Abstract
Background
Few studies have investigated the relationship between carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normal-range levels across the world. The current analysis was designed to explore the relationship of serum ALT normal-range levels to cfPWV and metabolic syndrome (Mets) in non-drinkers and drinkers in a Chinese community-dwelling population.
Methods
There were 2202 participants with serum ALT levels within normal range enrolled for the current analysis.
Results
Median (range) age of participants was 53 (18–96) years, 51.5% were males, and 31.2% were drinkers. Prevalence of Mets was 29.4%. Median (range) of cfPWV was 10.1 (2.4-32.7) m/s. Hazard ratios for prevalence of Mets, central obesity and high triglyceride significantly increased with elevated levels of serum ALT in both non-drinkers and drinkers (p < 0.05 for all). Hazard ratios for prevalence of cfPWV > 10 m/s, high blood pressure and high blood glucose significantly increased with elevated levels of serum ALT in non-drinkers (p < 0.05 for all), but not in drinkers (p ≥ 0.05 for all).
Conclusions
In a Chinese community-dwelling population, prevalence of Mets and its components (including central obesity and high TG) increased with an elevation in serum ALT levels within normal range in both non-drinkers and drinkers, while cfPWV and other components of Mets, such as high blood pressure and glucose, increased with an elevation in serum ALT levels in non-drinkers, but not in drinkers.
Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase, Alcohol intake, Arterial stiffness, Chinese community-based analysis, Metabolic syndrome
Background
Prevalence of Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is rapidly increasing in parallel with an elevation in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) [1]. Globally, measurements of serum ALT levels are the most commonly used test to identify patients suffering from liver disease. Serum ALT levels also act as an important marker for liver function and disease severity [2]. In previous studies, Mets has been shown to be related to serum ALT levels [3–6]. However, published studies generally include clinical patients with elevated levels of serum ALT, and there is little information on the relationship between Mets and serum ALT levels within normal range in Chinese community-dwelling population [7].
Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is a widely accepted measure of central arterial stiffness, which is commonly used as a marker of atherosclerosis [2]. However, to our knowledge, few studies have investigated the relationship between cfPWV and serum ALT levels within normal range across the world. Moreover, alcohol intake has an important effect on the relationship of serum ALT levels to cfPWV and Mets. Therefore, the current analysis was designed to explore the relationship of serum ALT levels within normal range to cfPWV, Mets and its components in non-drinkers and drinkers in a Chinese community-dwelling population.
Methods
Study population
A stratified cluster sampling method was used in the selection of participants through a routine health check-up in Beijing between May 2007 and July 2009. In the first layer of sampling, three out of 18 Beijing districts were selected (Fengtai, Shijingshan and Daxing); in the second layer of sampling, four communities were selected from the three selected districts; in the third layer of sampling, participants aged 18 years or over were selected from the four selected communities. The current analysis was conducted in 2476 Chinese community-dwelling participants. After the exclusion of 103 participants with positive hepatitis virus antigens, there were 2373 participants with negative hepatitis virus antigens. After the exclusion of 171 participants with serum ALT levels > 40 U/L, other 2202 participants were enrolled for the final analysis (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Flow chart of study participant selection process
Participant interview and serological test
Participants were interviewed by trained physicians at the local health service center. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured twice for each participant in the sitting position, with an interval of at least 1 min between measurements, using a standard sphygmomanometer (Yuwell medical equipment & supply Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China). A cuff of appropriate size was placed on the right arm of participants, after a rest period for at least 5 min. In order to assess central obesity, waist circumference (WC) was measured from the standing participants midway between the lowest rib and iliac crest using a soft tape. Blood samples were taken from participants for serological tests. Overnight fasting serum samples were tested by qualified personnel in our central laboratory. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), ALT and hepatitis virus antigens were assessed using the assays (Roche Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) on a full automatic biochemical autoanalyser (COBAS 6000; Roche Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland).
