Table 2.

Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities in the liver, glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle, and incorporation of plasma glucose into glycogen via the direct pathway in liver and skeletal muscle at the end of the test periods over 7 days in the ZDF-V7 and ZDF-CA7 groups

Parameters	Tissue	ZDF-V7		ZDF-CA7
		Basal (no clamp) (n = 6)	HI-HG (n = 6)	Basal (no clamp) (n = 6)	HI-HG (n = 6)	HI-BG (n = 6)	BI-HG (n = 6)
Glycogen synthase (mU/g)
Active form	Liver	4.1 ± 0.9	7.0 ± 1.5†	3.5 ± 0.6	18.4 ± 2.8*†	6.4 ± 0.6†‡	15.3 ± 2.5†#
Total	Liver	56 ± 7	67 ± 6	54 ± 4	64 ± 5	64 ± 3	59 ± 4
Glycogen phosphorylase a (units/g)	Liver	1.67 ± 0.22	1.40 ± 0.22	1.39 ± 0.36	1.41 ± 0.11	1.58 ± 0.29	1.28 ± 0.32
Glycogen content (µmol glucose/g)	Liver	293 ± 43	325 ± 36	193 ± 36*	300 ± 33†	217 ± 31‡	299 ± 27†#
	Muscle	23.1 ± 1.4	26.3 ± 1.9	21.4 ± 0.3	27.8 ± 3.8†	29.1 ± 2.6†	23.9 ± 1.8‡#
Glucose incorporation into glycogen (µmol glucose/g/2 h)	Liver	3.2 ± 0.6	13.3 ± 5.8†	0.4 ± 0.1*	46.1 ± 8.1*†	7.7 ± 2.6†‡	39.9 ± 6.2†#
	Muscle	0.40 ± 0.05	1.30 ± 0.21†	0.13 ± 0.03*	2.83 ± 0.45*†	2.52 ± 0.38†	0.82 ± 0.21†‡#

Values are means ± SEMs of six studies for each group. Liver and muscle were collected at the end of the test period. BI-HG, basal insulinemic–hyperglycemic clamp. *Significantly different from the corresponding values of the ZDF-V7 group (P < 0.05). †Significantly different from the corresponding values under basal conditions for the identical group. ‡Significantly different from the corresponding values under the hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp (HI-HG) for the identical group. #Significantly different from the corresponding values under the hyperinsulinemic–basal glycemic clamp (HI-BG) for the identical group.