Abstract
We document the descriptive statistics and detailed regression outputs for educational attainment and measured 2D:4D ratios, based on the RLMS data (20th round, conducted in 2011–2012). Regression analysis is conducted using STATA 13, gologit2 which is a special code for the generalized ordered logit regression in STATA environment. We provide graphs of differences in means of 2D:4D ratios by educational attainment. Information about the distribution of self-identified nationalities and fields of university degrees of respondents is presented.
Keywords: RLMS, Descriptive statics, Generalized ordered logit
Specifications Table
| Subject area | Economics and human biology |
| More specific subject area | Studies of 2D:4D and behavioral patterns |
| Type of data | Individual survey |
| How data was acquired | Face-to-face interview conducted by ZAO “Demoscope” |
| Data format | SPSS |
| Experimental factors | N/A |
| Experimental features | N/A |
| Data source location | http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/rlms-hse/project |
| Data accessibility | Restricted to Demoscope authorized users |
| Related research article | 2D:4D and Lifetime Educational Outcomes: Evidence From The Russian RLMS Survey |
Value of the data.
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•
Descriptive statistics of national self-identities, major fields, educational attainment and fingers’ 2D:4D measurements are helpful in the case of analyzing possible associations between education and 2D:4D.
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•
Detailed generalized ordered logit regressions’ outputs are helpful in understanding of the general patterns of 2D:4D associations at different levels of education obtained. Inclusion of classical predictors (education of parents) is helpful in foreseeing their correlations with different levels of educational attainment in the studied samples.
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•
Graphs of means are helpful in comparison of differences between averaged 2D:4D of individuals with university degree and averaged 2D:4D of individuals who completed lower levels of education.
1. Experimental design, materials and methods
Measurements were taken by a special team of 2 trained assistants, while other information was taken from the RLMS survey which contains questions regarding an individual׳s socioeconomic characteristics and family background [1]. The data were anonymized before being provided to the authors for statistical analysis. The finger measurements were taken using electronic calipers. Actual measurements were made from the palmar digital crease to the fingertip of the index and ring fingers. Then measurements were rounded to the nearest millimeter.
2. Data
See Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17.
Fig. 1.
Difference in means of digit ratios by education completed. Females. Note: Significant differences are found for the right hand: D1 (at 5% sig. level), D3 (at 10%).
Fig. 2.
Difference in means of digit ratios by education completed. Males. Note: Significant differences are found for: the right hand D1 (at 1% sig. level), D2 (at 5%); the left hand D1 (at 1%), D2 (at 5%).
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics. Females.
| Mean | Standard deviation | Minimum | Maximum | Number of observations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 0.9988 | 0.0475 | 1 | 1 | 2148 |
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 0.9991 | 0.0473 | 1 | 1 | 2146 |
| Educational attainment | 3.0083 | 1.0234 | 1 | 4 | 2172 |
| Uncompleted secondary school education | 0.0999 | 0.2999 | 0 | 1 | 2172 |
| Completed secondary school education | 0.2196 | 0.4141 | 0 | 1 | 2172 |
| Completed vocational school, professional education | 0.2528 | 0.4347 | 0 | 1 | 2172 |
| Completed university degree or higher academic degrees | 0.4277 | 0.4949 | 0 | 1 | 2172 |
| Age | 51.1137 | 17.2483 | 25 | 98 | 2181 |
| Higher education of father | 0.2861 | 0.4521 | 0 | 1 | 1335 |
| Higher education of mother | 0.2553 | 0.4362 | 0 | 1 | 1465 |
| Settlement type 1 | 0.5854 | 0.4928 | 0 | 1 | 2132 |
| Settlement type 2 | 0.0333 | 0.1795 | 0 | 1 | 2132 |
| Settlement type 3 | 0.0727 | 0.2597 | 0 | 1 | 2132 |
| Settlement type 4 | 0.0647 | 0.2461 | 0 | 1 | 2132 |
| Settlement type 5 | 0.0990 | 0.2987 | 0 | 1 | 2132 |
| settlement type 6 | 0.1449 | 0.3521 | 0 | 1 | 2132 |
Note: completed university degree or higher academic degrees refers to the original category “completed higher education and higher levels of education” (the variable “p_diplom”, please, consult: https://www.hse.ru/data/2016/06/07/1247611077/R20_ind_codebook.pdf). Uncompleted secondary school education refers to the category which includes 3 original RLMS categories of educational attainment: 1) 0–6 grades of school; 2) 7–8 grades of school; 3) 7–8 grades of school and some additional education.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics. Males.
| Mean | Standard deviation | Minimum | Maximum | Number of observations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 0.9951 | 0.0456 | 1 | 1 | 1340 |
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 0.9957 | 0.0461 | 1 | 1 | 1341 |
| Educational attainment | 2.8627 | 1.0521 | 1 | 4 | 1377 |
| Uncompleted secondary school education | 0.1082 | 0.3108 | 0 | 1 | 1377 |
| Completed secondary school education | 0.3065 | 0.4612 | 0 | 1 | 1377 |
| Completed vocational school, professional education | 0.1997 | 0.3999 | 0 | 1 | 1377 |
| Completed university degree or higher academic degrees | 0.3856 | 0.4869 | 0 | 1 | 1377 |
| Age | 46.5477 | 15.9116 | 25 | 92 | 1384 |
| Higher education of father | 0.2841 | 0.4512 | 0 | 1 | 947 |
| Higher education of mother | 0.2437 | 0.4295 | 0 | 1 | 1038 |
| Settlement type 1 | 0.5916 | 0.4917 | 0 | 1 | 1354 |
| Settlement type 2 | 0.0421 | 0.2009 | 0 | 1 | 1354 |
| Settlement type 3 | 0.0761 | 0.2652 | 0 | 1 | 1354 |
| Settlement type 4 | 0.0569 | 0.2317 | 0 | 1 | 1354 |
| Settlement type 5 | 0.1078 | 0.3103 | 0 | 1 | 1354 |
| settlement type 6 | 0.1256 | 0.3315 | 0 | 1 | 1354 |
Note: completed university degree or higher academic degrees refers to the original category “completed higher education and higher levels of education” (the variable “p_diplom”,please, consult: https://www.hse.ru/data/2016/06/07/1247611077/R20_ind_codebook.pdf). Uncompleted secondary school education refers to the category which includes 3 original RLMS categories of educational attainment: 1) 0–6 grades of school; 2) 7–8 grades of school; 3) 7–8 grades of school and some additional education.
