Erratum
Following publication of this article [1], it has come to our attention that the formatting in Tables 1 and 2 has affected the alignment in such a way that some of the data and categories are difficult to read. The original article has been updated and the correct versions of the tables can also be viewed below.
Table 1.
Individual regression modelsa for all potential correlates of screen time and sedentary time for boys and girls
| Variable | Screen time mins/day | Sedentary time mins/day | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys (n=504) | Girls (n=433) | Boys (n=394) | Girls (n=323) | |||||
| % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | |
| Individual level | ||||||||
| Demographic and family profile | ||||||||
| Child disability/poor health | 10.3% | 4.57 (-17.79, 26.93) | 5.6% | 39.18 (-4.82, 83.18) | 9.9% | -10.93 (-21.99, 0.12) | 5.6% | 14.38 (0.64, 28.13) |
| Child’s birth parents live together | 86.9% | -5.90 (-30.42, 18.63) | 89.3% | -10.91 (-40.22, 18.40) | 88.1% | 9.71 (-0.63, 20.05) | 90.0% | -1.60 (-14.50, 11.30) |
| Child sleep duration (hours) | 11.1 (1.1) | -13.96 (-22.40, -5.52) | 11.0 (1.1) | -10.24 (-16.91, -3.57) | 11.1 (1.0) | -7.09 (-11.35, -2.82) | 11.0 (1.1) | -6.52 (-9.20, -3.84) |
| Child has siblings | 84.9% | -0.98 (-17.83, 15.88) | 82.3% | -8.30 (-24.40, 7.81) | 86.6% | -4.63 (-16.17, 6.91) | 83.5% | 1.79 (-9.37, 12.96) |
| Child BMI categoryc | ||||||||
| Underweight/healthy weight (ref) | 82.5% | 0 | 80.8% | 0 | 83.3% | 0 | 80.0% | 0 |
| Overweight/obese | 17.5% | 2.64 (-14.22, 19.51) | 19.2% | 2.19 (-14.84, 19.21) | 16.7% | -1.30 (-12.00, 10.02) | 20.0% | 6.94 (-3.84, 17.72) |
| Maternal age (years) | 37.1 (5.3) | -0.13 (-1.65, 1.40) | 37.1 (5.1) | -1.22 (-2.53, 0.09) | 37.0 (5.1) | 0.57 (-0.06, 1.21) | 37.1 (5.2) | -0.30 (-1.07, 0.48) |
| Mother born in Australia | 70.1% | -17.00 (-32.69, -1.32) | 68.1% | -26.60 (-42.88, -10.32) | 72.6% | -7.75 (-16.18, 0.69) | 68.1% | -0.61 (-8.89, 7.67) |
| Maternal BMI categoryd | ||||||||
| Healthy weight (ref) | 62.1% | 0 | 60.9% | 0 | 62.1% | 0 | 62.8% | 0 |
| Overweight | 22.7% | 11.13 (-1.70, 23.96) | 21.8% | 7.28 (-8.60, 23.16) | 23.4% | 5.69 (-2.98, 14.37) | 19.2% | 9.99 (0.51, 19.47) |
| Obese | 15.2% | 17.04 (-8.42, 42.49) | 17.3% | 26.78 (7.91, 45.65) | 14.6% | -8.80 (-18.27, 0.68) | 18.0% | 7.98 (-1.32, 17.28) |
| Mother in paid employmente | 55.3% | -6.29 (-20.24, 7.66) | 52.5% | -9.49 (-22.72, 3.74) | 55.5% | 5.63 (-2.12, 13.38) | 50.8% | 3.91 (-2.83, 10.65) |
| Maternal disability/poor health | 3.4% | 7.72 (-28.30, 43.75) | 4.4% | 33.04 (-3.77, 69.86) | 2.5% | -17.05 (-35.42, 1.32) | 4.6% | 19.32 (5.72, 32.92) |
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | 10.6% | 0 | 11.2% | 0 | 9.9% | 0 | 11.2% | 0 |
| Year 12/trade/diploma | 31.7% | -6.72 (-34.83, 21.38) | 36.3% | -10.37 (-34.49, 13.75) | 31.0% | -7.21 (-21.03, 6.61) | 34.7% | 6.71 (-9.16, 22.57) |
