Abstract
The mechanism underlying the metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) cells remains elusive. REG3A is considered an oncogene in various cancers, but in GC its role is unclear. Here, we report that the expression of REG3A was significantly increased in the tumor tissues of patients with GC compared with the matched normal tissues. Knockdown of REG3A induced by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly repressed the proliferation of GC cells for 24 h or 48 h. Moreover, knockdown of REG3A significantly suppressed the migration, invasion, and adhesion of GC cells in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of REG3A reduced the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3, and altered the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of E-cadherin, Snail, RhoC, MTA1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Taken together, REG3A is overexpressed in GC and promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion of GC cells by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway. REG3A may be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Keywords: gastric cancer, REG3A, invasion, migration, adhesion
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Tumor metastasis contributes to the high mortality of patients with GC.1 The 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced GC is only 5%–15%.2 Although patients with early GC have favorable prognoses, most GC patients progress to the advanced stage when diagnosed, owing to the lack of effective biomarkers for early diagnosis.3 Therefore, it is important to explore novel biomarker and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
REG3A is a member of the REG protein family and is also named human hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas or human pancreatitis-associated protein.4,5 REG3A messenger RNA (mRNA) can be detected in the pancreas and small intestine, but no evidence showed its expression in the kidney, lung, or brain. REG3A is a secreted calcium-dependent lectin protein associated with the regeneration of pancreatic islet and liver cells and the activation of pancreatic stellate cells.6,7 REG3A has been shown to be involved in the development of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and GC. During liver tumorigenesis, REG3A is a target of the Wnt pathway and is associated with the mutations of β-catenin. REG3A was found to be downregulated in 67% of primary human GCs.4 However, the role of REG3A in the progression of GC remains largely unclear.
In the present study, we found that the expression of REG3A was significantly elevated in GC tissues compared with the matched normal tissues, and a high expression of REG3A was associated with the patients’ poor survival. We further demonstrated that REG3A promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
Materials and methods
Patients and samples
Forty-one patients with GC were enrolled in this study according to the protocols approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. All patients provided written informed consent for the use of their tissues and data in this study. The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of patients with GC
| Variables | GC, N=41 |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 18 |
| Female | 23 |
| Age, years | |
| Median (range) | 56 (33–72) |
| >60 | 19 |
| ≤60 | 22 |
| Tumor location | |
| Body | 14 |
| Antrum | 13 |
| Cardia | 14 |
| Other | 0 |
| Histology | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 27 |
| Mucinous adenocarcinoma | 14 |
| Signet cell cancer | 0 |
| TNM stage | |
| I | 4 |
| II | 14 |
| III | 20 |
| IV | 3 |
| Lymph node status | |
| Metastasis | 29 |
| No metastasis | 12 |
Abbreviation: GC, gastric cancer.
Cell culture
GC cell lines MKN-45, MFC, SGC-7901, and MGC-803 were purchased from the Shanghai Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). Cells were cultured with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 unit/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin, at 37°C in 5% CO2.
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection
SGC7901 cells were transfected with 50 nmol/L of REG3A-siRNA or negative control by using Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. After 48 h, the cells were collected for further assays.
Cell proliferation assay
Cell proliferation was assessed by using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (Tongren, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). Briefly, 4×103 SGC-7901 cells per well were seeded in 96-well plates and further incubated for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. CCK-8 reagent was added to each well and incubated for 1 h. The values of optical density 450 nm in each well were determined by a microplate reader. The experiments were repeated at least three times in triplicate.
Cell invasion assay
Cell invasion assay was performed by using 24-well trans-well chambers with a pore size of 8 μm (Sigma, San Francisco, CA, USA). The inserts were coated with 50 μL Matrigel (dilution at 1:2; BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). 1×105 SGC-7901 cells were collected and resus-pended in 200 μL serum-free DMEM medium and added to the upper chamber. After incubation for 24 h, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Zhongze Biotech, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China) for 15 min and stained by 0.1% crystal violet for 10 min. The number of invaded cells was counted in five randomly selected fields under a microscope (Olympus, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China).
Migration assay
Cell migration assay was performed by using 24-well trans-well chambers with a pore size of 8 μm (Sigma). 1×105 SGC-7901 cells were collected and resuspended in 200 μL serum-free DMEM medium and added to the upper chamber. After incubation for 24 h, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Zhongze Biotech) for 15 min and stained by 0.1% crystal violet for 10 min. The number of invaded cells was counted in five randomly selected fields under a microscope (Olympus).