Table 3.
Most frequent fields of university degrees.
| Field of a diploma of higher education | ISCO88 Code | Freq. | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economist | 2441 | 170 | 12.03 |
| Architects, engineers and related professionals not elsewhere classified | 2149 | 151 | 10.69 |
| Other teaching professional | 2359 | 126 | 8.92 |
| Lawyers | 2421 | 92 | 6.51 |
| Electronics and telecommunications engineers | 2144 | 71 | 5.02 |
| Mechanical engineers | 2145 | 63 | 4.46 |
| Architects, town and traffic planners | 2141 | 52 | 3.68 |
| Medical doctors | 2221 | 51 | 3.61 |
| Finance and sales associate professionals not elsewhere classified | 3419 | 45 | 3.18 |
| Electrical engineers | 2143 | 44 | 3.11 |
Table 4.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Females. The full sample.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.4843** | 0.5971 | 0.7798 | 0.7109 | 0.8881 | |||||
| (1.4489) | (1.4371) | (2.4018) | (2.4185) | (2.4144) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0497*** | 0.0057 | 0.0084 | 0.0107 | −0.0495*** | 0.0055 | 0.0080 | 0.0103 | ||
| (0.0041) | (0.0140) | (0.0147) | (0.0145) | (0.0041) | (0.0142) | (0.0148) | (0.0147) | |||
| Education of father | 0.9779** | 0.1107 | 0.0500 | 0.9797** | 0.1100 | 0.0598 | ||||
| (0.3803) | (0.4285) | (0.4640) | (0.3817) | (0.4269) | (0.4593) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.9392*** | 2.3208*** | 1.9347*** | 2.3020*** | ||||||
| (0.6692) | (0.8317) | (0.6671) | (0.8288) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 3.2494** | 0.5382 | −0.4299 | −0.8660 | −0.7822 | |||||
| (1.5158) | (1.2744) | (2.7381) | (2.8042) | (2.8257) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.2660 | 4.4401*** | 1.8675 | 1.7615 | 1.6130 | −1.0337 | 4.4829*** | 3.0888 | 3.3617 | 3.3018 |
| (1.4390) | (1.5087) | (2.6610) | (2.6982) | (2.6671) | (1.5055) | (1.3430) | (3.0086) | (3.0760) | (3.0723) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.0525 | 0.6725 | −0.4981 | −0.2664 | −0.5845 | |||||
| (0.9940) | (0.9941) | (1.3581) | (1.3774) | (1.4146) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0130*** | −0.0065 | −0.0019 | 0.0011 | −0.0136*** | −0.0067 | −0.0021 | 0.0010 | ||
| (0.0030) | (0.0058) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | (0.0030) | (0.0058) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | |||
| Education of father | 1.3639*** | 0.6999*** | 0.6444*** | 1.3601*** | 0.6896*** | 0.6326*** | ||||
| (0.1730) | (0.2108) | (0.2231) | (0.1732) | (0.2098) | (0.2219) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.3069*** | 1.2932*** | 1.3122*** | 1.2954*** | ||||||
| (0.2437) | (0.2614) | (0.2434) | (0.2613) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | −0.0037 | −0.5748 | −1.0692 | −1.0191 | −1.2166 | |||||
| (1.0388) | (0.9988) | (1.3277) | (1.3606) | (1.3904) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.2959 | 0.7538 | 1.3981 | 0.8843 | 1.1687 | 0.7594 | 2.0297** | 1.9796 | 1.6482 | 1.8137 |
| (0.9928) | (1.0186) | (1.3974) | (1.4182) | (1.4567) | (1.0388) | (1.0328) | (1.3727) | (1.4045) | (1.4323) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 0.6760 | 0.1289 | −0.9949 | −0.8382 | −0.9564 | |||||
| (0.9482) | (0.9617) | (1.3197) | (1.3291) | (1.3709) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0254*** | −0.0405*** | −0.0384*** | −0.0371*** | −0.0254*** | −0.0406*** | −0.0386*** | −0.0372*** | ||
| (0.0028) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | |||
| Education of father | 1.4852*** | 0.9813*** | 0.9204*** | 1.4883*** | 0.9841*** | 0.9224*** | ||||
| (0.1390) | (0.1602) | (0.1621) | (0.1392) | (0.1603) | (0.1619) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.0046*** | 0.9620*** | 1.0048*** | 0.9619*** | ||||||
| (0.1720) | (0.1762) | (0.1717) | (0.1759) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.3944 | 0.3368 | −1.0802 | −0.9006 | −0.6819 | |||||
| (0.9920) | (0.9868) | (1.3196) | (1.3314) | (1.3746) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.9719 | 0.8559 | 2.1772 | 1.8303 | 1.9039 | −1.6885* | 0.6488 | 2.2701* | 1.8987 | 1.6340 |
| (0.9481) | (0.9824) | (1.3569) | (1.3701) | (1.4109) | (0.9922) | (1.0139) | (1.3610) | (1.3752) | (1.4194) | |
| Log-likelihood | −2723.0374 | −2612.3722 | −1429.4636 | −1390.8657 | −1342.9507 | −2717.8522 | −2608.9914 | −1428.2490 | −1389.6752 | −1341.7123 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −2725.9650 | −2725.9650 | −1541.7654 | −1526.7968 | −1501.1664 | −2723.0798 | −2723.0798 | −1540.3406 | −1525.3701 | −1499.7447 |
| Wald chi2 | 5.8305 | 274.0802 | 184.4334 | 204.0737 | 246.8716 | 9.8131 | 288.6240 | 183.7555 | 202.8630 | 245.8082 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.1202 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0202 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0011 | 0.0417 | 0.0728 | 0.0890 | 0.1054 | 0.0019 | 0.0419 | 0.0728 | 0.0890 | 0.1054 |