Diagnostic criteria
Central obesity was defined as WC ≥ 85 cm in males and ≥ 80 cm in females, as recommended by Guidelines on Preservation and Control Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Adults [8]. Based on new International Diabetes Federation definition, Mets was diagnosed in participants exhibiting central obesity plus at least two of the following criteria: 1) high blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg and/or taking anti-hypertensive medication), 2) high blood glucose (≥5.6 mmol/L and/or taking anti-diabetic medication), 3) high TG (≥1.7 mmol/L), and 4) low HDL-c (males: < 1.0 mmol/L; females: < 1.3 mmol/L) [9]. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was diagnosed as FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or taking anti-diabetic medication. Hypertension was diagnosed as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or taking anti-hypertensive medication. Drinkers were defined as participants consuming at least 30 g of alcohol per week for at least 1 year [10].
Arterial stiffness analysis
Arterial stiffness was assessed through automated measurements of cfPWV using a Complior Colson device (Créatech, Besançon, France; for technical characteristics see [11]) in the morning, in a quiet environment, at stable temperature. Participants were assessed in the supine position, after resting for at least 5 min. cfPWV along the artery was measured using two strain gauge transducers (TY-306 pressure-sensitive transducer, Fukuda Denshi Co, Tokyo, Japan), fixed transcutaneously over the course of the arteries, separated by a known distance; the right-side carotid and femoral arteries were used. After waveforms of sufficient quality were recorded, the digitization process was initiated by the operator, and the automatic calculation of the time delay between two upstrokes was obtained. Measurements were repeated over ten cardiac cycles, and the mean value was used in the final analysis. cfPWV was calculated from the measurement of the pulse transit time and distance traveled by the pulse between the two recording sites (measured on the surface of the body, in meters), according to the following formula: cfPWV (m/s) = distance (m)/transit time (s).
Statistical analysis
Participants were firstly divided into drinkers and non-drinkers, and then subdivided according to the quartiles of serum ALT levels within normal range. In all subgroups, parameters were expressed as mean and standard deviation (in the case of continuous variables with normal distribution), median and interquartile range (in the case of continuous variables with skewed distribution), and number of participants and percentage (in the case of categorical variables). Age, sex, cfPWV, Mets and its components were compared across the subgroups. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test and χ2 test were used to respectively compare differences in continuous variables with normal distribution, continuous variables with skewed distribution and categorical variables. Hazard ratios for prevalence of cfPWV > 10 m/s, Mets and its components with elevated levels of serum ALT were assessed using logistic regression models. Statistical analysis was performed on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL., USA), and statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed p-value < 0.05.
Results
Median (range) age of participants was 53 (18–96) years. Among them, 51.5% were males, and 31.2% were drinkers. Median (range) of serum ALT levels was 16.4 (2.0-40.0) U/L. Prevalence of Mets was 29.4%. Median (range) of cfPWV was 10.1 (2.4-32.7) m/s. In non-drinkers (Table 1), serum ALT levels were significantly related to age, sex, WC, central obesity, hypertension, DM, SBP, DBP, high blood pressure, TG, high TG, HDL-c, FBG, high blood glucose, Mets, cfPWV and cfPWV > 10 m/s (p < 0.05 for all). In drinkers (Table 2), serum ALT levels were significantly related to sex, WC, central obesity, SBP, DBP, TG, high TG, HDL-c, low HDL-c, FBG and Mets (p < 0.05 for all).
Table 1.
