Targeting assay of a fusion protein applied in enzyme prodrug therapy

Abstract

Tumor growth and metastasis are dependent on angiogenesis. The overexpression of integrin α_vβ₃ on angiogenic vessels and on numerous malignant human tumor cells suggests that these labeled ligands of integrin are potentially suitable for molecular imaging and in targeted therapy of tumors. In previous studies, we added a β-lactamase variant with reduced immunogenicity to the cyclic peptide RGD4C, resulting in the fusion protein RGD4CβL, which is suitable for use in targeted enzyme prodrug therapy (TEPT), a promising treatment for tumors. The targeting of the aforementioned fusion protein serves an important role in TEPT. In the present study, RGD4CβL was labeled with ¹²⁵I and the targeting effect on integrin-positive tumors was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL protein exhibited high levels of accumulation at the tumor site and rapid renal clearance, which revealed the potency and efficiency of RGD4CβL in TEPT.

Introduction

Targeted enzyme prodrug therapy (TEPT) is a novel type of treatment for tumors (1–3), which aims to release cytotoxic agents precisely at the tumor site using pairs of enzymes and corresponding prodrugs, to avoid systemic toxicity (4). The enzymes are directed to the tumor sites by targeted molecules, including antibodies (5), mesenchymal stem cells (6), polymers (7) and genes (8,9). Nontoxic prodrugs, which are substrates of the enzymes, are hydrolyzed by these enzymes in order to release the cytotoxic agents (3,10). Therefore, the conjugates of the targeted molecules and enzymes serve a key role in TEPT. In previous studies we constructed a fusion protein, RGD4C-β-lactamase (RGD4CβL), which contains 2 motifs: RGD4C and β-lactamase, to develop a targeted enzyme prodrug system for the treatment of tumors (11,12). The targeting motif RGD4C (sequence, ACDCRGDCFCG) delivers β-lactamase, which hydrolyzes lactam-based prodrugs to release the chemotherapeutic agents at the tumor site. RGD4C is a ligand with a high affinity for integrin α_vβ₃, which is overexpressed on various tumor cells and angiogenic vessels. Due to the upregulation of the integrin on tumor cells, α_vβ₃ may be used as a target for treatment (13–18). RGD4C contains 2 disulfide bonds formed by 4 cysteine residues. The affinity of RGD4C for integrin α_vβ₃ is 20-fold greater than similar peptides with a single disulfide bond, and 200-fold greater than linear peptides (13).

RGD4C is suitable for incorporation into proteins and viruses by recombinant technology (19), therefore this cyclic peptide was chosen as the targeting motif. β-lactamase exists in bacteria, exhibits no isozyme in mammals and exhibits a high specificity for hydrolyzing lactam-based prodrugs. This ensures that β-lactamase is useful for targeted enzyme prodrug systems (20,21), and a variant with reduced immunogenicity and high catalytic activity was constructed for the use of β-lactamase in enzyme prodrug therapy (22). This variant was used as the catalytic motif.

Previous studies revealed that the fusion protein RGD4CβL retained a high catalytic activity on the lactam-based prodrug, and exhibited high plasma stability and low immunogenicity (11,12). In the present study, RGD4CβL was labeled with ¹²⁵I and the properties of the fusion protein were evaluated in vivo, to investigate the potency of the protein for use in TEPT.

Materials and methods

Materials

Na¹²⁵I was purchased from Perkin Elmer Life & Analytical Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA), and dissolved in pH8-11 350 mCi/ml NaOH solution. Sephadex G-50 was sourced from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Logan, UT, USA). Medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin were purchased from Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences. Human sera were obtained from the Tianjin Blood Center (Tianjin, China). All procedures using human sera were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Radiation Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Tianjin, China) and all studies using human sera were conducted in accordance with the regulations of the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Radiation Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Silica gel plates were purchased from Yantai JIANGYOU Silica Gel Development Co., Ltd., (Yantai, China). All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The fusion protein RGD4CβL, 4.2 kDa, consisted of β-lactamase combined with ACD CRG DCF CG (RGD4C) by recombinant DNA technology. The fusion gene was cloned into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the protein was purified with Ni-NTA resin, and was additionally confirmed by western blotting as described previously (11,12).