| Number of observations | 2139 | 2139 | 1312 | 1302 | 1279 | 2137 | 2137 | 1311 | 1301 | 1278 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. In some specifications for females STATA returns errors, outcomes with a predicted probability that is less than 0. Details available upon request.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 5.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The full sample.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.2277* | 3.1904* | 4.3532** | 4.3588** | 4.2502** | |||||
| (1.6727) | (1.6685) | (2.0493) | (2.0980) | (2.1344) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0159** | 0.0235** | 0.0256** | 0.0282** | −0.0160** | 0.0235** | 0.0254** | 0.0283** | ||
| (0.0074) | (0.0114) | (0.0119) | (0.0132) | (0.0074) | (0.0114) | (0.0118) | (0.0132) | |||
| Education of father | 1.0400*** | 0.6299* | 0.5849 | 1.0490*** | 0.6438* | 0.5987 | ||||
| (0.3391) | (0.3698) | (0.3888) | (0.3386) | (0.3678) | (0.3865) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.7292* | 0.7144* | 0.7188* | 0.7098* | ||||||
| (0.4021) | (0.4109) | (0.3992) | (0.4062) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.0524 | 1.8918 | 2.8940 | 2.9893 | 2.7232 | |||||
| (1.9608) | (1.8971) | (2.6494) | (2.7509) | (2.7463) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.0991 | −0.3075 | −3.0999 | −3.1994 | −3.1957 | 0.0649 | 0.9835 | −1.6591 | −1.8413 | −1.6797 |
| (1.6582) | (1.7229) | (2.1621) | (2.2334) | (2.2644) | (1.9474) | (1.9338) | (2.7652) | (2.8797) | (2.8796) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.6303** | 2.7658** | 3.6291** | 3.8604** | 3.3865** | |||||
| (1.1867) | (1.1855) | (1.4907) | (1.5127) | (1.5780) | ||||||
| Age | 0.0074** | −0.0102 | −0.0072 | −0.0035 | 0.0070* | −0.0107 | −0.0077 | −0.0039 | ||
| (0.0037) | (0.0068) | (0.0069) | (0.0073) | (0.0037) | (0.0068) | (0.0069) | (0.0073) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5213*** | 1.1709*** | 1.0966*** | 1.5256*** | 1.1768*** | 1.1037*** | ||||
| (0.1805) | (0.1978) | (0.2029) | (0.1814) | (0.1988) | (0.2043) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.6600*** | 0.6081*** | 0.6587*** | 0.6153*** | ||||||
| (0.2030) | (0.2104) | (0.2040) | (0.2102) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.0218 | 1.0980 | 2.4506 | 2.7218* | 2.4610 | |||||
| (1.2609) | (1.2629) | (1.5726) | (1.6124) | (1.6646) | ||||||
| Constant | −2.2556* | −2.7322** | −3.2274** | −3.6096** | −3.2254** | −0.6584 | −1.0590 | −2.0394 | −2.4616 | −2.2878 |
| (1.1805) | (1.2020) | (1.5157) | (1.5376) | (1.6051) | (1.2561) | (1.2782) | (1.6068) | (1.6409) | (1.6927) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.5982*** | 3.8124*** | 3.8739** | 3.9730** | 3.0852* | |||||
| (1.2432) | (1.2432) | (1.5763) | (1.6067) | (1.6976) | ||||||
| Age | 0.0103*** | −0.0050 | −0.0005 | −0.0000 | 0.0098*** | −0.0055 | −0.0011 | −0.0006 | ||
| (0.0036) | (0.0071) | (0.0072) | (0.0074) | (0.0036) | (0.0071) | (0.0073) | (0.0074) | |||
| Education of father | 1.6327*** | 1.1307*** | 1.0682*** | 1.6460*** | 1.1419*** | 1.0791*** | ||||
| (0.1586) | (0.1799) | (0.1873) | (0.1588) | (0.1814) | (0.1886) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9973*** | 0.9882*** | 1.0006*** | 0.9920*** | ||||||
| (0.1885) | (0.1968) | (0.1901) | (0.1981) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.0458 | 2.1745* | 3.6461** | 3.8292** | 2.8680* | |||||
| (1.2961) | (1.2916) | (1.5745) | (1.6189) | (1.6887) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.0480*** | −4.7395*** | −4.6580*** | −5.0345*** | −4.1086** | −2.5031* | −3.0899** | −4.4173*** | −4.8727*** | −3.8707** |
| (1.2399) | (1.2601) | (1.6133) | (1.6458) | (1.7440) | (1.2932) | (1.3061) | (1.6319) | (1.6710) | (1.7392) | |
| Log-likelihood | −1721.6307 | −1711.0707 | −1085.1458 | −1049.9121 | −1006.2147 | −1725.7357 | −1715.5946 | −1087.1680 | −1051.9189 | −1008.2145 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −1726.2623 | −1726.2623 | −1157.5867 | −1133.1605 | −1113.8247 | −1727.4584 | −1727.4584 | −1158.6975 | −1134.2828 | −1114.9440 |
| Wald chi2 | 9.7780 | 30.0863 | 132.1550 | 144.8687 | 4052.6961 | 3.1934 | 21.9125 | 129.8487 | 143.8310 | 4059.4402 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.0206 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.3628 | 0.0013 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0027 | 0.0088 | 0.0626 | 0.0735 | 0.0966 | 0.0010 | 0.0069 | 0.0617 | 0.0726 | 0.0957 |
| Number of observations | 1334 | 1334 | 912 | 895 | 880 | 1335 | 1335 | 913 | 896 | 881 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 6.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Females. The subsample created by the first method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.2510 | −1.2185 | −1.2333 | −0.6585 | −1.2696 | |||||
| (2.2993) | (2.2010) | (3.5893) | (3.7115) | (3.9789) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0483*** | 0.0064 | 0.0103 | 0.0107 | −0.0480*** | 0.0075 | 0.0116 | 0.0123 | ||
| (0.0048) | (0.0169) | (0.0172) | (0.0177) | (0.0051) | (0.0170) | (0.0176) | (0.0179) | |||
| Education of father | 1.0230** | −0.0061 | −0.0598 | 1.0206** | −0.0354 | −0.1092 | ||||
| (0.4407) | (0.4592) | (0.5184) | (0.4398) | (0.4647) | (0.5184) | |||||
| Education of mother | 2.2610*** | 2.9253*** | 2.2840*** | 2.9404*** | ||||||