| University degree/post-graduate | 57.7% | -17.11 (-45.00, 10.78) | 52.6% | -34.98 (-57.46, -12.49) | 59.0% | -1.83 (-13.93, 10.28) | 54.2% | -6.23 (-18.96, 6.49) |
| Low income status (health care/pension card) | 20.4% | 13.72 (-4.88, 32.33) | 18.1% | 23.91 (3.92, 43.90) | 17.7% | -4.05 (-14.67, 6.57) | 17.7% | 4.40 (-5.70, 14.5) |
| Paternal age (years) | 39.1 (5.7) | -0.65 (-1.74, 0.43) | 39.2 (5.5) | -0.58 (-1.99, 0.83) | 38.9 (5.5) | 0.85 (0.21, 1.50) | 39.0 (5.3) | -0.27 (-1.14, 0.59) |
| Father born in Australia | 68.3% | -8.24 (-22.90, 6.42) | 66.9% | -19.14 (-35.97, -2.32) | 71.3% | -6.46 (-15.31, 2.39) | 69.5% | -2.25 (-11.36, 6.86) |
| Paternal BMI categoryd | ||||||||
| Healthy weight (ref) | 38.6% | 0 | 34.0% | 0 | 36.7% | 0 | 36.5% | 0 |
| Overweight | 45.2% | 1.91 (-11.26, 15.08) | 48.7% | 4.62 (-11.62, 20.87) | 46.9% | -0.38 (-9.41, 8.66) | 47.0% | -3.47 (-11.23, 4.28) |
| Obese | 16.2% | 18.84 (2.21, 35.48) | 17.3% | 18.97 (-2.31, 40.24) | 16.3% | 8.57 (-2.73, 19.86) | 16.5% | 6.99 (-4.81, 18.80) |
| Father in paid employmente | 88.9% | 10.16 (-7.81, 28.13) | 90.8% | -16.27 (-42.18, 9.64) | 89.7% | 1.96 (-11.21, 15.12) | 90.9% | -10.51 (-27.72, 6.71) |
| Paternal disability/poor health | 4.9% | 32.13 (-6.56, 70.83) | 4.4% | 38.40 (-10.43, 87.23) | 4.5% | 14.39 (-3.29, 32.08) | 4.8% | 4.17 (-9.92, 18.26) |
| Paternal education | ||||||||
| Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | 9.6% | 0 | 9.5% | 0 | 9.9% | 0 | 7.8% | 0 |
| Year 12/trade/diploma | 39.9% | -8.63 (-29.07, 11.82) | 42.4% | 0.26 (-25.22, 25.74) | 39.2% | -4.91 (-16.47, 6.65) | 41.8% | -8.10 (-26.21, 10.01) |
| University degree/post-graduate | 50.5% | -14.67 (-33.75, 4.42) | 48.1% | -28.92 (-52.31, -5.53) | 51.0% | 0.95 (-9.83, 11.73) | 50.3% | -9.01 (-25.08, 7.06) |
| Child PA and SB | ||||||||
| Usual frequency of active transport per week (e.g., ride a bike to kinder) | 4.6 (3.9) | -0.22 (-1.79, 1.35) | 4.3 (4.1) | -3.01 (-4.53, -1.49) | 4.4 (3.6) | -0.73 (-1.65, 0.19) | 4.2 (3.9) | -0.10 (-1.28, 1.07) |
| Usual frequency of non-organised activities per week (e.g., play in the backyard) | 22.7 (9.8) | -0.51 (-1.20, 0.19) | 22.8 (10.4) | -0.35 (-0.80, 0.09) | 22.3 (9.7) | -0.28 (-0.65, 0.09) | 22.3 (10.4) | -0.18 (-0.56, 0.19) |
| Number of organised activities per week (e.g., swimming, tennis) | 0.9 (0.8) | -3.75 (-12.14, 4.63) | 1.2 (0.8) | -17.67 (-25.95, -9.39) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.93 (-3.81, 5.67) | 1.2 (0.8) | -3.29 (-7.79, 1.21) |
| Child attends playgroupf | 24.3% | 4.98 (-8.96, 18.92) | 20.8% | 1.52 (-16.25, 19.30) | 24.1% | 0.27 (-7.36, 7.90) | 20.1% | -3.88 (-11.64, 3.88) |
| Average outdoor play time hours/day (week and weekend day) | 4.3 (2.7) | 0.11 (-2.60, 2.82) | 3.8 (2.5) | 1.18 (-1.27, 3.63) | 4.2 (2.6) | -0.27 (-1.77, 1.24) | 3.7 (2.5) | -0.75 (-2.33, 0.83) |
| Child personality, preferences and constraints | ||||||||
