Abstract
BACKGROUND
There are a few literature data on the correlation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and coronary disease among Iranian population. This study aimed to find relationship between MetS and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in presence of diabetes.
METHODS
Total of 192 patients were consecutively enrolled in the study who were admitted to coronary care unit because of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and then underwent coronary angiography. MetS was defined by Iranian criteria. A coronary atherosclerosis score was used to quantify the extent of atherosclerotic involvement. The relationship between MetS and angiographic CAD severity or clinical presentation was compared between them after adjusting for diabetes.
RESULTS
Individuals with MetS (n = 125) had a higher prevalence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (71% vs 30%, P < 0.001), multi-vessel disease (50% vs. 34%, P = 0.003), decreased ejection fraction (P = 0.001) and more severe angiographic stenosis based on both modified Gensini (P = 0.081) and syntax (P = 0.008) scores, compared to those without MetS. Syntax score showed statistically significant difference between two groups before (P = 0.021) and after adjustment for diabetes (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSION
MetS was related to the severity of CAD both clinically and by angiographic scores but diabetes was a challenging factor and may independently increase the severity of CAD.
Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome, Angiography, Severity, Coronary Artery Disease
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered as a major health problem in recent years and recognized by a cluster of risk factors related to diabetes and amplified risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).1,2 Previous studies have shown that Asians have additional risk for development of MetS since the prevalence of abdominal obesity and diabetes are greater among them.3 Despite important controversy, the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in subjects suffering from MetS has been established.4,5 Recent epidemiological and clinical studies have confirmed the association between MetS and increased risk of CAD,6,7 which is the leading cause of mortality. Morbidity and mortality from CAD are greater in patients with MetS; consequently, early evaluation of the risk of CAD in patients with MetS is necessary since it could lead to change in lifestyle behavior and reducing CAD risk factors. Diabetes is considered as one of the complications of obesity and a strong risk factor for CAD.8-10 There is evidence that shows the duration of diabetes is associated with greater risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and CAD.11-14 So this study was conducted to evaluate whether MetS could be associated with the coronary artery disease severity and to see whether the severity of coronary lesion was different in MetS patients with or without type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional study was done from February 2012 to March 2015 in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Totally 192 patients were enrolled in the study, who were admitted to coronary care unit (CCU) due to chest pain, and subsequently underwent coronary angiography. Patients entered the study after obtaining written informed consent. Positive family history of coronary artery disease, current smoker or ex-smoker, subjects with high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (LDL level > 160 mg/dl and or under treatment for high LDL) and prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were considered as exclusion criteria. Data on social, demographic, personal and family medical history, and lifestyle (physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, and diet) were obtained from either physical and laboratory examinations (anthropometric testing, blood sample laboratory analysis, and blood pressure measurements) or questionnaires. Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were measured by enzymatic methods (Pars Azmon commercial kits, Iran) based on previously published methods.15
Blood pressure was measured twice in sitting position after five minutes resting. Waist circumference was measured with a flexible tape placed on a horizontal plane at the level of the iliac crest as seen from the anterior view.16
Extent of coronary artery disease was assessed by modified Gensini and syntax scoring systems.
On quantitative analyses of coronary angiograms (Quantcor QCA, version 4.0; Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands), the presence of stenosis ≥ 50% in diameter of major epicardial vessels was characterized as CAD (Gensini score > 1).
The extent of CAD was quantified using the number of vessels with ≥ 50% stenosis and a coronary atherosclerosis score as mentioned below.17,18
The syntax score system used to show the severity of CAD quantitates the complexity and the extent of CAD to aid clinicians in assessing early and late outcomes of PCI and CABG in patients with multivessel CAD and has become the preferred risk assessment tool for grading lesion complexity.19
All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS (version 22.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Q-Q plot were used to examine normality of data. Qualitative variables were expressed as numbers (percentages) and quantitative data was showed by mean and standard deviation (SD). Multiple logistic regression was used to compare the types of (ACS) and angiographic recommendations after adjustment for diabetes. P-values were considered significant at a level of < 0.05.
Results
Among 192 patients, 138 (71.9%) patients were male, and 125 (65%) patients fulfilled the criteria of MetS. Patients without MetS were significantly older than MetS group (P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was 47%. Table 1 shows summary of clinical characteristics based on the presence of the MetS. Blood pressure, waist circumference, FBS, cholesterol (CHL), HDL-C, LDL-C, creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) and troponin were significantly different in subjects with MetS compared to those free of MetS (P < 0.001).
Table 1.