| (0.7541) | (1.0502) | (0.7615) | (1.0513) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 5.0461** | 0.5329 | 1.8928 | 2.1946 | 2.2323 | |||||
| (2.4015) | (2.3298) | (4.5626) | (4.7218) | (4.7674) | ||||||
| Constant | 0.0750 | 6.2720*** | 3.9096 | 3.0941 | 3.7813 | −2.7033 | 4.5089* | 0.7361 | 0.1863 | 0.2290 |
| (2.2922) | (2.2761) | (3.8686) | (4.0235) | (4.2567) | (2.3866) | (2.4447) | (4.8039) | (5.0031) | (5.0270) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.0257 | 1.7231 | 1.0220 | 1.7712 | 0.8834 | |||||
| (1.5207) | (1.5244) | (1.9771) | (2.0847) | (2.1185) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0112*** | −0.0044 | 0.0002 | 0.0060 | −0.0115*** | −0.0045 | −0.0003 | 0.0062 | ||
| (0.0035) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0073) | (0.0035) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0073) | |||
| Education of father | 1.3293*** | 0.6409*** | 0.5639** | 1.3098*** | 0.6057*** | 0.5146** | ||||
| (0.1987) | (0.2246) | (0.2456) | (0.1985) | (0.2260) | (0.2457) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.3271*** | 1.3353*** | 1.3248*** | 1.3168*** | ||||||
| (0.2556) | (0.2821) | (0.2578) | (0.2800) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.5766 | 1.0936 | −0.2666 | −0.2477 | −1.0547 | |||||
| (1.5638) | (1.5734) | (2.1450) | (2.2195) | (2.2617) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.1633 | −0.2884 | −0.1093 | −1.1461 | −0.3486 | −0.7142 | 0.3546 | 1.1889 | 0.8999 | 1.6032 |
| (1.5177) | (1.5582) | (1.9974) | (2.1202) | (2.1541) | (1.5601) | (1.6014) | (2.1632) | (2.2324) | (2.2694) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.3580 | 0.4314 | −0.8851 | −1.1715 | −1.2124 | |||||
| (1.4105) | (1.4426) | (1.8893) | (1.9632) | (1.9916) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0243*** | −0.0373*** | −0.0357*** | −0.0337*** | −0.0241*** | −0.0376*** | −0.0361*** | −0.0345*** | ||
| (0.0032) | (0.0061) | (0.0062) | (0.0065) | (0.0032) | (0.0061) | (0.0062) | (0.0065) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5524*** | 1.0359*** | 0.9403*** | 1.5563*** | 1.0400*** | 0.9496*** | ||||
| (0.1605) | (0.1832) | (0.1872) | (0.1603) | (0.1825) | (0.1863) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9793*** | 0.9480*** | 0.9837*** | 0.9603*** | ||||||
| (0.1925) | (0.2009) | (0.1923) | (0.2008) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.9474** | 2.0063 | 1.0946 | 1.5615 | 1.4145 | |||||
| (1.4633) | (1.4670) | (2.0072) | (2.0632) | (2.1179) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.5509 | 0.6032 | 2.0273 | 2.1467 | 2.1513 | −3.1365** | −0.9824 | 0.0582 | −0.5757 | −0.4621 |
| (1.4093) | (1.4665) | (1.9087) | (1.9899) | (2.0127) | (1.4611) | (1.4878) | (2.0256) | (2.0806) | (2.1286) | |
| Log-likelihood | −2134.1649 | −2053.5706 | −1114.2579 | −1084.7317 | −1035.3825 | −2131.5223 | −2054.2079 | −1114.5962 | −1085.4547 | −1035.1144 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −2135.1518 | −2135.1518 | −1204.7558 | −1194.3461 | −1173.1319 | −2135.1518 | −2135.1518 | −1204.7558 | −1194.3461 | −1173.1319 |
| Wald chi2 | 1.9560 | 206.5849 | 145.1253 | 162.2913 | 212.7607 | 7.5217 | 197.2079 | 145.8338 | 162.3549 | 213.0744 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.5816 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0570 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0382 | 0.0751 | 0.0918 | 0.1174 | 0.0017 | 0.0379 | 0.0748 | 0.0912 | 0.1176 |
| Number of observations | 1710 | 1710 | 1045 | 1037 | 1019 | 1710 | 1710 | 1045 | 1037 | 1019 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. In some specifications for females STATA returns errors, outcomes with a predicted probability that is less than 0. Details available upon request.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 7.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The subsample created by the first method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 6.6736** | 6.8050** | 5.9635* | 5.3789 | 4.7567 | |||||
| (2.7734) | (2.7807) | (3.5446) | (3.5896) | (3.7691) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0170* | 0.0316** | 0.0301** | 0.0345** | −0.0164* | 0.0330** | 0.0311** | 0.0356** | ||
| (0.0089) | (0.0128) | (0.0135) | (0.0151) | (0.0089) | (0.0133) | (0.0140) | (0.0156) | |||
| Education of father | 1.3153*** | 1.0765** | 0.9943* | 1.3484*** | 1.1061** | 1.0325** | ||||
| (0.4509) | (0.4967) | (0.5128) | (0.4487) | (0.4897) | (0.5083) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.3547 | 0.5321 | 0.3562 | 0.5395 | ||||||
| (0.4691) | (0.5065) | (0.4668) | (0.5029) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 6.2213** | 5.7945** | 4.8418 | 4.8492 | 4.1793 | |||||
| (2.6325) | (2.6037) | (3.4330) | (3.5800) | (3.7547) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.4701 | −3.7915 | −4.9594 | −4.3064 | −3.7800 | −4.0203 | −2.8179 | −3.9107 | −3.8287 | −3.2501 |
| (2.7505) | (2.7481) | (3.5923) | (3.6673) | (3.7985) | (2.6122) | (2.5899) | (3.5932) | (3.7625) | (3.9287) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 5.1183*** | 5.0916*** | 5.4015** | 5.9889*** | 5.5467** | |||||