| Child active co-participation preferences (e.g., active by him/herself, active with his/her friends) | 1.8 (1.5) | 0.42 (-2.82, 3.65) | 1.6 (1.4) | -0.78 (-5.74, 4.19) | 1.8 (1.5) | -0.59 (-3.43, 2.25) | 1.5 (1.4) | -1.92 (-4.60, 0.77) |
| Child is active for longer with someone else | 79.2% | -20.57 (-40.06, -1.08) | 78.3% | 14.43 (-2.48, 31.34) | 78.9% | -6.32 (-16.18, 3.55) | 78.5% | -1.70 (-11.41, 8.00) |
| Child is competitive with other children when being active | 66.2% | 11.48 (-1.00, 23.96) | 51.9% | -1.21 (-14.28, 11.86) | 66.9% | 2.75 (-3.41, 8.90) | 51.3% | 0.33 (-7.44, 8.09) |
| Child prosocial PA behaviour (e.g., asks for opportunities to be active) | 12.8 (2.8) | 0.29 (-2.17, 2.76) | 12.6 (2.9) | -0.43 (-2.58, 1.73) | 12.8 (2.7) | -0.24 (-1.40, 0.92) | 12.5 (2.8) | -0.01 (-1.60, 1.58) |
| Child preferences for SB (e.g., more likely to watch TV than be active) | 4.1 (1.6) | 10.07 (5.98, 14.16) | 4.4 (1.4) | 14.51 (9.71, 19.32) | 4.1 (1.6) | 0.89 (-1.42, 3.20) | 4.5 (1.4) | 1.08 (-2.37, 4.53) |
| Child constraints to PA (e.g., too tired to do more PA) | -12.1 (4.5) | 1.60 (0.11, 3.09) | -11.9 (4.4) | 1.28 (-0.07, 2.63) | -12.2 (4.4) | -0.48 (-1.21, 0.25) | -11.8 (4.5) | -0.33 (-1.12, 0.46) |
| Social level | ||||||||
| Parental influence | ||||||||
| Parental concerns about child’s PA/SB | -3.9 (3.3) | 4.59 (2.51, 6.66) | -4.4 (3.1) | 7.47 (4.90, 10.04) | -3.8 (3.3) | 0.57 (-0.44, 1.57) | -4.3 (3.0) | 0.59 (-0.69, 1.87) |
| Parental constraints to child’s PA | 6.9 (3.1) | 2.87 (0.36, 5.38) | 6.7 (3.2) | 5.05 (3.19, 6.92) | 6.9 (3.0) | 0.14 (-1.01, 1.28) | 6.8 (3.1) | 0.94 (-0.19, 2.07) |
| Parent likes to participate in outdoor play | 73.5% | 4.70 (-8.72, 18.12) | 70.8% | 7.03 (-7.35, 21.41) | 73.0% | 3.65 (-3.37, 10.67) | 70.0% | -5.31 (-13.37, 2.75) |
| Parent prefers to be social with other parents | 36.7% | -5.65 (-17.2, 5.90) | 39.1% | 11.65 (-1.77, 25.07) | 35.6% | -0.68 (-7.52, 6.15) | 36.8% | -2.02 (-10.21, 6.16) |
| Parent gets bored watching child playing in outdoor spaces | 11.8% | -22.01 (-36.87, -7.15) | 12.5% | 5.81 (-18.58, 30.19) | 11.5% | -0.71 (-8.44, 7.02) | 12.7% | -7.79 (-18.44, 2.86) |
| Parent likes child to do activities of older children | 24.0% | -10.26 (-24.05, 3.52) | 22.5% | 12.73 (-2.27, 27.73) | 24.7% | 1.18 (-6.7, 9.07) | 22.0% | 6.29 (-2.93, 15.50) |
| Parent likes child to do activities they did as a child | 34.3% | 5.27 (-9.72, 20.26) | 33.0% | 1.79 (-12.19, 15.76) | 34.4% | -0.71 (-7.41, 5.99) | 34.1% | -0.01 (-8.59, 8.58) |
| Parent gets bored going to the same place | 12.8% | 5.71 (-21.47, 32.88) | 10.9% | 7.73 (-17.83, 33.29) | 10.7% | -0.83 (-10.72, 9.06) | 11.2% | -6.60 (-16.29, 3.09) |
| Parent believes it’s important to be active as a family | 90.8% | -26.67 (-48.93, -4.42) | 86.9% | -14.56 (-34.31, 5.19) | 90.6% | -0.22 (-12.23, 11.80) | 86.8% | -6.87 (-19.39, 5.65) |
| Parental self-efficacy to support PA | 5.9 (1.7) | -3.62 (-7.02, -0.23) | 5.9 (1.8) | -8.07 (-11.75, -4.38) | 5.9 (1.7) | 0.06 (-2.00, 2.12) | 5.8 (1.8) | -0.54 (-2.60, 1.53) |