Demographic and biochemical parameters in the study patients
| Variable | Total | MetS | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Number | 192 | 125 (65.0) | 67 (35.0) | |
| Age | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 65.00 ± 11.00 | 63.0 ± 11.00 | 68.00 ± 10.00 | 0.007† |
| Median (range) | 63 (44.00-85.00) | 61 (44.00-85.00) | 70 (46.00-82.00) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 81.00 ± 13.00 | 84.0 ± 14.00 | 75.00 ± 9.00 | 0.001† |
| Median (range) | 80 (40.00-140.00) | 80 (40.00-140.00) | 80 (60.00-90.00) | |
| Waist Circumference | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 98.00 ± 11.00 | 102.0 ± 10.00 | 92.00 ± 9.00 | < 0.001† |
| Median (range) | 98 (71.00-123.00) | 102 (71.00-123.00) | 89 (79.00-113.00) | |
| CPK | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 1156.00 ± 1342.00 | 1509.0 ± 1462.00 | 499 ± 721 | < 0.001‡ |
| Median (range) | 642 (46.00-6400.00) | 1222 (57.00-6400.00) | 250 (46.00-2982.00) | |
| CPK-MB | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 137.00 ± 154.00 | 170.0 ± 161.00 | 75.00 ± 117.00 | < 0.001‡ |
| Median (range) | 67 (15.00-696.00) | 121 (20.00-696.00) | 36 (15.00-510.00) | |
| Troponin | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 0.96 ± 0.93 | 1.2 ± 0.92 | 0.51 ± 0.78 | < 0.001‡ |
| Median (range) | 0.87 (0.02-3.16) | 1.17 (0.02-3.16) | 0.03 (0.02-2.48) | |
| Fasting blood pressure | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 136.00 ± 63.00 | 141.0 ± 61.00 | 126.00 ± 66.00 | 0.003‡ |
| Median (range) | 118 (60.00-370.00) | 129 (60.00-369.00) | 101 (72.00-370.00) | |
| TG | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 129 ± 75 | 143.0 ± 85.00 | 101.00 ± 38.00 | < 0.001‡ |
| Median (range) | 105 (57.00-511.00) | 124 (57.00-511.00) | 91 (60.00-189) | |
| HDL-C | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 36.00 ± 7.00 | 34.0 ± 7.00 | 39.00 ± 7.00 | < 0.001† |
| Median (range) | 36 (21.00-52.00) | 35 (21.00-52.00) | 41 (23.00-49.00) | |
| LDL-C | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 97.00 ± 33.00 | 102.0 ± 33.00 | 88.00 ± 29.00 | 0.005† |
| Median (range) | 94 (11.00-208.00) | 97 (29.00-208.00) | 89 (11.00-124.00) | |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 134.00 ± 28.00 | 141.0 ± 29.00 | 121.00 ± 22.00 | <0.001† |
| Median (range) | 130 (70.00-240.00) | 140 (70.00-240.00) | 120 (85.00-190.00) | |
| Cholesterol | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 162 ± 33 | 166.0 ± 38.00 | 154.00 ± 22.00 | 0.015† |
| Median (range) | 161 (90.00-280.00) | 171 (98.00-280.00) | 157 (90.00-183.00) | |
| Acute coronary artery disease | ||||
| STEMI [n (%)] | 109 (56.8) | 89 (71.2) | 20 (29.9) | < 0.001* |
| Non STEMI [n (%)] | 16 (8.3) | 16 (12.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| USA [n (%)] | 67 (34.9) | 20 (16.0) | 47 (70.1) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes [n (%)] | 91 (47.4) | 71 (56.8) | 20 (29.9) | < 0.001* |
| No [n (%)] | 101 (52.6) | 54 (43.2) | 47 (70.1) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male [n (%)] | 138 (71.9) | 79 (63.2) | 59 (88.1) | < 0.001* |
| Female [n (%)] | 54 (28.1) | 46 (36.8) | 8 (11.9) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes [n (%)] | 97 (50.5) | 89 (71.2) | 8 (11.9) | < 0.001* |
| No [n (%)] | 95 (49.5) | 36 (28.8) | 59 (88.1) | |
Based on chi-square test;
Based on Student’s t-test;
Based on Mann-Whitney test
MetS: Metabolic syndrome; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; CPK: Creatine phosphokinase; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; USA: Unstable angina; SD: Standard deviation
Table 2 shows among patients with MetS, low HDL-C (95%) was the most frequent component followed by increased waist circumference (82%), elevated FBS (76%), hypertension (HTN) (71%), and elevated TG (39%). The frequency of MetS components in all the subjects was as follows: Low HDL-C (80%), diabetes (70%), increased waist circumference (63%), HTN (50%), elevated TG (26%). Similar to the MetS group, low HDL-C was the most frequent finding (80%) in all the cases without MetS. Table 2 shows regardless of existing MetS, diabetic patients had significantly different Gensini scores (P < 0.001) and syntax scores (P = 0.007) compared to non-diabetic patients. Among hypertensive patients, only the syntax score was significantly different (P = 0.030) compared with normotensive patients while Gensini score (P = 0.900) showed no significant difference (data not shown).
Table 2.