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Total RNA was isolated from GC tissues and the matched normal tissues or SGC-7901 cells using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen). The cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg total RNA using avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase (Fermentas, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. PCR parameters were as follows: 95°C for 1 min, 30 cycles at 95°C for 15 sec, 55°C for 10 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec, and then incubated at 72°C for 2 min. The sequences of primers were as follows: REG3A 5′-TAATGTGAGGTTACCCTATG-3′ a n d 5 ′ -GAGGAAGAAACAGAAGAAAG-3 ′ ; GAPDH 5′-CACCCACTCCTCCACCTTTG-3′ and 5′-CCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG-3′. The mRNA expression of REG3A was calculated using the ΔΔCt method. All data represent the mean of three replicates, with error bars indicating standard deviation (SD).
Western blot analysis
SGC-7901 cells were harvested and lysed in ice-cold radio immunoprecipitation assay buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors cocktail (Sigma, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). Cell lysate was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatant (20 μg proteins) was run on 10% SDS-PAGE gel and then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). The membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk for 1 h and then incubated with antibodies for REG3A (Abcam), GAPDH (Fermentas), p-JAK2 and JAK2 (CST), RhoC (CST), MTA1 (CST), E-cadherin (Abcam), Vimentin (Abcam), Snial (Abcam), MMP-2/9 (Abcam), p-STAT3, and STAT3 (CST). The membranes were incubated with goat antimouse or antirabbit secondary antibodies (Beyotime) and then visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Thermo Scientific, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China).
Statistical analysis
All results are presented as the mean ± SD, and the data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data for multiple comparisons were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s test. P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results
The expression of REG3A is frequently increased in GC tissues and cells
To determine the expression of REG3A in tumor tissues of the GC patients, we detected the expression levels of REG3A in GC tissues and the matched normal tissues. The results showed that mRNA expression of REG3A was significantly elevated in the GC tissues compared with the matched normal tissues (P<0.01) (Figure 1A).
Figure 1.
REG3A expression in GC tissues and cell lines.
Notes: (A) mRNA expression of REG3A in 41 pairs of GC and the matched normal tissues. (B) mRNA expression of REG3A in GC cell lines, including AGS, N87, SGC-7901, and BGC823. (C and D) Western blot analysis of REG3A level in GC cell lines. **P<0.01. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3).
Abbreviations: GC, gastric cancer; mRNA, messenger RNA; SD, standard deviation.
In addition, we detected mRNA and protein expression of REG3A in GC cell lines including MKN-45, MFC, SGC-7901, and MGC-803. As shown in Figure 1B–D, mRNA and protein expression of REG3A were significantly higher in SGC-7901 cells than in the other cells. Therefore, we used SGC-7901 cells to investigate the role of REG3A in GC.
REG3A knockdown significantly represses the proliferation of GC cells
To determine the function of REG3A in GC cells, we used specific siRNA to knockdown REG3A in SGC-7901 cells. The results showed that the specific siRNA significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of REG3A (P<0.01) (Figure 2A–C). We further found that REG3A knockdown significantly repressed the proliferation of GC cells (P<0.01) (Figure 2D).
Figure 2.
REG3A knockdown suppressed the proliferation of GC cells.
Notes: (A) mRNA expression of REG3A was significantly decreased in SGC-7901 cells 48 h after the transfection of REG3A siRNA. (B and C) The protein expression of REG3A was significantly decreased in SGC-7901 cells 48 h after the transfection of REG3A siRNA. (D) CCK-8 assay of the proliferation of GC cells 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the transfection of REG3A siRNA; * and #P<0.05; ** and ##P<0.01. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6).
Abbreviations: CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; GC, gastric cancer; mRNA, messenger RNA; OD, optical density; SD, standard deviation; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
REG3A knockdown significantly suppresses the invasion and migration of GC cells
To understand the role of REG3A in the metastasis of GC cells, we evaluated the migration and invasion of GC cells with REG3A knockdown. The results showed that REG3A knockdown significantly repressed the migration and invasion of SGC-7901 cells (P<0.01) (Figure 3A and B). These results suggest that REG3A promotes the metastasis of GC.
Figure 3.
REG3A knockdown suppressed the migration and invasion of GC cells.
