Abstract
Purpose
Although the technical developments of radiotherapy have been remarkable, there are currently few reports on the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as initial treatment in this three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy era. Thus, we retrospectively evaluated the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment.
Materials and Methods
Thirty-two patients who underwent radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. The dose per fraction was 2.0–3.5 Gy. Because the treatment schedule was variable, the biological effective dose (BED) was calculated.
Results
Local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) rates from the completion of radiotherapy were calculated. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year LC rates were 51.5%, 24.5%, 19.6%, 19.6%, and 13.1%, respectively. LC rates were significantly higher for the high BED group (≥75 Gy10) than for the lower BED group (<75 Gy10). All patients who reported pain achieved pain relief. The duration of pain relief was significantly higher for the high BED group than for the lower BED group. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS rates were 82.6%, 56.5%, 45.2%, 38.7%, and 23.2%, respectively. There was a trend toward higher OS rates in with higher BED group compared to lower BED group.
Conclusion
For patients with unresectable locally recurrent rectal cancer treated with surgery alone, radiotherapy is effective treatment. The prescribed BED should be more than 75 Gy10, if the dose to the organ at risk is within acceptable levels.
Keywords: Rectal cancer, Radiotherapy, Locally recurrent of rectal cancer
Introduction
The local recurrence rate after curative surgery for the rectal cancer is 5%–20% [1-3]. The most effective treatment for local recurrence of rectal cancer is resection [4-7]. However, curative excision is possible in fewer than half of patients with recurrent rectal cancer [6-8]. Radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy are the alternative treatments for unresectable recurrent cases [9]. Various symptoms are reported in 71%–89% of patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer [8,10]. Pain is the most common symptom, with 50%–64% of patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer complaining of pain [8,10,11]. These patients are also indicated for radiotherapy.
In recent years, several studies have revealed that preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy reduces the risk of local recurrence of the rectal cancer [3,12-14]. Radiotherapy is usually performed as a part of the initial treatment of rectal cancer. When local recurrence occurred in patients who had already received radiotherapy as part of the initial treatment, the salvage radiotherapy administered was generally reirradiation [4,6]. Most data on the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer in patients treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment come from old reports [10,11]. In these reports, radiotherapy was performed with parallel opposed fields. Although the technical development of radiotherapy has been remarkable in recent years, there are currently no reports on the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer patients treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment in this era of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT).
Total mesorectal excision or tumor-specific mesorectal excision with lateral node dissection are the most selected operative procedures in Japan, and radiotherapy is often omitted as part of the initial treatment of rectal cancer. Therefore, local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment is relatively common in Japan. In the current study, we retrospectively evaluated the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All patients provided written informed consent before undergoing radiotherapy. Thirty-two patients who underwent radiotherapy in our hospital between April 2005 and October 2014 were enrolled in this study. Patients who had received radiotherapy as part of their initial treatment were excluded from the study. Most diagnoses of recurrence were made by the observation of increasing size of a local region and the elevation of tumor markers. Only 4 patients were confirmed with recurrence by biopsy. The median age was 67 years (range, 41 to 81 years). The median time from primary surgery to any failure (including local recurrence) was 24 months (range, 3 to 99 months). The median time from primary surgery to local recurrence was 30 months (range, 4 to 99 months). At the time of radiation for local recurrence, 14 patients had other regional or distant metastasis. At the time of radiation therapy for local recurrence, 14 patients had other regional or distant metastases, including 2, 10, and 2 cases of regional node metastasis, distant metastasis, and regional and distant metastasis, respectively. The remaining 18 patients had local recurrences only. Seventeen patients (53.1%) with local recurrence were considered medically inoperable owing to factors such as the extent of infiltration to the adjacent organs; 12 patients (37.5%) were not suited for salvage surgery because of the presence of distant metastases, while 3 patients (9.4%) refused salvage surgery. Twenty-two patients (68.8%) reported pain due to the local recurrence. The local recurrence site was classified into 4 groups, as presented by Yeo and Paty [15]: (1) axial, which can be subdivided into anastomotic, mesorectal or perirectal soft tissue, or perineum; (2) anterior, involving the genitourinary tract including the bladder, vagina, uterus, seminal vesicles, and prostate; (3) posterior, involving the sacrum and presacral fascia; and (4) lateral, involving the soft tissues of the pelvic sidewall and lateral bony pelvis. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median follow-up period after the completion of radiotherapy was 16 months (range, 4 to 108 months).
Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics (n = 32)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 67 (41–81) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 18 |
| Female | 14 |
| ECOG performance status | |
| 0 | 17 |
| 1 | 14 |
| 2 | 1 |
| Postoperative stage | |
| I | 3 |
| II | 6 |
| IIIA | 14 |
| IIIB | 6 |
| IV (liver metastasis) | 3 |
| Time from primary surgery to any failure (mo) | 24 (3–99) |
| Time from primary surgery to local recurrence (mo) | 30 (4–99) |
| Recurrent site | |
| Axial | 11 |
| Anterior | 3 |
| Posterior | 15 |
| Lateral | 3 |
| Metastasis | |
| Regional | 2 |
| Regional and distant | 2 |
| Distant | 10 |
| None | 18 |
| Tumor size (mm) | 39 (12–150) |
| CEA (ng/mL) | 12.7 (1.5–774) |
| Pain | |
| Yes | 22 |
| No | 10 |
| BED (Gy10) | 72.0 (48.0–95.2) |
| ≥75 | 7 |
| <75 | 25 |
| Concurrent chemotherapy | |
| Yes | 20 |
| No | 12 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy after RT | |
| Yes | 24 |
| No | 8 |
| Follow-up period (mo) | 16 (4–108) |
Values are presented as median (range).
ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; BED, biological effective dose with α/β = 10 Gy; RT, radiotherapy.
The 3D-CRT was performed with 3–6 fields with a Clinac 21 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The multileaf collimator leaf width was 5 mm. In principal, the irradiated field was limited to recurrent tumors. Two patients with regional lymph node metastasis received irradiation in both the local and regional recurrence sites. The planning target volume (PTV) margins were 5–10 mm. The dose fractionation schedules are shown in Table 2. In most cases, the dose per fraction was 2.0–3.5 Gy. Only two patients were irradiated with 7 Gy per fraction as a boost irradiation. A high dose was irradiated in patients in whom irradiation to the surrounding organs-at risk (OARs), such as the small bowel, could be avoided. Patients with posterior recurrence or with colostomy tended to be irradiated at a relatively high dose. Because the treatment schedule was variable, the biological effective dose (BED) was calculated. Local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) rates from the completion of radiotherapy were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and group comparisons were made using the log-rank test. Group comparisons included time form primary surgery to recurrence (≤6 months vs. >6 months), site of recurrence, presence or absence of distant metastasis, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (≥5.0 ng/mL vs. <5.0 ng/mL), recurrent tumor size (≥4 cm vs. <4 cm), BED (≥75 Gy10 vs. <75 Gy10), presence or absence of concurrent chemotherapy, and presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy after radiotherapy. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Table 2.
Dose fractionation schedule (n = 32)
| Dose fractionation | BED (Gy10) | No. of patients |
|---|---|---|
| 48 Gy in 20 fx + 21 Gy in 3 fx | 95.2 | 2 |
| 74.25 Gy in 33 fx | 91 | 1 |
| 66 Gy in 33 fx | 79.2 | 2 |
| 64 Gy in 32 fx | 76.8 | 2 |
| 60 Gy in 30 fx | 72 | 10 |
| 40.8 Gy in 17 fx + 15 Gy in 6 fx | 69.3 | 2 |
| 55 Gy in 22 fx | 68.8 | 2 |
| 54 Gy in 27 fx | 64.8 | 2 |
| 50 Gy in 20 fx | 60 | 1 |
| 48 Gy in 16 fx | 62.4 | 1 |
| 50 Gy in 25 fx | 60 | 3 |
| 48 Gy in 20 fx | 59.5 | 2 |
| 39 Gy in 13 fx | 50.7 | 1 |
| 40 Gy in 20 fx | 48 | 1 |
BED, biological effective dose with α/β = 10 Gy; fx, fractions.
Results
1. Local control
During the follow-up period, local recurrence was observed in 21 patients. Most local recurrences occurred in the irradiated field. Only 2 cases of recurrence at the marginal irradiation region were observed. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year LC rates were 51.5%, 24.5%, 19.6%, 19.6%, and 13.1%, respectively (Fig. 1). The LC rates were significantly higher for the high BED group than for the lower BED group (p = 0.0243) (Fig. 2). There were no significant differences in other group comparisons (Table 3).