Characteristics of non-drinkers according to the quartiles of serum ALT levels
| Characteristics | Quartile 1 ≤10U/L (n = 200) |
Quartile 2 11-20U/L (n = 871) |
Quartile 3 21-30U/L (n = 340) |
Quartile 4 31-40U/L (n = 104) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 46(32–63) | 60(48–70) | 58(50–67) | 55(48–63) | <0.001 |
| Males (%) | 32(16.0) | 269(30.9) | 148(43.5) | 47(45.2) | <0.001 |
| Central obesity (%) | 63(31.5) | 525(60.3) | 241(70.9) | 77(74.0) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 75(69–82) | 84(77–90) | 87(81–94) | 87(81–95) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 43(21.5) | 328(37.7) | 170(50.0) | 46(44.2) | <0.001 |
| DM (%) | 13(6.5) | 139(16.0) | 61(17.9) | 19(18.3) | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115(105–129) | 124(112–137) | 128(118–141) | 126(116–140) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71(66–78) | 73(68–80) | 79(70–84) | 77(70–85) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure (%) | 58(29.0) | 427(49.0) | 210(61.8) | 57(54.8) | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.98(0.77-1.36) | 1.35(0.98-1.89) | 1.54(1.11-2.20) | 1.79(1.18-2.42) | <0.001 |
| High TG (%) | 24(12.0) | 281(32.3) | 149(43.8) | 53(51.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.54(1.26-1.79) | 1.40(1.20-1.64) | 1.30(1.14-1.51) | 1.29(1.08-1.52) | <0.001 |
| Low HDL-c (%) | 49(24.5) | 237(27.2) | 107(31.5) | 36(34.6) | 0.129 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 4.80(4.48-5.06) | 4.89(4.50-5.38) | 4.95(4.61-5.43) | 5.10(4.72-5.55) | <0.001 |
| High blood glucose (%) | 21(10.5) | 199(22.8) | 85(25.0) | 29(27.9) | <0.001 |
| Mets (%) | 22(11.0) | 260(29.9) | 149(43.8) | 51(49.0) | <0.001 |
| cfPWV (m/s) | 9.1(8.0-10.9) | 10.3(9.0-12.4) | 10.5(9.3-12.3) | 10.4(9.0-11.9) | <0.001 |
| cfPWV > 10 m/s | 66(33.0) | 479(55.0) | 213(62.6) | 55(52.9) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ALT alanine aminotransferase, WC waist circumference, DM diabetes mellitus, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, Mets metabolic syndrome, cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity
Table 2.
Characteristics of drinkers according to the quartiles of serum ALT levels
| Characteristics | Quartile 1 ≤10 U/L (n = 57) |
Quartile 2 11-20 U/L (n = 364) |
Quartile 3 21-30 U/L (n = 187) |
Quartile 4 31-40 U/L (n = 79) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 36(31–57) | 43(32–58) | 40(31–54) | 40(32–54) | 0.331 |
| Males (%) | 45(78.9) | 337(92.6) | 180(96.3) | 77(97.5) | <0.001 |
| Central obesity (%) | 19(33.3) | 212(58.2) | 133(71.1) | 61(77.2) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 80(72–87) | 86(80–91) | 89(84–93) | 88(85–95) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 9(15.8) | 101(27.7) | 48(25.7) | 23(29.1) | 0.262 |
| DM (%) | 3(5.3) | 21(5.8) | 10(5.3) | 11(13.9) | 0.093 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118(111–127) | 123(116–135) | 125(115–134) | 123(117–137) | 0.011 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71(67–78) | 76(70–81) | 77(71–84) | 77(71–85) | 0.002 |
| High blood pressure (%) | 15(26.3) | 138(37.9) | 77(41.2) | 35(44.3) | 0.150 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.93(0.75-1.24) | 1.28(0.93-1.74) | 1.69(1.14-2.37) | 1.74(1.25-2.67) | <0.001 |
| High TG (%) | 4(7.0) | 99(27.2) | 91(48.7) | 45(57.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.55(1.36-1.78) | 1.35(1.14-1.56) | 1.27(1.08-1.48) | 1.25(1.01-1.49) | <0.001 |
| Low HDL-c (%) | 1(1.8) | 44(12.1) | 35(18.7) | 18(22.8) | 0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 4.76(4.40-5.12) | 4.85(4.54-5.12) | 4.98(4.61-5.27) | 4.95(4.52-5.30) | 0.030 |
| High blood glucose (%) | 5(8.8) | 40(11.0) | 25(13.4) | 17(21.5) | 0.060 |
| Mets (%) | 3(5.3) | 73(20.1) | 55(29.4) | 35(44.3) | <0.001 |
| cfPWV (m/s) | 9.4(8.5-11.4) | 9.7(8.7-11.3) | 9.5(8.7-10.7) | 9.9(8.8-11.2) | 0.516 |
| cfPWV > 10 m/s | 21(36.8) | 166(45.6) | 68(36.4) | 35(44.3) | 0.161 |
Abbreviations: ALT alanine aminotransferase, WC waist circumference, DM diabetes mellitus, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, Mets metabolic syndrome, cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity
Hazard ratios for prevalence of Mets, central obesity and high TG significantly increased with elevated levels of serum ALT in both non-drinkers and drinkers (Table 3; p < 0.05 for all). Hazard ratios for prevalence of cfPWV > 10 m/s, high blood pressure and high blood glucose significantly increased with elevated levels of serum ALT in non-drinkers (p < 0.05 for all), but not in drinkers (p ≥ 0.05 for all). Hazard ratios for low HDL-c (p < 0.05 for all) significantly increased with elevated levels of serum ALT in drinkers, but not in non-drinkers (p ≥ 0.05 for all).