| (1.7634) | (1.7615) | (2.2542) | (2.2679) | (2.3425) | ||||||
| Age | 0.0079* | −0.0084 | −0.0058 | −0.0034 | 0.0081* | −0.0073 | −0.0046 | −0.0022 | ||
| (0.0042) | (0.0077) | (0.0078) | (0.0083) | (0.0042) | (0.0077) | (0.0078) | (0.0083) | |||
| Education of father | 1.4845*** | 1.1896*** | 1.1301*** | 1.4945*** | 1.2079*** | 1.1497*** | ||||
| (0.2091) | (0.2381) | (0.2397) | (0.2097) | (0.2396) | (0.2427) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.5395** | 0.5056** | 0.5332** | 0.5046** | ||||||
| (0.2428) | (0.2444) | (0.2437) | (0.2473) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 4.5401** | 4.5495** | 5.5242** | 6.3234*** | 6.4108** | |||||
| (1.8092) | (1.8029) | (2.3284) | (2.3962) | (2.5082) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.7133*** | −5.0534*** | −5.0171** | −5.7318** | −5.2406** | −4.1356** | −4.5199** | −5.1880** | −6.1152** | −6.1516** |
| (1.7579) | (1.7663) | (2.2492) | (2.2630) | (2.3424) | (1.8025) | (1.8047) | (2.3482) | (2.4117) | (2.5228) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 5.5133*** | 5.5187*** | 4.7503** | 5.2349** | 4.2362* | |||||
| (1.7785) | (1.7807) | (2.1809) | (2.1948) | (2.2970) | ||||||
| Age | 0.0094** | −0.0043 | 0.0001 | −0.0016 | 0.0095** | −0.0043 | 0.0001 | −0.0016 | ||
| (0.0041) | (0.0081) | (0.0082) | (0.0085) | (0.0041) | (0.0081) | (0.0083) | (0.0086) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5467*** | 1.0664*** | 1.0433*** | 1.5644*** | 1.0832*** | 1.0662*** | ||||
| (0.1820) | (0.2126) | (0.2256) | (0.1824) | (0.2167) | (0.2307) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.8986*** | 0.8746*** | 0.9031*** | 0.8754*** | ||||||
| (0.2232) | (0.2337) | (0.2266) | (0.2391) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 5.3085*** | 5.3024*** | 7.3764*** | 7.9591*** | 7.6120*** | |||||
| (1.8632) | (1.8608) | (2.3121) | (2.3437) | (2.5496) | ||||||
| Constant | −5.9758*** | −6.4221*** | −5.5279** | −6.2702*** | −5.0727** | −5.7690*** | −6.2048*** | −8.1563*** | −8.9959*** | −8.4450*** |
| (1.7772) | (1.7890) | (2.1850) | (2.1990) | (2.3110) | (1.8603) | (1.8646) | (2.3457) | (2.3688) | (2.5766) | |
| Log-likelihood | −1298.7501 | −1290.7834 | −816.0790 | −791.5661 | −750.9552 | −1299.7907 | −1292.0505 | −814.7216 | −789.9952 | −749.0929 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −1304.7007 | −1304.7007 | −868.7191 | −849.8762 | −833.7735 | −1304.7007 | −1304.7007 | −868.7191 | −849.8762 | −833.7735 |
| Wald chi2 | 12.9592 | 26.8157 | 95.1559 | 101.9754 | 3470.2519 | 11.1928 | 24.6464 | 99.1496 | 107.5438 | 3035.8692 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.0047 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0107 | 0.0004 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0046 | 0.0107 | 0.0606 | 0.0686 | 0.0993 | 0.0038 | 0.0097 | 0.0622 | 0.0705 | 0.1016 |
| Number of observations | 1010 | 1010 | 688 | 675 | 663 | 1010 | 1010 | 688 | 675 | 663 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 8.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Females. The subsample created by the second method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.6392** | 0.5897 | 0.8193 | 0.6356 | 0.6645 | |||||
| (1.5274) | (1.5654) | (2.4705) | (2.5275) | (2.5905) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0491*** | 0.0056 | 0.0083 | 0.0106 | −0.0491*** | 0.0053 | 0.0079 | 0.0103 | ||
| (0.0041) | (0.0139) | (0.0145) | (0.0144) | (0.0041) | (0.0141) | (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||
| Education of father | 0.9800*** | 0.0925 | 0.0044 | 0.9750** | 0.0841 | −0.0055 | ||||
| (0.3799) | (0.4303) | (0.4702) | (0.3812) | (0.4298) | (0.4694) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.9575*** | 2.3490*** | 1.9582*** | 2.3445*** | ||||||
| (0.6733) | (0.8387) | (0.6714) | (0.8370) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.8032* | 0.2486 | −0.4377 | −0.8620 | −0.6707 | |||||
| (1.6125) | (1.3376) | (2.8849) | (2.9935) | (2.9975) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.4175 | 4.4127*** | 1.8291 | 1.8360 | 1.8413 | −0.5896 | 4.7529*** | 3.0990 | 3.3559 | 3.1938 |
| (1.5163) | (1.6359) | (2.7317) | (2.8057) | (2.8506) | (1.6040) | (1.4018) | (3.1556) | (3.2706) | (3.2526) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.5186 | 1.1237 | −0.2535 | −0.0692 | −0.3430 | |||||
| (1.0527) | (1.0557) | (1.3516) | (1.3855) | (1.4235) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0127*** | −0.0059 | −0.0014 | 0.0015 | −0.0132*** | −0.0060 | −0.0016 | 0.0014 | ||
| (0.0030) | (0.0059) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | (0.0030) | (0.0059) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | |||
| Education of father | 1.4004*** | 0.7479*** | 0.6993*** | 1.3989*** | 0.7388*** | 0.6902*** | ||||
| (0.1757) | (0.2157) | (0.2283) | (0.1759) | (0.2145) | (0.2267) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.2681*** | 1.2489*** | 1.2749*** | 1.2518*** | ||||||
| (0.2453) | (0.2630) | (0.2449) | (0.2627) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 0.3955 | −0.2107 | −0.9362 | −0.8900 | −1.0166 | |||||