Fig. 1.
Local control (LC) rate curves after radiotherapy
Fig. 2.
Local control (LC) rate curves after radiotherapy. LC rates were significantly higher in the high biological effective dose (BED) group than in the low BED group.
Table 3.
Summary of univariate analysis of LC rate
| Factor | 1-yr LC rate (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Time from primary surgery to recurrence (mo) | 0.1142 | |
| ≤6 | 37.5 | |
| >6 | 53.2 | |
| Site of recurrence | 0.2309 | |
| Axial | 51.9 | |
| Anterior | 33.3 | |
| Posterior | 43.2 | |
| Lateral | 100 | |
| Presence of distant metastasis | 0.4672 | |
| No | 50.7 | |
| Yes | 55.6 | |
| Serum CEA (ng/mL) | 0.0988 | |
| ≥5.0 | 55.6 | |
| <5.0 | 25.0 | |
| Recurrence tumor size (cm) | 0.9066 | |
| <4.0 | 56.9 | |
| ≥4.0 | 45.8 | |
| BED (Gy10) | 0.0243 | |
| ≥75 | 83.3 | |
| <75 | 41.9 | |
| Concurrent chemotherapy | 0.8903 | |
| Yes | 49.5 | |
| No | 53.0 | |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 0.5419 | |
| Yes | 53.9 | |
| No | 43.8 |
LC, local control; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; BED, biological effective dose with α/β = 10 Gy.
All patients who reported pain achieved pain relief. The median duration of pain relief was 10 months (range, 3 to 108 months). The duration of pain relief was significantly higher for the high BED group than for the lower BED group (p = 0.0311).
2. Overall survival
Fifteen patients died during the follow-up periods. All deaths were due to the rectal cancer. The exact causes of deaths were pulmonary metastases, hepatic metastases, peritonitis carcinomatosa, and unknown in 8, 4, 2, and 1 case, respectively.
The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS rates were 82.6%, 56.5%, 45.2%, 38.7%, and 23.2%, respectively (Fig. 3). There was a trend toward higher OS rates in patients in the higher BED group compared to those in the lower BED group (p = 0.0730) (Fig. 4). The OS rates were significantly lower for the patients with recurrence before 6 months from primary surgery than for the patients with recurrence after 6 months from primary surgery (p = 0.0003). In the patients without distant metastases (local recurrence ± regional node metastasis only), the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-year OS rates were 89.2%, 64.0%, 64.0%, 53.3%, and 32.0%, respectively. In the patients with distant metastases, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates were 71.3%, 42.8%, and 14.3%, respectively. The OS rates were significantly higher for the patients without distant metastases (p = 0.0490) (Fig. 5). There were no significant differences in other group comparisons (Table 4).
Fig. 3.
Overall survival (OS) curves after radiotherapy.
Fig. 4.
Overall survival (OS) curves after radiotherapy. There was a trend toward higher OS rates in patients in the higher biological effective dose (BED) group compared to those in the lower BED group.
Fig. 5.
Overall survival (OS) curves after radiotherapy. The OS rates were significantly higher for the patients without distant metastases than for those with metastases.
Table 4.
Summary of univariate analysis of OS rate
| Factor | 1-yr OS rate (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Time from primary surgery to recurrence (mo) | 0.0003 | |
| ≤6 | 50.0 | |
| >6 | 87.9 | |
| Site of recurrence | 0.2309 | |
| Axial | 77.1 | |
| Anterior | 66.7 | |
| Posterior | 85.6 | |
| Lateral | 100 | |
| Presence of distant metastasis | 0.049 | |
| No | 89.2 | |
| Yes | 71.3 | |
| Serum CEA (ng/mL) | 0.9336 | |
| ≥5.0 | 83.7 | |
| <5.0 | 75.0 | |
| Recurrence tumor size (cm) | 0.3298 | |
| <4.0 | 79.3 | |
| ≥4.0 | 86.2 | |
| BED (Gy10) | 0.0730 | |
| ≥75 | 100 | |
| <75 | 77.9 | |
| Concurrent chemotherapy | 0.6065 | |
| Yes | 84.4 | |
| No | 80.0 | |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 0.8559 | |
| Yes | 82.6 | |
| No | 75.0 |
OS, overall survival; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; BED, biological effective dose with α/β = 10 Gy.