Table 3.
Hazard ratios for prevalence of cfPWV, Mets and its components with an elevation in serum ALT levels
| Serum ALT levels | Non-drinkers | Drinkers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Mets | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 3.443(2.160-5.487) | <0.001 | 4.515(1.373-14.851) | <0.001 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 6.312(3.859-10.324) | <0.001 | 7.500(2.249-25.011) | <0.001 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 7.786(4.331-13.996) | <0.001 | 14.318(4.125-49.699) | <0.001 | |
| Central obesity | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 3.300(2.377-4.579) | <0.001 | 2.789(1.548-5.026) | 0.001 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 5.294(3.623-7.734) | <0.001 | 4.926(2.610-9.296) | <0.001 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 6.202(3.649-10.539) | <0.001 | 6.778(3.165-14.512) | <0.001 | |
| High TG | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 3.493(2.228-5.475) | <0.001 | 4.950(1.746-14.035) | 0.003 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 5.721(3.550-9.220) | <0.001 | 12.560(4.369-36.107) | <0.001 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 7.621(4.292-13.532) | <0.001 | 17.537(5.782-53.191) | <0.001 | |
| Low HDL-c | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 1.152(0.808-1.643) | 0.435 | 7.700(1.040-57.029) | 0.046 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 1.415(0.953-2.101) | 0.085 | 12.895(1.726-96.357) | 0.013 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 1.631(0.973-2.735) | 0.063 | 16.525(2.136-127.859) | 0.007 | |
| High blood pressure | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 2.355(1.688-3.285) | <0.001 | 1.710(0.914-3.199) | 0.093 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 2.969(1.815-4.858) | <0.001 | 1.960(1.016-3.783) | 0.045 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 3.955(2.716-5.758) | <0.001 | 2.227(1.065-4.659) | 0.033 | |
| High blood glucose | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 2.524(1.564-4.075) | <0.001 | 1.284(0.484-3.403) | 0.615 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 2.841(1.699-4.753) | <0.001 | 1.605(0.585-4.405) | 0.358 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 3.296(1.768-6.145) | <0.001 | 2.852(0.985-8.256) | 0.053 | |
| cfPWV > 10 m/s | ≤10 U/L | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11-20 U/L | 2.481(1.795-3.429) | <0.001 | 1.437(0.808-2.558) | 0.217 | |
| 21-30 U/L | 3.405(2.358-4.918) | <0.001 | 0.980(0.530-1.812) | 0.948 | |
| 31-40 U/L | 2.279(1.403-3.701) | 0.001 | 1.364(0.679-2.740) | 0.384 | |
Abbreviations: cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, Mets metabolic syndrome, ALT alanine aminotransferase, HR hazard ratio, CI confidential interval, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
Discussion
Prevalence of Mets is rapidly increasing in parallel with an elevation in serum ALT levels [1]. Serum ALT levels are widely used to monitor liver function, and patients with Mets often display elevated levels of serum ALT [12, 13]. Previous studies have suggested that Mets can be viewed as a strong risk factor for an elevation in serum ALT levels [3–6]. However, few community-based studies have addressed the relationship between Mets and serum ALT levels within normal range in a Chinese community-dwelling population. In both non-drinkers and drinkers, the current analysis revealed that prevalence of Mets increased with an elevation in serum ALT levels. In both preclinical population and clinical patients, insulin resistance is an essential condition for the accumulation of liver fat and plays a key role in the development of Mets [14, 15]. Giving the relationship between Mets and serum ALT levels suggested by the current analysis, an elevation in serum ALT levels should receive more attention in clinical practice, as a factor not only reflecting change of liver fat, but also relating to insulin resistance [1].