Cell culture and animals

U87MG and A549 cells were obtained from Cell Resource Center, IBMS, CAMS/PUMC (Beijing, China) and cultured in minimum essential medium and RPMI-1640 medium, with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Pathogen-free 6–7 week old female BALB/c nude mice were obtained from the Experimental Animal Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). All animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Radiation Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Tianjin, China), and all animal studies were conducted in accordance with the regulations of the Ethics Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Tianjin, China).

Radioiodine labeling

A total of 3 µl Na¹²⁵I was dissolved in 100 µl phosphate buffer (PB) buffer (pH=7.4) and vibrated. A total of 200 µl protein solution, 0.5 mg RGD4CβL, was then added and the solution was mixed. Subsequently, 50 µl chloramine-t was added and allowed to react at room temperature for 3 min. A total of 50 µl sodium pyrosulfite, 20 mg/ml, was then added to stop the reaction, and the crude product was obtained. The dilution factor of ¹²⁵I was calculated as: Final volume/initial volume (1:134.3).

Purification and radiochemical purity

The crude product was transferred to a chromatography column filled with Sephadex G-50, which was pre-blocked by bovine serum albumin, and eluted by PB buffer (pH=7.4). The effluent was collected in tubes. The radioactivity in each tube was measured with a γ counter, (2470 WIZARD2, PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), and tubes 14–17 were collected. The final product, ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL, was obtained and passed through a 0.22 µm Millipore filter to eliminate possible aggregates. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was then performed using an AR-2000 radio-TLC Imaging Scanner, Bioscan (Washington, DC, USA) to determine the labeling efficiency and the radiochemical purity of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL, directly subsequent to labeling and purification, using acetone as a developing solvent.

In vitro stability

In total, 2 portions of 100 µl of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL were added to 500 µl normal saline at room temperature (25°C) and 500 µl human serum at 37°C respectively. The radiochemical purities were assayed by TLC at 1, 2, 6 and 24 h.

Tumor model and in vivo imaging

In the right flank (armpit region) of 6–7 week old BALB/c nude mice, 5×10⁶ U87MG or A549 cells were implanted. The tumors were allowed to grow for 3 weeks subsequent to inoculation, then the animals received 7 µCi of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL, in 200 µl PBS, via the lateral tail vein under anesthesia. The images of the mice were taken using a small-animal imaging system (Kodak In-Vivo Imaging System Fx Pro, Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA) at several time points.

Biodistribution

A total of 4 mice bearing A549 xenografts were injected with 7 µCi of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL via the tail vein. At 6 h post-injection, mice were anaesthetized, bled and dissected. The blood, tumor, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, muscle, brain and gonad, were weighed and measured for radioactivity using a γ counter. The uptake of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL was expressed as the percentage injected dose per gram body weight (% ID/g).

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using Prism software (version 5.01; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis of all data. Two-sided significance levels were calculated and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate experiments.

Results

Purification and radiochemical purity

Following radio-labelling, the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL was purified using Sephadex G-50 chromatography and the fractions (tubes 14–17) were collected as the final product, as demonstrated in Fig. 1. The radiolabeling efficiency and radiochemical purity were assayed on silica gel plates, using acetone as the developing solvent. The radiolabeling efficiency in the present experiment was 82.6%, as illustrated in Fig. 2 A. The radiochemical purity of final product was almost 100%, as demonstrated in Fig. 2 B.

Figure 1.

Separation and collection of the ¹²⁵I- RGD4CβL using column chromatography. The first peak is the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL, and the second is free ¹²⁵I.

Figure 2.

Labeling efficiency and radiochemical purity of the ¹²⁵I- RGD4CβL. The labeling rate and the radiochemical purity of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL were determined using radio-thin layer chromatography. (A) The labeling efficiency was calculated to be 86.5%. (B) Following purification, the radiochemical purity of the ^25I-RGD4CβL was 100%, which is suitable for the in vivo imaging and the biodistribution assay.

In vitro stability

Radiochemical purity of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL remained >89 and 86% periodically, over 24 h in normal saline at room temperature and in human serum at 37°C, as illustrated in Fig. 3, which demonstrated a positive prognosis for in vivo application.

