Abstract
Introduction
There is increasing evidence that systemic inflammation influences the prognosis in patients with malignant tumors. The aim of this research was to investigate the prognostic value of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with primary small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Methods
This study retrospectively analyzed 129 patients with primary small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus who underwent esophagectomy in The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2008 and December 2010. NLRs were calculated by using the following formula: peripheral neutrophil count/lymphocyte count (109/L). Correlations of NLR with other clinicopathologic data and prognosis were analyzed. The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The differences between groups were compared by using the log-rank test. Cox regression was used to analyze the factors that may affect the survival of the patients.
Results
The survival rate was found to be related to tumor stage, tumor location, nodal metastasis, TNM stage, histology, adjuvant therapy, and NLR (all P<0.05). High-NLR group had significantly poorer survival than low-NLR group (1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates: 46.6% vs 57.1%, 21.9% vs 50.0%, and 5.5% vs 23.2%, respectively, P=0.002). NLR was identified as an independent prognostic factor for patients with primary small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Conclusion
NLR is a valuable clinical marker in preoperative estimation as well as prognosis prediction for patients with primary small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Keywords: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, primary small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus, surgery, prognosis
Introduction
Primary small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) is an extremely rare disease, representing only 0.005%–4% of esophageal cancers (ECs) and 0.004%–4.6% of all gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms.1,2 On account of its rarity, a standard treatment has not yet been established.2 Patients with SCCE have been treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, alone or in combination.1 However, the outcome for SCCE remains grim due to a poor therapeutic response and a high rate of disease recurrence.3
Recently, there is increasing evidence that systemic inflammatory response plays an important role in postoperative survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.4–6 Previous studies have shown that pretreatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), as an index of systemic inflammation, influenced the prognosis in patients with various cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.7–9 The present study investigated the prognostic value of NLR in patients with SCCE.
Methods
Patients
From January 2008 to December 2010, a total of 4,141 patients received esophagectomy for EC at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Hebei (Shijiazhuang, China). The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) SCCE confirmed by histopathology, 2) surgery with curative esophagectomy, 3) surgery not preceded by neoadjuvant therapy, and 4) preoperative NLRs obtained before esophagectomy within 1 week. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) non-SCCE, 2) previous or coexisting cancers other than SCCE, 3) previous chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, 4) active concomitant infection within 1 week, and 5) distant metastasis. Finally, 129 patients were found to be eligible for this study. The following data of all the patients were collected: age, gender, laboratory examination, tumor stage and location, nodal metastasis, histology, and other miscellaneous characteristics on the basis of the medical records. Ethical approval from the ethical committee of the Tumor Hospital of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China, was obtained. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Follow-up
All patients received a standardized 3-month interval follow-up for the first year after operation, 6-month interval follow-up in the next 2 years, and yearly follow-up thereafter. Medical history, physical examination, and computed tomography of the chest were recorded during the follow-up. The last follow-up date was December 31, 2015.
Statistical analysis
All statistical calculations were performed by using SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The relationship between NLR and other clinicopathologic factors was analyzed by Pearson’s chi-squared test. Survival rate was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier analysis with log-rank test. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model with the enter method was constructed to identify independent prognostic factors. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to quantify the relationship between survival time and each independent factor. All P-values were two-sided in the tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to identify the statistical model.10 AIC was defined as AIC = −2 log(maximum likelihood) + 2 × (number of parameters in the model). A smaller AIC value indicates a more desirable model for predicting outcomes.
Results
More than 4,000 patients with pathologically confirmed malignant tumors of the esophagus after surgery were recruited. Among these patients, 138 patients were confirmed with SCCE, 133 patients had received no neoadjuvant therapy prior to esophagectomy, and 129 patients had complete clinical data including age, gender, histology, tumor location and stage, nodal metastasis, complete blood count, and treatment. Finally, 129 patients were included in the study. The study flowchart is shown in Figure 1. The median age for the patients was 60 years (range: 39–78 years). Eighty-five (65.9%) of the patients were men. Forty-eight (37.2%) patients had stage I, 54 (41.9%) had stage II, and 27 (20.9%) had stage III SCCE. At the end of this study (December 31, 2015), 113 (87.6%) patients died. The median follow-up duration for those who were still alive at the final follow-up was 67.5 months (range: 60–81 months).
Figure 1.
SCCE study flow diagram.