Notes: Trans-well assays of the invasion (A) and migration (B) of SGC-7901 cells 48 h after the transfection of REG3A siRNA; ** and ##P<0.01. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6).
Abbreviations: GC, gastric cancer; SD, standard deviation; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
REG3A knockdown inhibits the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling
JAK/STAT signaling is associated with cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and REG3A could activate JAK2/STAT3 signaling in pancreatic cancer cells.6 Thus, we investigated whether REG3A also activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling in GC cells. After REG3A knockdown, the phosphorylation levels of p-JKA2 and p-STAT3 were significantly reduced, but the total protein levels of JAK2 and STAT3 were not significantly changed in SGC-7901 cells (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
REG3A regulated the JAK2/STATS signal pathway in GC cells.
Notes: Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 (A) and STAT3 (B) in SGC-7901 cells 48 h after the transfection of REG3A siRNA. (C) Densitometry analysis of phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 levels in SGC-7901 cells; ** and ##P<0.01. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6).
Abbreviations: GC, gastric cancer; SD, standard deviation; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
REG3A regulates the expression of invasion and migration-related genes
E-cadherin, a tumor suppressor, serves as a prognostic biomarker for esophageal cancer.8,9 Vimentin plays a crucial role in carcinoma cell adhesion.8 Snail is considered a key transcription factor involved in the expression of E-cadherin.9,10 MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, are strongly associated with the progression of human cancers.11,12 Therefore, we wondered whether REG3A could regulate the expression of these proteins. Western blot analysis showed that Snail, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein levels significantly decreased, while E-cadherin, RhoC, and MTA1 protein levels significantly increased in SGC-7901 cells with REG3A knockdown (Figure 5A–C).
Figure 5.
REG3A regulated the expression of multiple cancer-related genes.
Notes: The protein levels of E-cadherin (A), RhoC and MTA1 (B) were significantly increased, while those of Snail (A), MMP-2 and MMP-9 (C) were significantly decreased in SGC-7901 cells 48 h after the transfection of REG3A siRNA. GAPDH was loading control. ** and ##P<0.01. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6).
Abbreviation: siRNA, small interfering RNA.
Discussion
In the present study, we confirmed that the expression of REG3A was significantly increased in GC tissues compared with the matched normal tissues, and its overexpression was associated with poor survival of GC patients. Knockdown of REG3A could repress the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells in vitro. Furthermore, REG3A knockdown inhibited the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Several members of the REG protein family such as REG1, REG3A, and REG4 have been found to be upregulated in GC.13–15 However, the role of REG3A in GC remains largely unclear. Choi et al4 reported that the mRNA expression of REG3A was downregulated in primary human GCs. In contrast, our data suggest that REG3A acts as a potential oncogene to promote aggressive progression of GC. The reasons for the discrepancy remain unclear; one possibility is the different stages of GC samples used in different studies. Further clinical studies enrolling large samples of GC patients would help determine the expression status of REG3A in GC. Matsumura et al14 employed microarray analysis to show that REG3A was overexpressed in GC cells. These data support our findings that REG3A is overexpressed and acts as an oncogene in the development of GC.
The function of REG3A has been well studied in other cancers. For example, the upregulation of REG3A could regulate pancreatic cell growth by activating several signal pathways such as TGF-β, PDGF, and RAS.16,17 REG3A promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of col-orectal cancer cells by activating the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways.18 In our study, we found that knockdown of REG3A inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells, and this was related to the regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway and the expression of E-cadherin, Snail, RhoC, MTA1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. These results suggest that REG3A plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of GC.
The activation of the JAK/STAT signal pathway contributes to carcinogenesis.19 Increasing evidence reveals that the activation of STAT3 enhances cancer metastasis and invasion.20,21 In the present study, the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was significantly inhibited by REG3A-specific siRNA, suggesting that REG3A regulates the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway. Tumor cell invasion starts with the breakdown of the extracellular matrix, which involves type IV collagen-degrading enzymes, including MMP-2 and MMP-9.22,23 We found that REG3A regulated the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in GC cells, which may explain the oncogenic role of REG3A in GC. However, our study is in vitro and further in vivo experiments are needed to confirm that REG3A acts as an oncogene in GC.
Conclusion
Our study suggests that REG3A promotes the progression of GC via the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway and the regulation of the expression of multiple cancer-related genes. REG3A is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of GC.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Henan (No. 092102310090).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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