| (1.0554) | (1.0290) | (1.3306) | (1.3702) | (1.3885) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.7482 | 0.3009 | 1.1315 | 0.6727 | 0.9111 | 0.3720 | 1.6571 | 1.8230 | 1.5030 | 1.5948 |
| (1.0504) | (1.0801) | (1.3887) | (1.4248) | (1.4633) | (1.0549) | (1.0620) | (1.3749) | (1.4132) | (1.4293) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.1969 | 0.6018 | −0.8619 | −0.7802 | −0.8674 | |||||
| (0.9942) | (1.0178) | (1.3375) | (1.3526) | (1.3922) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0250*** | −0.0402*** | −0.0381*** | −0.0367*** | −0.0251*** | −0.0403*** | −0.0383*** | −0.0368*** | ||
| (0.0028) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5018*** | 0.9980*** | 0.9359*** | 1.5067*** | 1.0030*** | 0.9406*** | ||||
| (0.1398) | (0.1612) | (0.1630) | (0.1400) | (0.1612) | (0.1628) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9928*** | 0.9516*** | 0.9930*** | 0.9517*** | ||||||
| (0.1721) | (0.1764) | (0.1718) | (0.1760) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.6498* | 0.5852 | −0.9736 | −0.7972 | −0.5114 | |||||
| (1.0014) | (1.0009) | (1.3258) | (1.3395) | (1.3756) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.4855 | 0.3725 | 2.0334 | 1.7626 | 1.8020 | −1.9389* | 0.3890 | 2.1517 | 1.7843 | 1.4482 |
| (0.9936) | (1.0380) | (1.3731) | (1.3919) | (1.4295) | (1.0015) | (1.0274) | (1.3667) | (1.3826) | (1.4192) | |
| Log−likelihood | −2698.4541 | −2590.8460 | −1420.2816 | −1382.6169 | −1333.9520 | −2698.0187 | −2590.9686 | −1420.2873 | −1382.6404 | −1333.9385 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −2701.5398 | −2701.5398 | −1533.1370 | −1518.1611 | −1492.5486 | −2701.5398 | −2701.5398 | −1533.1370 | −1518.1611 | −1492.5486 |
| Wald chi2 | 5.9076 | 267.0128 | 184.5987 | 202.7915 | 246.9398 | 6.7064 | 269.0797 | 184.4922 | 201.9166 | 246.1988 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.1162 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0819 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0011 | 0.0410 | 0.0736 | 0.0893 | 0.1063 | 0.0013 | 0.0409 | 0.0736 | 0.0893 | 0.1063 |
| Number of observations | 2122 | 2122 | 1305 | 1295 | 1272 | 2122 | 2122 | 1305 | 1295 | 1272 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. In some specifications for females STATA returns errors, outcomes with a predicted probability that is less than 0. Details available upon request.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 9.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The subsample created by the second method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.7177** | 3.7060** | 4.5882** | 4.5931** | 4.5483* | |||||
| (1.8033) | (1.7935) | (2.2423) | (2.2980) | (2.3401) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0153** | 0.0233** | 0.0254** | 0.0284** | −0.0154** | 0.0234** | 0.0253** | 0.0284** | ||
| (0.0074) | (0.0114) | (0.0118) | (0.0133) | (0.0075) | (0.0114) | (0.0119) | (0.0133) | |||
| Education of father | 1.0407*** | 0.6251* | 0.5737 | 1.0478*** | 0.6369* | 0.5879 | ||||
| (0.3392) | (0.3696) | (0.3875) | (0.3389) | (0.3672) | (0.3843) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.7401* | 0.7389* | 0.7304* | 0.7372* | ||||||
| (0.4018) | (0.4126) | (0.3984) | (0.4072) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.4277 | 2.2814 | 2.9278 | 3.0479 | 2.6889 | |||||
| (1.9671) | (1.9028) | (2.6664) | (2.7638) | (2.7851) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.5817 | −0.8454 | −3.3298 | −3.4310 | −3.5043 | −0.3058 | 0.5664 | −1.6932 | −1.9014 | −1.6563 |
| (1.7861) | (1.8372) | (2.3277) | (2.4055) | (2.4461) | (1.9527) | (1.9332) | (2.7753) | (2.8849) | (2.9055) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.6709** | 2.7917** | 3.6392** | 3.8688** | 3.5457** | |||||
| (1.2247) | (1.2238) | (1.5565) | (1.5803) | (1.6353) | ||||||
| Age | 0.0073** | −0.0105 | −0.0076 | −0.0042 | 0.0071* | −0.0106 | −0.0076 | −0.0041 | ||
| (0.0037) | (0.0068) | (0.0069) | (0.0073) | (0.0037) | (0.0068) | (0.0069) | (0.0073) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5127*** | 1.1586*** | 1.0845*** | 1.5104*** | 1.1565*** | 1.0841*** | ||||
| (0.1806) | (0.1979) | (0.2035) | (0.1814) | (0.1988) | (0.2048) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.6647*** | 0.6085*** | 0.6667*** | 0.6191*** | ||||||
| (0.2029) | (0.2109) | (0.2039) | (0.2108) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.3710 | 1.4340 | 2.7588* | 3.0880* | 2.8176* | |||||
| (1.2634) | (1.2650) | (1.5855) | (1.6102) | (1.6697) | ||||||
| Constant | −2.2943* | −2.7529** | −3.2225** | −3.6019** | −3.3585** | −1.0025 | −1.3933 | −2.3444 | −2.8256* | −2.6326 |
| (1.2185) | (1.2377) | (1.5753) | (1.5987) | (1.6580) | (1.2584) | (1.2785) | (1.6179) | (1.6375) | (1.6970) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.6609*** | 3.8546*** | 3.9814** | 4.0698** | 3.2953* | |||||
| (1.2639) | (1.2636) | (1.6065) | (1.6375) | (1.7269) | ||||||
| Age | 0.0103*** | −0.0055 | −0.0011 | −0.0009 | 0.0100*** | −0.0058 | −0.0015 | −0.0012 | ||
| (0.0036) | (0.0071) | (0.0072) | (0.0074) | (0.0036) | (0.0071) | (0.0073) | (0.0074) | |||
| Education of father | 1.6196*** | 1.1126*** | 1.0485*** | 1.6291*** | 1.1171*** | 1.0546*** | ||||