Figure 3.

In vitro stability. The radiochemical purity of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL remained at >89 and 86% over 24 h in normal saline at room temperature, 25°C, and in human serum at 37°C, respectively.

In vivo imaging

Nude mice bearing A549 and U87MG xenografts were injected with 7µCi of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL. Fig. 4 demonstrated the results of the in vivo imaging at several time points. The colors reflected the distribution of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL in mice, where red demonstrated tumor uptake of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL and yellow demonstrated excretion of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL by the urinary system.

Figure 4.

In vivo imaging of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL in nude mice bearing xenografts at (A) 2, (B) 4, (C) 6 and (D) 8 h. The 2 mice on the left of the images were nude mice bearing A549 xenografts, and the 2 mice on the right were nude mice bearing U87MG xenografts. The levels of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL were reduced to background level at 24 h (data not included). Excretion of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL occurred through the urinary system; as demonstrated in the images, there was intense radioactivity, yellow, in the bladder, which was higher than in the other organs of several mice.

Biodistribution

The results of the biodistribution of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL are demonstrated in Fig. 5, and the data is presented as the percentage dose per gram tissue (%ID/g). The distribution of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL in distinct organs was evaluated by measuring the radioactivity density of each organ at 6 h following intravenous injection. Fig. 5 demonstrates the radioactivities of the primary organs. The highest density of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL was observed in the kidney, which suggested renal clearance. The concentration of tumor ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL was increased compared with the blood and muscle.

Figure 5.

Biodistribution of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL in nude mice bearing A549 xenografts. The data were measured as %ID/g, and were expressed as the mean value ± standard deviation, n=4. The highest dose percentile was in the kidneys, which is consistent with the whole-body imaging results and indicates that the fusion protein was metabolized through the urinary system. The uptake of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL in the tumors was increased compared with in the blood and the muscle tissues, with the ratios of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL levels in tumor vs. blood and in tumor vs. muscle measuring 1.7 and 3.8, respectively, which illustrated the suitability of the ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL as an imaging agent for treatment monitoring, and confirmed the viability of RGD4CβL as a targeted enzyme within targeted enzyme prodrug therapy.

Discussion

Targeted enzymes are useful in tumor therapy as they convert nontoxic prodrugs into chemotherapeutic agents at the precise tumor sites, avoiding systemic exposure and minimizing side effects, and catalyzing the self-quenching substrate in in vivo fluorescence imaging (22,23). The key characteristics of targeted enzymes are their biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties. These enzymes should exhibit a high uptake level at the tumor site, and should degrade rapidly in the blood and normal tissues, converting the prodrugs in a site-specific manner (2,3,24,25). Therefore, it is important to investigate the in vivo distribution and clearance mechanisms of these enzymes.

The present study constructed RGD4CβL as a targeted enzyme for use in TEPT. Previous studies have demonstrated that RGD4CβL possesses a potent catalytic function, low immunogenicity and high stability (11). Flow cytometric studies have also revealed that the targeting effect of RGD4CβL was equal to that of RGD4C, and is blocked by RGD4C in vitro (12). Immunofluorescent staining of fluorescein isothiocyanate-RGD4CβL and a binding assay of ^99mTc-RGD4CβL confirmed the affinity and specificity of RGD4CβL on tumor cells, and that the ^99mTc-RGD4CβL exhibited a short half-life in rats. The half-lives of distribution and elimination of ^99mTc-RGD4CβL were 7.8 and 21.9 min, respectively (26), which are favorable for its use in TEPT. In the present study, in vivo imaging and biodistribution assays using radioiodine labeling technology were performed, and revealed that RGD4CβL may be efficiently labeled with ¹²⁵I, and ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL exhibited good stability in plasma. Biodistribution assays demonstrated that ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL enters tumor sites and remains at an acceptable level within the tumor in comparison with normal tissues. ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL is also removed rapidly from the body by renal excretion; at 24 h post-injection, the radioactivity levels in mice were reduced to background levels (data not included). These results revealed the potency of RGD4CβL within TEPT, and demonstrated the use of ¹²⁵I-RGD4CβL in molecular imaging for treatment monitoring, and the optimization of doses and time schedules in TEPT.