, it was found that SHP-1 mRNA expression is lower in patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed leukemia and is higher in patients with remission. In contrast, it was found that SOCS6 expression is higher in patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed leukemia and is lower in patients with remission. However, expression levels of both SHP-1 and SOCS6 mRNA were positively correlated with remission as chemotherapy-induced remission rate was higher in patients with detectable SHP-1 or SOCS6 expression than patients with undetectable SHP-1 or SOCS6 expression. These results suggest that different mechanisms might be involved for SHP-1 and SOCS6 as tumor suppressor genes. Gene therapy has become a promising treatment for leukemia in recent years. Progress has been made in utilizing the suppression of JAK-STAT signal transduction to treat leukemia patients.13 Currently, investigation on association between genetic factors and susceptibility to fungal infection is in progress.14 Therefore, early prediction of susceptible genes can be clinically important in donor selection of bone marrow transplantation and in individualized medicine for the treatment of leukemia.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the grant from the Hebei Province Health Department of Scientific Research Fund Project (Funding No 20150837).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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