| (0.1589) | (0.1803) | (0.1882) | (0.1589) | (0.1813) | (0.1891) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.0026*** | 0.9923*** | 1.0137*** | 1.0026*** | ||||||
| (0.1886) | (0.1975) | (0.1901) | (0.1988) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.5251* | 2.6368** | 4.2585*** | 4.5633*** | 3.6360** | |||||
| (1.2941) | (1.2883) | (1.6025) | (1.5953) | (1.6993) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.1062*** | −4.7798*** | −4.7393*** | −5.1039*** | −4.2833** | −2.9756** | −3.5534*** | −5.0085*** | −5.5864*** | −4.6097*** |
| (1.2605) | (1.2787) | (1.6398) | (1.6729) | (1.7703) | (1.2913) | (1.3015) | (1.6583) | (1.6492) | (1.7500) | |
| Log-likelihood | −1712.6158 | −1702.4898 | −1081.3821 | −1046.0376 | −1001.9992 | −1715.0958 | −1705.2487 | −1081.9166 | −1046.3163 | −1002.6716 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −1717.5064 | −1717.5064 | −1152.8126 | −1128.3866 | −1109.0594 | −1717.5064 | −1717.5064 | −1152.8126 | −1128.3866 | −1109.0594 |
| Wald chi2 | 10.1074 | 29.5783 | 129.9453 | 142.9787 | 4028.5530 | 4.6051 | 22.8611 | 128.6178 | 143.0427 | 4052.1626 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.0177 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2031 | 0.0008 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0028 | 0.0087 | 0.0620 | 0.0730 | 0.0965 | 0.0014 | 0.0071 | 0.0615 | 0.0727 | 0.0959 |
| Number of observations | 1328 | 1328 | 908 | 891 | 876 | 1328 | 1328 | 908 | 891 | 876 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 10.
Self-identified nationalities.
| Self-identified nationality | Groups for dummy variables | Freq. | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | Reference | 3174 | 90.02 |
| Ukrainian | Reference | 44 | 1.25 |
| Belarusian | Reference | 18 | 0.51 |
| German | Reference | 2 | 0.06 |
| Polish | Reference | 4 | 0.11 |
| Armenian | Caucasian | 47 | 1.33 |
| Tatar | Reference | 61 | 1.73 |
| Spain | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Chuvash | Reference | 14 | 0.4 |
| Moldavian | Reference | 14 | 0.4 |
| Udmurt | Reference | 2 | 0.06 |
| Mordvinian | Reference | 14 | 0.4 |
| Azerbaijan | Caucasian | 14 | 0.4 |
| Kazakh | Asian | 2 | 0.06 |
| Jewish | Reference | 27 | 0.77 |
| Bashkir | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Lezghian | Caucasian | 4 | 0.11 |
| Lithuanian | Reference | 4 | 0.11 |
| Kabardinian | Caucasian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Dargin | Caucasian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Ossetian | Caucasian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Georgian | Caucasian | 13 | 0.37 |
| Turkmen | Asian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Korean | Asian | 5 | 0.14 |
| Bulgarian | Reference | 3 | 0.09 |
| Uzbek | Asian | 17 | 0.48 |
| Avar | Caucasian | 5 | 0.14 |
| Karelian | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Kirghiz | Asian | 2 | 0.06 |
| Afghean | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Ingush | Caucasian | 5 | 0.14 |
| Daghestani | Caucasian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Persian | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Tajik | Asian | 9 | 0.26 |
| Turkish | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Chechen | Caucasian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Serbian | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Cossack | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Indian | Reference | 1 | 0.03 |
| Kalmyk | Reference | 3 | 0.09 |
| Yazidi | Reference | 3 | 0.09 |
| Circassian | Caucasian | 1 | 0.03 |
| Total | 3526 | 100 |
Note: The original RLMS question for the self-identification of individuals’ nationality is the following: “What nationality do you consider yourself? I don’t necessarily have in mind the nationality that is indicated on your passport.” Please, consult: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/rlms-hse/data/questionnaires/rtadult.pdf
Table 11.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The sample of Tatars, Armenians and Ukrainians.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | −3.2129 | −3.3838 | 1.4044 | 7.2388 | 138.2858*** | |||||
| (4.4018) | (5.0976) | (6.0398) | (7.7933) | (33.0610) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0159 | −0.0137 | −0.0104 | 2.8811*** | −0.0337 | −0.0103 | 0.0004 | 3.7826*** | ||
| (0.0286) | (0.0331) | (0.0393) | (0.2693) | (0.0315) | (0.0675) | (0.0748) | (0.2636) | |||
| Education of father | 14.6014*** | 17.7233*** | 27.8663*** | 14.0499*** | 14.6404*** | 29.9446*** | ||||
| (0.9194) | (1.1132) | (2.9015) | (1.5259) | (1.8320) | (3.4283) | |||||
| Education of mother | −3.31e+08 | −45.2892*** | −1.23e+05 | −68.8324*** | ||||||
| (.) | (5.3531) | (.) | (2.9164) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | −12.4537 | −16.7074 | −11.5404 | −9.7312 | 165.3568*** | |||||
| (9.5852) | (13.4188) | (19.0085) | (21.9590) | (40.7698) | ||||||
| Constant | 4.7156 | 5.7065 | 0.8530 | −5.0125 | −179.9617*** | 14.0107 | 19.9862 | 13.8269 | 11.6191 | −230.9693*** |
| (4.4133) | (6.3320) | (6.1458) | (7.4712) | (29.3040) | (9.7727) | (14.8632) | (21.2625) | (24.1982) | (43.6102) | |