Abbreviation: SCCE, small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
All the eligible patients underwent radical esophagectomy. One hundred and eighteen patients underwent one incision via left thoracic approach. Three patients were treated by thoracotomy on the right side and intrathoracic gastric reconstruction. Lesions of the upper third were treated by cervical anastomosis. Along with esophagectomy, lymphadenectomy was performed, including the subcarinal, paraesophageal, pulmonary ligament, diaphragmatic, and the origin of the left gastric artery. The cervical lymph node dissection was performed only if abnormality was confirmed by preoperative evaluation. All of the patients were restaged according to the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual.11 All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Forty-nine (38.0%) patients received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Among these patients, 19 (38.8%) patients received conventional radiotherapy, 16 (32.7%) patients received three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and the remaining 14 (28.5%) patients received an intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for overall survival (OS) prediction were plotted to verify the optimum cutoff point for NLR. The area under the ROC curve was 0.704 (95% CI: 0.589–0.818) and, according to the ROC curve, the best cutoff value of NLR was 2.97, with a sensitivity of 61.1% and a specificity of 62.5%. The patients were then divided into two groups according to NLR: 56 (43.4%) patients with NLR <2.97 and 73 (56.6%) patients with NLR ≥2.97.
The relationship between NLR and the clinicopathologic characteristics of the 129 patients with SCCE is shown in Table 1. This study showed that NLR was not associated with any clinicopathologic characteristic in list.
Table 1.
General characteristics of patients according to NLR groups
| Variables | Low-NLR group (n=56)
|
High-NLR group (n=73)
|
χ2 value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case, n (%) | Case, n (%) | |||
| Sex | 1.350 | 0.245 | ||
| Male | 40 (71.4) | 45 (61.6) | ||
| Female | 16 (28.6) | 28 (38.4) | ||
| Age* (years) | 0.034 | 0.853 | ||
| <60 | 27 (48.2) | 34 (46.6) | ||
| ≥60 | 29 (51.8) | 39 (53.4) | ||
| Histology | 0.252 | 0.615 | ||
| SCCE | 36 (64.3) | 50 (68.5) | ||
| With squamous cell carcinoma | 20 (35.7) | 23 (31.5) | ||
| Tumor stage | 0.046 | 0.977 | ||
| T1 | 13 (23.2) | 18 (24.7) | ||
| T2 | 16 (28.6) | 21 (28.8) | ||
| T3 | 27 (48.2) | 34 (46.5) | ||
| Tumor location | 0.120 | 0.942 | ||
| Upper | 3 (5.4) | 3 (4.1) | ||
| Middle | 45 (80.4) | 59 (80.8) | ||
| Lower | 8 (14.2) | 11 (15.1) | ||
| Nodal metastasis | 3.900 | 0.272 | ||
| N0 | 37 (66.1) | 47 (64.4) | ||
| N1 | 13 (23.2) | 21 (28.8) | ||
| N2 | 6 (10.7) | 3 (4.1) | ||
| N3 | 0 (0) | 2 (2.7) | ||
| TNM stage | 1.687 | 0.430 | ||
| I | 19 (33.9) | 29 (39.7) | ||
| II | 27 (48.2) | 27 (37.0) | ||
| III | 10 (17.9) | 17 (23.3) | ||
| Perineural invasion | 1.385 | 0.239 | ||
| Negative | 52 (92.9) | 71 (97.3) | ||
| Positive | 4 (7.1) | 2 (2.7) | ||
| Vessel involvement | 1.558 | 0.212 | ||
| Negative | 56 (100) | 71 (97.3) | ||
| Positive | 0 (0) | 2 (2.7) |
Note:
Mean age.