| Parental self-efficacy to limit screen time | 8.7 (2.3) | -9.15 (-11.68, -6.62) | 8.9 (2.5) | -8.25 (-10.98, -5.52) | 8.8 (2.3) | -0.20 (-1.86, 1.46) | 9.0 (2.4) | -0.89 (-2.43, 0.66) |
| Parental health knowledge/beliefs of child's PA | 1.5 (2.2) | -4.19 (-8.74, 0.36) | 1.3 (2.2) | -5.65 (-8.87, -2.44) | 1.6 (2.1) | -0.08 (-1.72, 1.56) | 1.3 (2.2) | 0.46 (-1.31, 2.23) |
| Rules and boundaries | ||||||||
| Parental rules to limit screen time | 2.1 (1.6) | -11.40 (-16.32, -6.48) | 2.2 (1.5) | -14.20 (-18.24, -10.16) | 2.2 (1.6) | -0.64 (-2.65, 1.37) | 2.2 (1.5) | -1.90 (-4.46, 0.66) |
| Parental rules about games inside (e.g., no throwing balls inside) | -0.2 (2.1) | 1.13 (-2.50, 4.76) | -0.2 (2.1) | 1.13 (-2.50, 4.76) | -0.2 (2.1) | -0.16 (-1.90, 1.58) | -0.1 (2.1) | 1.16 (-0.73, 3.05) |
| Parental rules about PA for stranger danger, traffic, injury | 2.3 (1.5) | -1.23 (-6.15, 3.70) | 2.3 (1.6) | 1.27 (-2.65, 5.19) | 2.3 (1.5) | -1.73 (-4.17, 0.71) | 2.3 (1.5) | -0.31 (-3.17, 2.54) |
| Parent allows child to play freely in backyard/street | -0.1 (1.2) | -6.29 (-13.74, 1.16) | -0.1 (1.2) | -7.11 (-12.49, -1.73) | -0.1 (1.1) | -2.67 (-6.09, 0.75) | -0.04 (1.2) | -0.97 (-3.99, 2.05) |
| Parent switches off screen entertainment | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.19 (-0.62, 7.00) | 2.6 (1.3) | 3.26 (-1.76, 8.28) | 2.7 (1.4) | -0.27 (-2.80, 2.26) | 2.7 (1.3) | -0.83 (-3.35, 1.69) |
| Social interaction and support | ||||||||
| Child is active at social gatherings | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.26 (-1.42, 11.95) | 6.0 (1.2) | 1.05 (-5.88, 7.97) | 6.0 (1.0) | -0.54 (-5.45, 4.37) | 5.9 (1.2) | -1.86 (-4.50, 0.77) |
| Maternal PA emotional support for child | 5.5 (2.1) | 4.32 (1.74, 6.90) | 5.4 (2.1) | 1.20 (-1.84, 4.24) | 5.5 (2.1) | -1.75 (-3.46, -0.04) | 5.4 (2.1) | -0.92 (-2.55, 0.71) |
| Paternal PA emotional support for child | 4.7 (2.4) | 4.29 (1.89, 6.70) | 4.6 (2.4) | 1.86 (-0.95, 4.66) | 4.7 (2.4) | -1.25 (-2.77, 0.28) | 4.6 (2.4) | -0.73 (-2.43, 0.97) |
| Modelling of PA | ||||||||
| Maternal time in PA (hours/week) | 5.4 (4.2) | -0.01 (-1.72, 1.69) | 5.0 (4.0) | -1.28 (-3.01, 0.45) | 5.3 (4.0) | -0.17 (-0.79, 0.45) | 4.9 (3.9) | 0.46 (-0.54, 1.45) |
| Paternal time in PA (hours/week) | 5.4 (4.7) | 0.24 (-0.93, 1.40) | 5.2 (4.6) | -2.12 (-3.65, -0.59) | 5.0 (4.3) | -0.47 (-1.17, 0.22) | 5.2 (4.5) | 0.35 (-0.53, 1.23) |
| Maternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 8.6 (6.8) | 3.87 (1.81, 5.93) | 9.0 (6.5) | 2.62 (1.56, 3.68) | 8.6 (6.1) | -0.14 (-0.74, 0.46) | 9.2 (6.6) | 0.10 (-0.46, 0.66) |
| Paternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 9.6 (6.6) | 1.91 (0.96, 2.85) | 9.8 (7.0) | 2.26 (1.23, 3.29) | 9.8 (6.4) | 0.16 (-0.39, 0.71) | 9.6 (6.9) | -0.01 (-0.48, 0.46) |
| Maternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | 3.2 (2.0) | -0.63 (-4.49, 3.23) | 3.0 (2.0) | -3.67 (-6.97, -0.38) | 3.3 (2.0) | -0.29 (-1.94, 1.35) | 3.0 (2.0) | -1.03 (-3.27, 1.22) |
| Paternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | 2.8 (2.0) | -1.82 (-4.88, 1.24) | 2.6 (2.0) | -4.68 (-7.73, -1.63) | 2.8 (1.9) | -0.21 (-2.01, 1.60) | 2.7 (2.0) | -0.28 (-2.26, 1.69) |
| Physical environment level | ||||||||
| Dog ownership | 32.3% | 3.35 (-9.64, 16.34) | 32.2% | -1.44 (-14.89, 12.00) | 32.1% | 0.90 (-6.43, 8.22) | 31.2% | 4.94 (-2.91, 12.79) |
| Number of pieces of toys/equipment to be physically active with at home (e.g., swings, slide) | 13.3 (3.5) | -1.62 (-3.25, 0.001) | 13.1 (3.7) | -2.37 (-4.15, -0.60) | 13.4 (3.5) | -0.12 (-1.17, 0.93) | 13.1 (3.7) | -0.69 (-1.89, 0.52) |
| Lives on medium/large block | 86.1% | 1.16 (-14.99, 17.30) | 85.2% | -8.11 (-26.65, 10.43) | 86.1% | -1.06 (-12.25, 10.13) | 84.5% | -6.63 (-18.48, 5.21) |
| Number of features at home (e.g., front fence, covered outdoor areas) | 1.9 (0.9) | -11.00 (-20.38, -1.62) | 1.9 (0.9) | -11.48 -17.82, -5.14) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.02 (-2.10, 6.14) | 1.9 (0.8) | -3.14 (-8.23, 1.95) |
| Lives on a cul-de-sac | 24.1% | 24.23 (7.27, 41.19) | 29.6% | 13.57 (-1.66, 28.79) | 23.3% | -5.76 (-13.49, 1.97) | 28.0% | 0.31 (-7.40, 8.01) |
| Number of pieces of electronic equipment at home (e.g., DVD player, PlayStation) | 5.1 (1.2) | 3.83 (-2.76, 10.41) | 5.1 (1.1) | 2.89 (-2.67, 8.46) | 5.1 (1.1) | 1.01 (-2.89, 4.91) | 5.0 (1.1) | 1.58 (-2.33, 5.49) |
| Number of TVs at home | 2.2 (1.2) | 7.31 (1.89, 12.74) | 2.2 (1.1) | 14.08 (7.61, 20.55) | 2.2 (1.1) | -0.80 (-3.60, 2.00) | 2.2 (1.0) | 4.10 (1.00, 7.20) |
| TV in child’s bedroom | 10.6% | 23.51 (4.75, 42.28) | 9.5% | 50.01 (23.84, 76.18) | 10.0% | 0.02 (-11.97, 12.01) | 7.1% | 12.36 (-1.91, 26.63) |
| Computer/e-games in child’s bedroom | 4.2% | 11.34 (-28.46, 51.15) | 4.2% | 5.86 (-22.70, 34.41) | 4.1% | 17.37 (-9.11, 43.85) | 3.7% | 15.80 (-1.21, 32.81) |
| Neighbourhood playground suitability (e.g., equipment, shade, safety) | 5.5 (4.4) | -2.98 (-5.30, -0.66) | 5.2 (4.4) | -2.71 (-4.15, -1.28) | 5.6 (4.2) | -0.92 (-1.65, -0.19) | 5.5 (4.5) | -0.31 (-1.13, 0.52) |
| Neighbourhood constraints to active transport (e.g., busy roads) | 4.9 (4.4) | -1.46 (-3.19, 0.28) | 4.8 (4.6) | -2.06 (-3.50, -0.62) | 5.0 (4.4) | -0.65 (-1.28, -0.01) | 5.0 (4.4) | -0.42 (-1.34, 0.50) |
| Total frequency of visiting active places per week | 6.5 (3.2) | 0.64 (-1.58, 2.85) | 5.9 (3.0) | 0.24 (-2.62, 3.10) | 6.4 (3.2) | -0.77 (-1.90, 0.37) | 5.9 (3.1) | -0.35 (-1.60, 0.90) |
BMI body mass index; CI confidence interval; e-games electronic games; PA physical activity; SB sedentary behaviour; TV television
Notes: aAll models adjusted for age, preschool/childcare attendance and clustering by centre of recruitment; bReported as % for binary/categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables; cDirectly measured height and weight, calculated using Cole et al. classifications; dParents’ self-reported height and weight, calculated using WHO classifications; eIncludes part- and full-time paid employment; f In Australia, playgroups are informal gatherings for parents (and caregivers) and their children prior to the commencement of school; bolded data indicates significance (p<0.05); - indicates variable not included in combined model
