Abstract
To quantify the prevalence of 10 quit methods commonly used by adult cigarette smokers, we used data from a nationally representative longitudinal (2014–2016) online survey of US adult cigarette smokers (n = 15,943). Overall, 74.7% of adult current cigarette smokers used multiple quit methods during their most recent quit attempt. Giving up cigarettes all at once (65.3%) and reducing the number of cigarettes smoked (62.0%) were the most prevalent methods. Substituting some cigarettes with e-cigarettes was used by a greater percentage of smokers than the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, or other cessation aids approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Further research into the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a cessation aid is warranted.
Objective
Quitting cigarette smoking greatly reduces the risk of developing smoking-related diseases; although the health benefits are greater for people who stop at earlier ages, there are benefits at any age (1). The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased in the United States (2). Little is known about how the rise in e-cigarette use, particularly among current and former adult cigarette smokers, may have affected quitting behaviors. This study assessed common methods used to try to quit cigarettes among a nationally representative online sample of US adult current smokers surveyed from April 2014 through June 2016.
Methods
We used data from a nationally representative longitudinal online survey of adult cigarette smokers in the United States. Survey participants were recruited from a probability sample of residential mailing addresses derived from the US Postal Service’s Delivery Sequence File, covering approximately 95% of all US households. Study invitation letters, which contained a website link and password to the selected household’s survey, were mailed to all sampled households. Each sampled household had a known probability of selection, and individual participants could not volunteer for study enrollment. All current smokers who participated at baseline were re-contacted for follow-up in the 5 waves that followed. Details on survey methods are available elsewhere (3). Free and informed consent of participants was obtained, and study methods were approved by the RTI International institutional review board.
The survey was conducted in 6 waves, from April 7, 2014, through June 2, 2016. Our analysis was based on 15,943 current cigarette smokers who reported having made at least one quit attempt in the previous 3 months. The data were weighted to reflect national distributions of sex, age, race/ethnicity, and education among cigarette smokers. Current cigarette smokers were defined as adults aged 18 years or older who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoked “every day” or “some days.” A cigarette smoking quit attempt in the previous 3 months at follow-up was assessed by asking current smokers, “During the past 3 months, how many times have you stopped smoking for one day or longer because you were trying to quit smoking cigarettes for good?” Those who answered they tried to quit one or more times were categorized as having made a quit attempt and were subsequently asked, “When you last tried to quit smoking, did you do any of the following?” The survey provided a list of 10 quit methods, and respondents were asked to indicate which methods they used by responding yes or no to each method. Respondents were permitted to select multiple quit methods. We estimated the prevalence of using each quit method by calculating the weighted mean. We estimated 1) the prevalence of any quit method used (alone or in combination with any of the other 9 quit methods) and 2) the prevalence of using a single quit method among respondents who used only one method. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 13 (StataCorp LP).
Results
Among participants who were invited and eligible to participate in this study, 50.2% completed the follow-up surveys. Most respondents in the study were male (51.3%) and non-Hispanic white (59.9%). The greatest proportion, by age, was aged 35 to 54 years (36.9%); by education, had graduated from high school (37.3%), and by income, had an annual household income of $20,000 to $49,999 (32.8%).
Overall, 74.7% of adult current cigarette smokers used multiple quit methods during their most recent quit attempt (Table 1). Giving up cigarettes all at once (65.3%) and gradually cutting back on cigarettes (62.0%) were the most common quit methods, followed by substituting some cigarettes with e-cigarettes (35.3%), using a nicotine patch or gum (25.4%), switching completely from cigarettes to e-cigarettes (24.7%), and switching from “regular” cigarettes to “mild” cigarettes (20.4%). Quit methods used less often were getting help from a doctor or other health professional (15.2%), using smoking cessation medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (12.2%), and getting help from a website (7.1%) or a telephone quitline (5.4%).
Table 1. Prevalence of Any Quit Method Used (Alone or in Combination With Any of the Other 9 Quit Methodsa) During the Most Recent Quit Attempt Among US Adult Cigarette Smokers Who Tried to Quit in the Previous 3 Months (n = 15,943), 2014–2016.
| Quit Method Useda | No. (Weighted %b) |
|---|---|
| Reported using multiple quit methods | 12,417 (74.7) |
| Gave up cigarettes all at once | 10,631 (65.3) |
| Gradually cut back on cigarettes | 9,682 (62.0) |
| Substituted some regular cigarettes with e-cigarettes | 5,861 (35.3) |
| Used nicotine patch or nicotine gum | 4,047 (25.4) |
| Switched completely to e-cigarettes | 3,721 (24.7) |
| Switched to “mild” cigarettes | 3,376 (20.4) |
| Got help from a doctor or other health professional | 2,963 (15.2) |
| Used FDA-approved medications such as Zyban or Chantix | 2,374 (12.2) |
| Got help from a website such as Smokefree.gov | 1,146 (7.1) |
| Got help from a telephone quitline | 853 (5.4) |
Abbreviation: FDA, US Food and Drug Administration.
