Table 3.
Clinical trials.
| Reference | Location | Design | Plum Product | Intervention | Population | Markers Measured | Duration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arjmandi et al. 2002 [12] | USA | RCT | Dried plum (P. domestica) | 100 g/day DP or 75 g/day dried apple | Postmenopausal women (n = 58) | IFG-I, IGFBP-3, AP, BSAP, TRAP, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, urine-DPD, urine-HP | 3 months | DP led to borderline significant increases in AP and IGF-1. Borderline significant increase in BSAP No significant differences on other markers measured. |
| Hooshmand et al. 2011 [10]; Hooshmand et al. 2014 [13] | USA | RCT | Dried plum (P. domestica) | 100 g/day DP or 75 g/day dried apple | Postmenopausal women with osteopenia (n = 160 enrolled; 100 completed) | BMD (spine, ulna, total hip and whole body), RANKL, OPG, sclerostin, osteocalcin, TRAP-5b, BALP, DPD, phosphorus, calcium | 1 year | Significant increase in BMD at the spine and ulna in both groups, however increases were significantly greater in the DP group compared to dried apple control. Borderline significant increase in RANKL and OPG on DP group. Significant decrease in sclerostin, BSAP and TRAP-5b. No significant differences on other markers measured. |
| Simonthsnavice et al. 2014 [14] | USA | Intervention | Dried plum (P. domestica) | 90 g/day DP with combination resistance training vs. resistance training alone. | Female breast cancer survivors (n = 23) | BMD (lumbar spine, femur and forearm), TRAP-5b, BSAP, CRP | 6 months | No significant differences between groups or any group-by-time interaction. |
| Hooshmand et al. 2016 [11] | USA | RCT | Dried plum (P. domestica) | 0, 50 g/day or 100 g/day DP. | Postmenopausal women (n = 48) | BMD (total body, total hip, L1-L4 and ulna), BAP, TRAP-5b, BAP/TRAP-5b ratio, hs-CRP, IGF-1, sclerostin, RANKL, OPG, RANKL/OPG ratio, 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus | 6 months | Compared to controls: Both doses of DP prevented loss of total body BMD but not hip, spine or ulna BMD as compared to the control group. TRAP-5b decreased at 3 months and this was sustained at 6 months in both 50 and 100 g DP groups. BAP/TRAP-5b ratio was significantly greater at 6 months in both DP groups. No significant differences on other markers measured. |
25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; AP = alkaline phosphatase; BAP = bone alkaline phosphatase; BMD = bone mineral density; BSAP = bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; DP = dried plums; DPD = deoxypyridinoline; HS = hydroxylysylpyridinoline; hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3 = insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3; OPG = osteoprotegerin; RANKL = receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; TRAP = tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; TRAP-5b = tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b.