Abstract
Background
Tuberculosis (TB)-associated uveitis presents periphlebitis, occasionally causing central retinal vascular occlusion (CRVO). Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) is an effective treatment for CRVO, which improves macular edema (ME) by reducing vascular permeability and prevents progression of retinal nonperfusion in CRVO. We report a case of CRVO due to TB-associated uveitis, which initially remitted by repeated IVR as an adjunct to anti-TB therapy and systemic corticosteroids, but subsequently led to severe vitreous hemorrhage (VH).
Case presentation
A 28-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a 2-week history of uveitis in his right eye. Ophthalmoscopic examination of the right eye revealed fine keratoprecipitates and moderate cell infiltration into the anterior chamber and vitreous. No obvious retinal lesion was observed. Despite initiation of topical corticosteroids, CRVO developed a few weeks later in the right eye. TB-associated uveitis was diagnosed based on a positive tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ release assay in addition to the ocular findings. Anti-TB therapy together with IVR and systemic corticosteroids was initiated. Although fundus findings associated with CRVO gradually improved, CRVO with VH recurred before the fourth IVR. Although IVR was continued, VH progressed to obscure fundus observation. Therefore, vitrectomy and panretinal photocoagulation were performed. After surgery, ocular inflammation was controlled, and anti-TB therapy was continued for 6 months and was suspended.
Conclusion
In addition to anti-TB therapy with or without corticosteroids, panretinal photocoagulation for retinal nonperfusion area in TB-associated uveitis should be performed for preventing neovascularization that may cause VH, and this role of panretinal photocoagulation cannot be replaced by anti-VEGF therapy.
Keywords: tuberculosis, uveitis, VEGF, ranibizumab, central retinal vascular occlusion
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) causes active uveitis, and the suggestive clinical signs include iridocyclitis with posterior synechiae, retinal perivasculitis often with capillary non-perfusion, multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis, choroidal or optic disc granuloma(s), and optic neuropathy. Diagnosis of TB-associated uveitis is established by combination of tuberculous skin testing (TST), an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), or chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) in addition to the ocular clinical features. Central retinal vascular occlusion (CRVO) is rare in young adults, but occasionally occurs by perivasculitis of TB-associated uveitis.1–3 Ranibizumab is a recombinant, humanized, monoclonal antibody that neutralizes all active forms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A. Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) is an effective treatment for CRVO, which improves macular edema (ME) by reducing vascular permeability and prevents progression of retinal nonperfusion in CRVO.4 We report a case of CRVO due to TB-associated uveitis, which initially remitted by repeated IVR as an adjunct to anti-TB therapy and systemic corticosteroids, but subsequently led to severe vitreous hemorrhage (VH).
Case presentation
A 28-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a 2-week history of uveitis in his right eye. The best corrective visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/25 and ocular pressure was within normal range. Ophthalmoscopic examination of the right eye revealed fine keratoprecipitates and moderate cell infiltration into the anterior chamber and vitreous. No obvious retinal lesion was observed. However, fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) showed hyperfluorescence in the optic disc and a petaloid pattern of fluorescence pooling in the macula indicating cystoid ME. Despite initiation of topical corticosteroids, optic disc swelling, extensive preretinal and intraretinal hemorrhages developed a few weeks later. Vascular tortuosity associated with CRVO was observed in the right eye, and BCVA decreased to 2/200 due to ME and hemorrhage (Figure 1A). No systemic symptoms associated with Behçet’s disease and no laboratory tests or chest CT scans suggesting sarcoidosis were found. Although there was no family history suggestive of TB and systemic source of TB infection was not identified on physical examination, TB-associated uveitis was diagnosed based on a positive TST and IGRA in addition to the ocular findings. Anti-TB therapy with rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, together with monthly IVR and systemic corticosteroids (0.5 mg/kg), was initiated. After two IVR sessions, fundus findings associated with CRVO improved markedly, and ME was resolved except for persistent serous retinal detachment (Figure 1B). BCVA recovered to 20/25. However, before the fourth IVR session, severe retinal hemorrhage on the nasal side and VH were found in the right eye, with exacerbation of ME (Figure 2A). Although FA was required to evaluate non-perfusion area and the activity of ocular inflammation, it could not be performed since pruritus and nausea were observed at the first FA. In spite of continuation of IVR, VH progressed to obscure fundus observation, and BCVA decreased to hand motion. Therefore, vitrectomy and panretinal photocoagulation were performed. After surgery, iridocyclitis was observed, but it was controlled by topical corticosteroid, and anti-TB therapy was continued for 6 months and was suspended. Since a second vitrectomy with cataract surgery was given for recurrence of VH at 5 months after the first surgery, ocular inflammation in the right eye was resolved. However, BCVA remains at 20/200 due to disruption of retinal outer layers in the macula besides retinal ischemic region presented by hyperreflective image in retinal inner layers (Figure 2B).
Figure 1.
Comparison of fundus and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images before and after intravenous injection of ranimizumab (IVR) as an adjunct to anti-TB therapy.
Notes: (A) Fundus findings and macula edema associated with CRVO were observed before IVR and anti-TB therapy. (B) CRVO and macular edema were significantly improved after two sessions of IVR.
Abbreviations: CRVO, central retinal vascular occlusion; IVR, injection of ranimizumab; TB, tuberculosis.
Figure 2.
Comparison of fundus and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images before and after vitrectomy with retinal panretinal photocoagulation.
Notes: (A) Before vitrectomy, retinal hemorrhage in the nasal inferior side with vitreous hemorrhage and relapse of macular edema was detected. (B) After two sessions of vitrectomy with panretinal photocoagulation, retinal hemorrhage and macular edema were resolved, but damage of retinal outer layers in the macula was present.
Discussion
Although patients with TB-associated uveitis present with a wide spectrum of ocular findings,5 CRVO is rare in TB-associated uveitis and only a few cases have been reported.1–3 Subclinical granulomas in the optic disc and periphlebitis of the central retinal vein are presumably caused by active ocular inflammation associated with TB, and both require anti-TB therapy. IVR improves vascular permeability and reduces progression of retinal nonperfusion in CRVO.4 There were only two case reports on anti-VEGF therapy for TB-associated uveitis.2,6 In one case, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF mAb as an adjunct to anti-TB therapy markedly reduced a granulomatous lesion at the optic disc.6 In another case,2 however, the treatment was not effective for CRVO in TB-associated uveitis, leading to progression of VH as in the present case.
Conclusions
TB-associated uveitis presents periphlebitis, occasionally causing CRVO. IVR is an effective treatment for CRVO; however, it is not promised for CRVO by TB-associated uveitis. Panretinal photocoagulation for retinal nonperfusion area in TB-associated uveitis should be performed for preventing neovascularization that may cause VH. The role of panretinal photocoagulation would not be replaced by anti-VEGF therapy.
Acknowledgments
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case Report and accompanying images.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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