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; SCCE, small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
The median OS was 12 months (95% CI: 10.9–13.1). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 51.2%, 34.1%, and 13.2%, respectively. Our univariate analysis showed that seven clinicopathologic variables, namely histology, tumor location and stage, nodal metastasis, TNM stage, adjuvant therapy, and NLR, were significantly associated with OS (Table 2, Figure 2). All of the confounding factors were then included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model (enter procedure) to adjust for the effects of covariates, which demonstrated that NLR was a valuable clinical marker in prognosis prediction for patients with primary SCCE (NLR <2.97 vs ≥2.97, P=0.004, Table 3). The predictive effect of NLR on OS rate was further assessed after stratification by nodal metastasis staging. NLR was associated with clinical outcome only in patients with pN0 disease (Table 4). pN0 patients with an NLR ≥2.97 had significantly worse OS (hazard ratio (HR) =2.314; 95% CI: 1.401–3.822; P<0.001) (Figure 3). No differences were observed in patients with other pN stages.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of prognostic factors of overall survival
| Variables | Case (n) | Survival rate (%)
|
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | |||
| Sex | 0.606 | ||||
| Male | 73 | 52.9 | 34.1 | 14.1 | |
| Female | 40 | 47.7 | 34.1 | 11.4 | |
| Age* | 0.384 | ||||
| <60 | 61 | 54.1 | 39.3 | 14.8 | |
| ≥60 | 68 | 48.5 | 29.4 | 11.8 | |
| Histology | 0.039 | ||||
| SCCE | 86 | 44.2 | 29.1 | 9.3 | |
| With squamous cell carcinoma | 43 | 65.1 | 44.2 | 20.9 | |
| Tumor stage | <0.001 | ||||
| T1 | 31 | 83.9 | 54.8 | 32.3 | |
| T2 | 37 | 51.4 | 35.1 | 10.8 | |
| T3 | 61 | 34.4 | 23.0 | 4.9 | |
| Tumor location | 0.026 | ||||
| Upper | 6 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 0 | |
| Middle | 104 | 56.7 | 38.5 | 15.4 | |
| Lower | 19 | 31.6 | 15.8 | 5.3 | |
| Nodal metastasis | <0.001 | ||||
| N0 | 84 | 65.5 | 45.2 | 17.9 | |
| N1 | 34 | 29.4 | 14.7 | 5.9 | |
| N2 | 9 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 0 | |
| N3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| TNM stage | <0.001 | ||||
| I | 48 | 81.2 | 54.2 | 25.0 | |
| II | 54 | 42.6 | 29.6 | 9.3 | |
| III | 27 | 14.8 | 7.4 | 0 | |
| Perineural invasion | 0.687 | ||||
| Negative | 123 | 51.2 | 34.1 | 13.0 | |
| Positive | 6 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 16.7 | |
| Vessel involvement | 0.572 | ||||
| Negative | 127 | 50.4 | 34.6 | 13.4 | |
| Positive | 2 | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
| Adjuvant therapy | <0.001 | ||||
| Chemotherapy | 80 | 67.5 | 46.3 | 18.7 | |
| Radiochemotherapy | 49 | 24.5 | 14.3 | 4.1 | |
| NLR | 0.002 | ||||
| Low | 56 | 57.1 | 50.0 | 23.2 | |
| High | 73 | 46.6 | 21.9 | 5.5 | |
Note:
Mean age.
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; SCCE, small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier analysis of NLR for OS in patents with SCCE.
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; OS, overall survival; SCCE, small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Table 3.
Multivariate survival analysis for various potential prognostic factors of overall survival
| Variables | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Histology | 0.660 | 0.441–0.989 | 0.044 |
| Tumor stage | 1.729 | 1.365–2.189 | <0.001 |
| Tumor location | 1.347 | 0.846–2.142 | 0.209 |
| Nodal metastasis | 1.619 | 0.926–2.832 | 0.091 |
| TNM stage | 1.642 | 1.071–2.518 | 0.023 |
| Adjuvant therapy | 0.611 | 0.405–0.920 | 0.018 |
| NLR | 1.803 | 1.203–2.702 | 0.004 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.
Table 4.
Univariate analysis of NLR stratified by nodal metastasis
| Nodal metastasis | Case (n) | Median survival time (months) | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pN0 | 84 | 18.0 | 0.853–35.147 | <0.001 |
| Low NLR | 37 | 46.0 | 32.929–59.071 | – |
| High NLR | 47 | 15.0 | 12.765–17.235 | – |
| pN1 | 34 | 11.0 | 10.566–11.434 | 0.633 |
| Low NLR | 13 | 11.0 | 10.348–11.652 | – |
| High NLR | 21 | 11.0 | 10.420–11.580 | – |
| pN2 | 9 | 10.0 | 9.511–10.489 | 0.739 |
| Low NLR | 6 | 10.0 | 9.404–10.596 | – |
| High NLR | 3 | 10.0 | – | – |
| pN3 | 2 | 8.0 | – | – |
| Low NLR | 0 | – | – | – |
| High NLR | 2 | 8.0 | – | – |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.
Figure 3.
Kaplan–Meier analysis of NLR for OS in patents with pN0 SCCE.
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; OS, overall survival; SCCE, small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
We then prepared multivariate models 1 (histology, tumor stage, TNM stage, and adjuvant therapy) and 2 (histology, tumor stage, TNM stage, adjuvant therapy, and NLR). AIC was calculated for OS in these models to document the prognostic role (Table 5). The results from the AIC analysis suggest that model 2 gives a better prediction of survival in patients with SCCE.