Discussion and Conclusion
In recent years, the opportunities to irradiate rectal cancer preoperatively or postoperatively have increased. In Japan, total mesorectal excision or tumor-specific mesorectal excision with lateral node dissection are the standard operative procedures, and radiotherapy is often omitted as part of the initial treatment for rectal cancer. Therefore, local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment is not so rare in Japan. Current knowledge regarding the treatment results of radiotherapy for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with surgery alone as the initial treatment were based on previous reports. Ciatt Pacini [11] reported that the 3-year and 5-year OS rates of patients who underwent irradiation for recurrent rectal cancer were 5% and 3%, respectively. Knol et al. [10] reported that the 2- and 5-year OS rates of patients who underwent irradiation for recurrent rectal cancer without distant metastasis were 33% and 12%, respectively. In our study, the 2-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 56.5%, 45.2%, and 23.2%, respectively, which are better than the findings of these previous reports. The LC rates were significantly higher for the high BED group than for the lower BED group. There was a trend toward higher OS rates in the higher BED group compared to the lower BED group. A prescribed BED of ≥75 Gy10 might be desirable if the dose to the OAR is within acceptable levels.
The radiation therapy techniques are rapidly developing. Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) allows the reduction of set-up errors, resulting in reduced PTV margin. Therefore, the irradiated dose to the adjacent OAR might be lower. Consequently, physicians might prescribe higher doses more easily, as compared to in the era before the application of IGRT. Moreover, intensity-modulated radiation therapy is another promising method for reducing the dose to the adjacent OAR. A reduced dose to the OARs might lead to a high dose prescription to the target volume.
Only 2 patients received salvage surgery after radiotherapy. One patient experienced in-field recurrence at 23 months after salvage irradiation with 40.0 Gy for a first recurrence at the axial site. The patient refused surgery at the detection of first recurrence. At the detection of a second recurrence, the patient accepted the proposal of salvage surgery. Unfortunately, liver metastasis was found 5 months after the salvage surgery and the patient died from cancer 56 months after the salvage radiotherapy, despite also receiving chemotherapy. The other patient experienced in-field recurrence at 17 months after salvage irradiation with 60.8 Gy for a first recurrence at the posterior site. The second recurrent tumor was relatively small and did not seem to invade the sacrum, likely due to use of salvage radiation therapy. Subsequently, salvage operation was performed. At the latest follow-up, this patient was alive without recurrence. These findings suggested that, although the number of patients who received salvage surgery was very small in this study, long-term survival (64 months from salvage radiotherapy) was seen in one patients. Even if the recurrent tumor dose not disappear by salvage radiotherapy, the possibility of resection might be elevated due to reduction of the tumor by the radiotherapy.
Various symptoms are reported in 71%–89% of patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer [8,10]. Pain is the most common symptom, and 50%–64% of patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer complain of pain [8,10,11]. High pain relief rates of 56%–100% have been reported with radiotherapy [11,16-18]. In our study, the rate of pain relief was 100%, and the median duration of pain relief was 10 months. The duration of pain relief was significantly higher for the high BED group than for the lower BED group. Therefore, the prescribed BED should be more than 75 Gy10, even for patients receiving palliative therapy.
In this study, most local recurrences occurred in the irradiated field. Only 2 cases of recurrence at the marginal irradiation region were observed. Therefore, the reason of recurrence might be the use of an insufficiently high irradiation dose rather than deficiency of the irradiation margin. The dose that can be irradiated for pelvic tumors is limited. Charged particle therapy is one potential solution for addressing the insufficient irradiated dose in such cases. Especially, heavy ion therapy, which involves high linear energy transfer beams, has been shown to result in a better biological effect than photon or proton beam therapy. Yamada et al. [19] reported that the 5-year LC and OS rates were 94% and 40%, respectively. Although the results of charged particle therapy are excellent, it is costly and available only in a limited number of facilities. If the problems related to costs and facilities can be solved in the future, charged particle therapy may represent a highly promising option.
In conclusion, for patients with unresectable locally recurrent rectal cancer treated with surgery alone, radiotherapy is effective treatment. A prescribed BED of ≥75 Gy10 might be desirable if the dose to the OAR is within acceptable levels.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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