Table 2.
Combined regression modelsa for correlates of screen time and sedentary time for boys and girls
| Variable | Screen time mins/day | Sedentary time mins/day | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys (n=504) | Girls (n=433) | Boys (n=394) | Girls (n=323) | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Individual level | ||||
| Demographic and family profile | ||||
| Child disability/poor health | - | - | - | 10.18 (-3.03, 23.40) |
| Child sleep duration (hours) | -7.49 (-13.46, -1.52) | -5.67 (-11.57, 0.23) | -3.97 (-7.95, 0.01) | -5.76 (-8.83, -2.69) |
| Mother born in Australia | 0.99 (-11.45, 13.42) | -15.66 (-28.97, -2.35) | - | - |
| Maternal BMI categoryc | ||||
| Healthy weight (ref) | - | 0 | - | 0 |
| Overweight | - | 1.56 (-12.22, 15.34) | - | 8.55 (-0.90, 18.00) |
| Obese | - | 15.11 (-4.11, 34.32) | - | 5.20 (-4.05, 14.45) |
| Maternal disability/poor health | - | - | - | 10.97 (-5.36, 27.30) |
| Maternal education | ||||
| Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | - | 0 | - | - |
| Year 12/trade/diploma | - | -3.39 (-27.86, 21.09) | - | - |
| University degree/post-graduate | - | -2.62 (-30.91, 25.66) | - | - |
| Low income status (health care/pension card) | - | -4.22 (-23.18, 14.74) | - | - |
| Paternal age (years) | - | - | 0.73 (0.10, 1.35) | - |
| Father born in Australia | - | -3.93 (-17.82, 9.95) | - | - |
| Paternal BMI categoryc | ||||
| Healthy weight (ref) | 0 | - | - | - |
| Overweight | -1.15 (-13.03, 10.74) | - | - | - |
| Obese | 2.79 (-12.80, 18.37) | - | - | - |
| Paternal education | ||||
| Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | - | 0 | - | - |
| Year 12/trade/diploma | - | 23.26 (0.11, 46.41) | - | - |
| University degree/post-graduate | - | 9.66 (-16.33, 35.65) | - | - |
| Child PA and SB | ||||
| Usual frequency of active transport per week (e.g., ride a bike to kinder) | - | -1.72 (-3.14, -0.30) | - | - |
| Number of organised activities per week (e.g., swimming, tennis) | - | -7.54 (-15.72, 0.64) | - | - |
| Child personality, preferences and constraints | ||||
| Child is active for longer with someone else | -10.63 (-23.18, 1.93) | - | - | - |
| Child preferences for SB (e.g., more likely to watch TV than be active) | 3.52 (-1.49, 8.53) | 7.09 (2.47, 11.70) | - | - |
| Child constraints to PA (e.g., too tired to do more PA) | -0.69 (-2.12, 0.75) | - | - | - |
| Social level | ||||
| Parental influence | ||||
| Parental concerns about child’s PA/SB | 1.87 (-0.05, 3.78) | 3.19 (0.62, 5.76) | - | - |
| Parental constraints to child’s PA | 0.74 (-1.36, 2.84) | 1.29 (-0.55, 3.13) | - | - |
| Parent gets bored watching child playing in outdoor spaces | -14.43 (-27.99, -0.86) | - | - | - |
