Table 1.

Study participants characteristics.

	TDF ART (all, 24)	Non-TDF ART (11)	ART Naive (13)	TDF+CD+ (13)	TDF+CD− (9)
Age (years)	45.3 ± 10.3	46.6 ± 14.3	36.5 ± 11.7	47.5 ± 10.1	45.1 ± 9.7
Male	16 (67%)	7 (64%)	12 (92%)	10 (77%)	5 (56%)
Time since HIV diagnosis (months)	149 ± 72	204 ± 110	18 ± 23	141 ± 39	175 ± 104
Time on treatment (months)	117 ± 53	161 ± 96		125 ± 38	123 ± 62
Time on TDF (months)	49 ± 32			63 ± 29	32 ± 29
Current CD4+ cell count (cells/μl)	637 ± 337	570 ± 237	464 ± 251	608 ± 296	729 ± 400
HIV-1 RNA viral load (<50 c/ml)	23 (96%)	8 (73%)		13 (100%)	8 (89%)
Nadir CD4+ cell count (cells/μl)	135 ± 98	172 ± 112	410 ± 230	116 ± 86	168 ± 120
Black African ethnicity	8 (33%)	3 (27%)	0	2 (15%)	5 (56%)
Current smokers	7 (29%)	3 (27%)	5 (39%)	4 (36%)	2 (25%)
Documented osteoporosis	0	1 (9%)	0	0	0
Hepatitis C coinfection	2 (8%)	1 (9%)	0	1 (8%)	1 (11%)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	2 (8%)	2 (18%)	1 (8%)	1 (8%)	1 (11%)
Hypertension	3 (13%)	2 (18%)	0	1 (8%)	1 (11%)
eGFR (CKD-EPI)	93 ± 21	93 ± 21	101 ± 18	91 ± 17	91 ± 24
TmP/GFR (mmol/l)	0.82 ± 0.28	1.03 ± 0.30	1.02 ± 0.23	0.86 ± 0.29	0.75 ± 0.31
FEUa (%)	9.1 ± 3.3	8.3 ± 5.3	8.7 ± 6.6	9.2 ± 2.5	8.3 ± 4.4
UPCR (mg/mmol)a	11.5 ± 4.1	13.8 ± 8.4	14.9 ± 11.2	11.4 ± 5.0	12.2 ± 2.2
RBP (mg/l)	0.6 ± 2.1	0	0	0.3 ± 1.1	1.1 ± 3.2

Where shown, values are mean ± SD.

In two TDF-treated study participants molecular data was not able to be included.

ART, antiretroviral therapy; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; CD⁺/CD⁻, mtDNA ‘common deletion’ detected/not detected; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TmP, tubular maximum resorption of phosphate; FEUa, fractional excretion of urate; UPCR, urinary protein:creatine ratio; RBP, urinary retinol binding protein.

^aOne TDF-treated case with nontubular proteinuria was excluded.