Regarding the components of Mets, the current analysis showed that central obesity and high TG become more common as serum ALT levels increased, regardless of alcohol intake [16]. Several studies have demonstrated that change in lipid metabolism has important effects on liver insulin resistance and serum ALT levels [17]. Other studies have also suggested that weight control is as important as improving lipid metabolism on controlling insulin resistance and normalizing serum ALT levels [18–21]. Compared with adipose tissue in other body parts, visceral adipose tissue is more resistant to insulin, and hyperinsulinemia promotes the liver lipogenesis and raises the serum ALT levels [22, 23]. As for other components of Mets, the current analysis showed that prevalence of high blood pressure and glucose increased with an elevation in serum ALT levels in non-drinkers, but not in drinkers. In other words, the relationship of serum ALT levels to high blood pressure and glucose was dissimilar in participants with and without alcohol intake. The current analysis confirmed the empirical knowledge in clinical practice, and demonstrated that alcohol intake can increase the enzyme activity of ALT in the liver, with important effects on the relationship between different components of Mets and serum ALT levels. However, further studies are needed to clarify the potential relationship of serum ALT levels to high blood pressure and glucose.
To our knowledge, few community-based studies have attempted to determine the possible relationship between cfPWV and serum ALT levels within normal range across the world. Therefore, another important finding of the current analysis was the relationship between cfPWV and serum ALT levels even within normal range of serum ALT levels in non-drinkers, but not in drinkers. According to the current analysis, reasons for the relationship between cfPWV and serum ALT levels are related to the intermediary role of insulin resistance and Mets. The overlooked relationship between cardiovascular and liver diseases should receive more attention by clinical doctors. Moreover, the current analysis stressed that arterial stiffness is a breakthrough point in exploring the relationship between cardiovascular and liver diseases in both scientific research and clinical practice.
Conclusions
In a Chinese community-dwelling population, the current analysis revealed that prevalence of Mets and its components (including central obesity and high TG) increased with an elevation in serum ALT levels within normal range in both non-drinkers and drinkers, while cfPWV and other components of Mets, such as high blood pressure and glucose, increased with an elevation in serum ALT levels in non-drinkers, but not in drinkers.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all study participants for their participation in the study.
Funding
This work was supported by grants from National Key Basic Research Project (2012CB517503 and 2013CB530804), Health Special Scientific Research Project of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (12BJZ34 and 14BJZ12), and Sanya Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation Project (2016YW21).
Availability of data and materials
In attempt to preserve the privacy of patients, clinical data of patients will not be shared; data can be available from authors upon request.
Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SF, LL, PY. Performed the experiments: SF, LL, PY. Analyzed the data: SF, YL, LL, PY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SF, YL, LL, PY. Wrote the paper: SF, YL, LL, PY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by Ethics Committee of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital (Beijing, China). Each participant provided written informed consent to be included in the study.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- ALT
Alanine aminotransferase
- cfPWV
Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity
- DBP
Diastolic blood pressure
- DM
Diabetes mellitus
- FBG
Fasting blood glucose
- HDL-c
High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- Mets
Metabolic syndrome
- SBP
Systolic blood pressure
- TG
Triglyceride
- WC
Waist circumference
Contributor Information
Shihui Fu, Email: xiaoxiao0915@126.com.
Ying Lin, Email: 276532635@qq.com.
Leiming Luo, Phone: 86-10-88626362, Email: lleim@sina.com.
Ping Ye, Phone: 86-10-88626362, Email: sci301@126.com.
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Data Availability Statement
In attempt to preserve the privacy of patients, clinical data of patients will not be shared; data can be available from authors upon request.