Table 5.
AIC results of the two multivariate models
| Model | Overall survival |
|---|---|
| 1 (histology, tumor stage, TNM stage, and adjuvant therapy) | 928.295 |
| 2 (histology, tumor stage, TNM stage, adjuvant therapy, and NLR) | 923.222 |
Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike information criterion; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.
Discussion
Inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of various solid tumors.7,8,12,13 Inflammatory cells within the tumor microenvironment can enhance angiogenesis, invasion, motility, and viability.10,14,15 Cancer cells may also produce myeloid growth factors, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. These growth factors contribute to the tumor-related leukocytosis and neutrophilia.16,17 Research has confirmed a link between the systemic inflammatory responses and the tumor inflammatory microenvironment.18,19 Therefore, measurements of systemic inflammation, including NLR, may reflect the degree of host inflammatory cell activity that promotes tumor growth and progression. Several research studies have reported that NLR and other similar measures have been associated with clinical outcomes after surgery for gastroesophageal cancer.20–24
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show NLR as an independent prognostic factor in patients with SCCE. There was a study investigating the prognostic importance of NLR in 43 patients with SCCE.24 The area under the curve was 0.650 while that of the present study was 0.702. Feng et al24 showed that NLR did not correlate with the prognostic factor in patients with SCCE and reported that survival rate did not differ according to NLR categories (≥3.5 and <3.5). However, this study enrolled 129 consecutive patients to evaluate the role of NLR with other clinicopathologic features in the clinical outcome of patients with surgically resected SCCE and showed that a high preoperative NLR (≥2.97 vs <2.97, P=0.004) was an indicator of poorer OS in patients with SCCE, independent of cancer stage, adjuvant therapy, and SCCE histologically with or without squamous cell carcinoma. These differences might due to a relatively larger sample in the study or a different cutoff value for NLR.
Several studies have shown NLR to be predictive of outcomes in ECs.25–29 However, the cutoff values for elevated NLR varied in these studies. In these studies investigating NLR in EC, the cutoff value was mean/median value25,26 or was determined with ROC analysis27,28 or accepted as the cutoff value as in previous studies.29,30 The patients were classified according to a cutoff value (3.5) accepted as in a previous study by Feng et al,24 whereas in the present study, the cutoff value was determined by using the ROC analysis and it was calculated to be 2.97 by using a time-dependent ROC curve. With this cutoff value, nearly half of the patients were included in the high-NLR group. Therefore, this cutoff value is considered to be useful for predicting the prognosis after esophagectomy for patients with SCCE. We chose to dichotomize NLR as ≥2.97 or <2.97 in order to be consistent with prior studies that had used the same method to determine the cutoff value27,28 and found that patients with higher NLRs (≥2.97) had greater risk of death than those with lower NLRs (<2.97; HR: 1.803; 95% CI: 1.203–2.702; P=0.004). However, it is unclear whether a different cutoff value would serve as an even better predictor for survival rate, or NLRs categorized as “high,” “intermediate,” and “low” or in quartiles instead of dichotomized would be better.
This study suggested that the prognostic value of NLR in the pN0 group was more useful than that in the pN1–pN3 groups for risk stratification of patients with an elevated NLR level, but it was not satisfactory, due to the small sample in patients with N2 and N3 diseases. The data also showed that the number of lymph nodes dissected, of which the median was 8 (6–16) in this study, was sufficient for adequate nodal staging because the seventh edition of the International Union for Cancer Control and The American Joint Committee on Cancer11 recommends that the number of lymph nodes resected be at least six for proper nodal classification, and at least seven lymph nodes must be removed to diagnose a patient as N3 (14 and 15, respectively, in this study).
AIC was calculated to document the importance of NLR in the multivariate models. Because AIC decreased with NLR in the multivariate model, it was assumed that NLR is a meaningful predictor of survival in patients with surgically treated primary esophageal small-cell carcinoma.
This study also has certain limitations. This was a retrospective study, and this study used data from a single institution. Therefore, prospective studies involving worldwide EC centers are recommended to confirm these results in a broader population.
In conclusion, preoperative NLR is significantly associated with clinical outcomes and could be used to stratify prognosis in patients with SCCE receiving surgical treatment. It can be easily obtained from a routine examination before surgery and does not require additional cost. Preoperative NLR may be taken into consideration for the prognosis of patients with SCCE.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors alone are responsible for the writing and content of this paper. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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