| Parent believes it’s important to be active as a family | 6.08 (-10.86, 23.02) | - | - | - |
| Parental self-efficacy to support PA | 0.76 (-2.78, 4.30) | 1.67 (-2.23, 5.58) | - | - |
| Parental self-efficacy to limit screen time | -6.52 (-9.51, -3.54) | -2.64 (-5.12, -0.16) | - | - |
| Parental health knowledge/beliefs of child's PA | - | 0.22 (-3.67, 4.11) | - | - |
| Rules and boundaries | ||||
| Parental rules to limit screen time | -5.15 (-9.20, -1.11) | -5.20 (-9.94, -0.47) | - | - |
| Parent allows child to play freely in backyard/street | - | -4.62 (-9.39, 0.16) | - | - |
| Social interaction and support | ||||
| Maternal PA emotional support for child | 2.14 (-1.47, 5.76) | - | -1.10 (-2.84, 0.63) | - |
| Paternal PA emotional support for child | 2.14 (-0.87, 5.14) | - | - | - |
| Modelling of PA | ||||
| Paternal time in PA (hours/week) | - | -0.62 (-2.29, 1.04) | - | - |
| Maternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 2.27 (1.09, 3.46) | 1.33 (-0.05, 2.70) | - | - |
| Paternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 0.49 (-0.71, 1.69) | 0.65 (-0.33, 1.63) | - | - |
| Maternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | - | 0.36 (-3.27, 4.00) | - | - |
| Paternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | - | 0.54 (-3.54, 4.61) | - | - |
| Physical environment level | ||||
| Number of pieces of toys/ equipment to be physically active with at home (e.g., swings, slide) | - | 0.57 (-1.15, 2.29) | - | - |
| Number of features at home (e.g., front fence, covered outdoor areas) | -2.51 (-9.95, 4.92) | -2.34 (-9.40, 4.72) | - | - |
| Lives on a cul-de-sac | 11.70 (-1.26, 24.66) | - | - | - |
| Number of TVs at home | 3.65 (-2.04, 9.34) | 5.15 (-1.69, 11.99) | - | 2.45 (-0.79, 5.70) |
| TV in child’s bedroom | -1.74 (-23.72, 20.23) | 27.14 (-5.49, 59.77) | - | - |
| Neighbourhood playground suitability (e.g., equipment, shade, safety) | 0.11 (-1.10, 1.32) | -0.69 (-2.11, 0.73) | -0.69 (-1.51, 0.12) | - |
| Neighbourhood constraints to active transport (e.g., busy roads) | - | 0.14 (-1.29, 1.57) | -0.26 (-0.96, 0.43) | - |
BMI body mass index; CI confidence interval; PA physical activity; SB sedentary behaviour; TV television
Notes: aAll models adjusted for age, preschool/childcare attendance and clustering by centre of recruitment; bReported as % for binary/categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables; cParents’ self-reported height and weight, calculated using WHO classifications; bolded data indicates significance (p<0.05); - indicates variable not included in combined model
Footnotes
The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4195-x
Reference
- 1.Downing K, Hinkley T, Salmon J, Hnatiuk J, Hesketh K. Do the correlates of screen time and sedentary time differ in preschool children? BMC Public Health. 2017;17:1. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3954-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]