Respondent was permitted to select one or more of the 10 quit-method categories used in his or her most recent quit attempt; thus, categories are not mutually exclusive. Estimates are for those who used 2 or more quit methods (combined) and those who used only one.
Percentages were based on a denominator of 15,943 and were weighted to reflect national distributions of sex, age, race/ethnicity, and education among cigarette smokers.
Among those who tried to quit in the previous 3 months, 25.3% reported using only one method to quit cigarettes during their most recent quit attempt (Table 2). The single most common quit method used alone was giving up cigarettes all at once (14.7%), followed by gradually cutting back on cigarettes (6.6%). Substituting some cigarettes with e-cigarettes or switching completely from cigarettes to e-cigarettes was each used by 1.1% of smokers. All other quit methods were used as a single quit method by less than 1% of smokers.
Table 2. Prevalence of Using Only One Quit Method During the Most Recent Quit Attempt Among US Adult Cigarette Smokers Who Tried to Quit in the Previous 3 Months (n = 15,943), 2014–2016.
| Quit Method Useda | No. (Weighted %b) |
|---|---|
| Reported using only one quit method | 3,526 (25.3) |
| Gave up cigarettes all at once | 2,040 (14.7) |
| Gradually cut back on cigarettes | 905 (6.6) |
| Substituted some regular cigarettes with e-cigarettes | 159 (1.1) |
| Switched completely to e-cigarettes | 136 (1.1) |
| Used nicotine patch or nicotine gum | 159 (0.8) |
| Used FDA-approved medications such as Zyban or Chantix | 69 (0.4) |
| Switched to “mild” cigarettes | 33 (0.3) |
| Got help from a doctor or other health professional | 16 (0.2) |
| Got help from a website such as Smokefree.gov | 6 (<0.1) |
| Got help from a telephone quitline | 3 (<0.1) |
Abbreviation: FDA, US Food and Drug Administration.
Quit-method categories are mutually exclusive.
Percentages were based on a denominator of 15,943 and were weighted to reflect national distributions of sex, age, race/ethnicity, and education among cigarette smokers.
Discussion
Our study showed that most (74.7%) US adult smokers who tried to quit did so by using multiple quit methods as part of their most recent quit attempt. Giving up cigarettes all at once (“cold turkey”) and gradually cutting back on cigarettes continue to be the most commonly used methods (4,5). Before this study, we knew that some cigarette smokers were using e-cigarettes to attempt to quit (6–8), but we did not know how the rise in e-cigarette use, particularly among current adult cigarette smokers, may have affected quitting behaviors. We found that substituting some cigarettes with e-cigarettes was used by a greater percentage of smokers than the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, or other FDA-approved cessation aids. There is no conclusive scientific evidence that e-cigarettes are effective for long-term cessation of cigarette smoking (6). E-cigarettes are not approved by the FDA as a smoking cessation aid (9,10). FDA-approved medications have helped smokers to quit, in many instances doubling the likelihood of success (11). Finally, we found that most smokers who are switching to e-cigarettes or “mild” cigarettes are not switching completely. These smokers are not stopping their cigarette smoking.
This study has some limitations. Respondents to our online survey may have systematically different quitting habits than smokers nationally. However, the potential for bias was reduced through probability-based sampling, lack of opt-in to the panel, and weighting the sample to the US smoker population. Second, respondents were asked only to self-report the quit methods used as part of the most recent quit attempt in the previous 3 months; therefore, our estimates could be subject to recall bias and may not reflect the full breadth of quit methods used as part of a quit attempt during the study period.
Given that our data show that e-cigarettes are more commonly used for quit attempts than FDA-approved medications, further research is warranted on the safety and effectiveness of using e-cigarettes to quit smoking.
Acknowledgments
Sources of funding were from the Affordable Care Act Prevention of Chronic Disease and Improving Public Health funds (OMB 0920-1083). The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, RTI International, or the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The authors have no conflicts of interests.
Footnotes
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions.
Suggested citation for this article: Caraballo RS, Shafer PR, Patel D, Davis KC, McAfee TA. Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014–2016. Prev Chronic Dis 2017;14:160600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.160600.
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