Relationship between metabolic syndrome and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease
| Variable | Total | MetS | P | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||||
| Gensini score | Mean ± SD | 6.7 ± 2.8 | 7.1 ± 2.6 | 5.9 ± 2.9 | 0.004* | 0.137£ | 0.081§ |
| Syntax score | Mean ± SD | 13.7 ± 7.7 | 14.9 ± 6.6 | 11.5 ± 8.9 | 0.008* | 0.020£ | 0.005§ |
| Ejection fraction | Mean ± SD | 45.5 ± 8.7 | 44.6 ± 8.8 | 47.4 ± 8.4 | 0.032* | 0.018£ | 0.002§ |
| Angiographic results | SVD [n(%)] | 26 (13.5) | 10 (8.0) | 16 (23.9) | < 0.001** | 0.006£ | 0.003£ |
| 2VD [n(%)] | 77 (40.1) | 53 (42.4) | 24 (35.8) | ||||
| 3VD [n(%)] | 85 (44.3) | 62 (49.6) | 23 (34.3) | ||||
| LMS [n(%)] | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.0) | ||||
| Medical treatment | Medical treatment [n(%)] | 7 (3.6) | 3 (2.4) | 4 (6.0) | 0.363** | 0.101£ | 0.187£ |
| PCI [n(%)] | 100 (52.1) | 64 (51.2) | 36 (53.7) | ||||
| CABG [n(%)] | 85 (44.3) | 58 (46.4) | 27 (40.3) | ||||
Model 1: Adjusted for diabetes; Model 2: Adjusted for diabetes, age and sex;
Based on Student’s t-test;
Based on Fisher exact test;
Based on analysis of covariance;
Based on multinomial logistic regression;
MetS: Metabolic syndrome; SVD: Single-vessel disease; 2VD: Two-vessel disease; 3VD: Three-vessel disease; LMS: Left main stem; PCI: Percutaneous coronary angiography; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; SD: Standard deviation
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was more frequent in MetS group (P < 0.001). The frequency of multi-vessel disease was higher in patients with MetS compared to those without it (P < 0.001 and after adjustment P < 0.003).
However, syntax score showed statistically significant difference between two groups before (P = 0.008) and after adjustment for diabetes (P = 0.020) and age and sex (P = 0.005). Concerning the ejection fraction, the same result was observed after adjustment for diabetes status and age and sex (P = 0.032, P = 0.018, P = 0.002, respectively) (data not shown).
Discussion
This study showed significant relationship between MetS and CAD severity according to angiography documents in Iranian subjects. In addition, we showed that presence of diabetes has significant effect on the CAD severity among subjects with MetS.
Numerous studies have shown that MetS is able to predict cardiovascular events and diabetes, but there is argument about the role of MetS in cardiovascular risk among diabetic patients.20-23 Yoon et al. showed there is no relationship between MetS and coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects.21 In addition, Sarrafzadegan et al. showed among symptomatic Korean population, MetS was independently associated with the presence and severity of CVD only in the non-diabetic subjects, and there was no significant difference between MetS group and non-MetS group regarding their age.24
Similar to our results, Solymoss et al. showed that MetS was significantly related to more severe coronary angiographic alterations and higher frequencies of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, PCI, and CABG.18 Another important finding in our study was the 1.5 to 3 fold increased risk of new onset CVD in patients with MetS without diabetes.14
In our study, there was significant difference between modified Gensini score and syntax score. This comparison showed that patients with MetS had more severe atherosclerosis in coronary arteries by both scores.
After adjusting the effect of diabetes, syntax score was significantly associated with MetS, however the modified Gensini score did not have any significant association with MetS. Another important point is the effect of age. Patients without MetS were significantly older than other group; Gensini score had non-significant relationship with MetS whereas syntax score was significantly related to the MetS. So apparently modified Gensini score, which was used in this study, was a better predictor; also, the syntax score was more complete than modified Gensini score.18
The syntax index assigns a heavier weight to the more severe luminal narrowing. Weights are also assigned to each segment depending on vessel size and importance; segments serving larger regions of myocardium are more heavily weighted.23-25 Another probable cause, as mentioned earlier, is a semantic argument about the effects of diabetes on metabolic syndrome, which might have affected our results.23
Also in MetS group, the patients had more multi-vessel disease and more acute events (STEMI versus unstable angina); although they were younger in comparison to MetS patients.
Conclusion
MetS is strongly related to the severity of ACS presentation, documented clinically and angiographically in younger subjects. As such, control of MetS components is necessary in Iranian population. We recommend more studies with more participants and multicenter design and evaluation of Iranian lifestyle and MetS components, also utilizing complete Gensini score and other angiographic scores with larger samples.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the patients for their participation and staffs of CCU centers. We also thank Mrs. Ghodsi Najjari nurse of Imam Hossein Hospital CCU, Dr. Alireza Ebadi Associate Professor of Endocrinology, and Dr. Mehdi Yaseri, Assistant Professor of Biostatistics for their cooperation.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest
Authors have no conflict of interests.
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