| 2 | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | −0.5718 | −0.2433 | −0.8594 | 0.7721 | −7.5969 | |||||
| (4.8433) | (4.7001) | (8.1895) | (9.4463) | (12.5775) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0119 | −0.0653 | −0.0447 | −0.0020 | −0.0112 | −0.0901* | −0.0617 | −0.0092 | ||
| (0.0194) | (0.0442) | (0.0458) | (0.1461) | (0.0201) | (0.0470) | (0.0484) | (0.1016) | |||
| Education of father | 1.9362* | 1.1651 | 18.2165*** | 2.8778*** | 2.4399** | 20.5987*** | ||||
| (1.0460) | (1.1304) | (1.9342) | (0.9603) | (1.0494) | (1.5087) | |||||
| Education of mother | 16.6617*** | 40.4975*** | 16.5196*** | 43.1153*** | ||||||
| (1.3449) | (2.5600) | (0.9055) | (2.2779) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 13.0330** | 14.2040** | 16.4497** | 17.4375** | 21.2544 | |||||
| (5.5658) | (5.7483) | (8.3079) | (8.7228) | (21.7786) | ||||||
| Constant | 0.6773 | 0.9548 | 3.5236 | 1.0055 | 8.0650 | −12.9992** | −13.5861** | −13.1105 | −15.3013 | −19.5196 |
| (4.8637) | (4.8888) | (8.3808) | (9.5518) | (15.3778) | (5.6532) | (5.8584) | (8.8615) | (9.4117) | (22.3765) | |
| 3 | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 14.8990* | 14.1590 | 32.7083** | 56.7455** | 71.2787** | |||||
| (8.0110) | (9.7392) | (15.5682) | (23.2198) | (34.5274) | ||||||
| Age | −0.0054 | 0.0004 | −0.0260 | −0.0199 | 0.0133 | 0.0166 | 0.0152 | 0.0979 | ||
| (0.0247) | (0.0634) | (0.0756) | (0.1809) | (0.0224) | (0.0524) | (0.0622) | (0.1794) | |||
| Education of father | 0.5109 | −1.1655 | −37.2333*** | 1.1969 | 0.4871 | −38.0722*** | ||||
| (0.8679) | (0.7749) | (1.6169) | (0.8007) | (0.8347) | (1.6102) | |||||
| Education of mother | 4.5829*** | 57.8446*** | 2.0891* | 60.6449*** | ||||||
| (1.6984) | (1.8183) | (1.1006) | (3.5608) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 13.1946* | 12.9545 | 14.3050 | 14.8098 | 16.4022 | |||||
| (7.4544) | (8.1298) | (11.9358) | (12.6759) | (11.0959) | ||||||
| Constant | −15.5535* | −14.5482 | −33.4480** | −56.8495** | −69.8195* | −13.9784* | −14.3420* | −15.9229 | −16.5215 | −19.8110 |
| (8.1603) | (9.2587) | (15.5690) | (24.5713) | (37.7463) | (7.5476) | (7.8269) | (11.7857) | (12.9564) | (13.9092) | |
| Log-likelihood | −71.5281 | −71.2048 | −35.0046 | −27.7305 | −12.6871 | −69.2130 | −67.6023 | −35.1905 | −30.6514 | −13.4989 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −75.0919 | −75.0919 | −43.0988 | −41.7571 | −39.5565 | −75.0919 | −75.0919 | −43.0988 | −41.7571 | −39.5565 |
| Wald chi2 | 4.7266 | 5.3011 | 527.0742 | . | . | 10.0497 | 11.8920 | 461.3394 | . | . |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.1929 | 0.5058 | 0.0000 | . | . | 0.0181 | 0.0644 | 0.0000 | . | . |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0475 | 0.0518 | 0.1878 | 0.3359 | 0.6793 | 0.0783 | 0.0997 | 0.1835 | 0.2660 | 0.6587 |
| Number of observations | 56 | 56 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 56 | 56 | 33 | 32 | 31 |
Note: Robust standard errors. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 12.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Self-identities of nationalities are included. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Females. The full sample.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.4694** | 0.5777 | 0.7577 | 0.6873 | 1.0052 | |||||
| (1.4557) | (1.4411) | (2.3646) | (2.3772) | (2.3964) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.0511 | −1.0031 | −0.8880 | −1.0064 | −1.1457 | 0.1344 | −1.0038 | −0.9139 | −1.0601 | −1.1831 |
| (0.7439) | (0.7849) | (0.7701) | (0.7702) | (0.8540) | (0.7451) | (0.7841) | (0.7851) | (0.7874) | (0.8664) | |
| Caucasian | 0.5336 | −0.0870 | −0.6753 | −0.6317 | −0.7905 | 0.5657 | −0.0833 | −0.6892 | −0.6500 | −0.7749 |
| (0.5974) | (0.6198) | (0.6281) | (0.6225) | (0.6586) | (0.6036) | (0.6207) | (0.6317) | (0.6256) | (0.6589) | |
| Age | −0.0502*** | 0.0032 | 0.0056 | 0.0068 | −0.0500*** | 0.0028 | 0.0049 | 0.0062 | ||
| (0.0041) | (0.0140) | (0.0146) | (0.0146) | (0.0041) | (0.0142) | (0.0148) | (0.0150) | |||
| Education of father | 0.9626** | 0.1159 | 0.0514 | 0.9658** | 0.1175 | 0.0716 | ||||
| (0.3823) | (0.4302) | (0.4681) | (0.3837) | (0.4282) | (0.4661) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.9050*** | 2.3045*** | 1.8970*** | 2.2803*** | ||||||
| (0.6641) | (0.8234) | (0.6612) | (0.8208) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 3.2302** | 0.4036 | −0.9750 | −1.4732 | −1.3620 | |||||
| (1.5104) | (1.2777) | (2.7860) | (2.8479) | (2.8443) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.2696 | 4.4928*** | 2.0362 | 1.9481 | 1.6599 | −1.0344 | 4.6532*** | 3.7906 | 4.1479 | 4.0564 |
| (1.4451) | (1.5066) | (2.6020) | (2.6344) | (2.6184) | (1.5010) | (1.3453) | (3.0610) | (3.1207) | (3.0988) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.0186 | 0.6306 | −0.5326 | −0.3329 | −0.6445 | |||||
| (0.9967) | (0.9967) | (1.3589) | (1.3770) | (1.4116) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.2435 | −0.4052 | −0.3657 | −0.3697 | −0.1175 | −0.2645 | −0.4415 | −0.4091 | −0.4202 | −0.1678 |
| (0.4559) | (0.4761) | (0.4796) | (0.4964) | (0.5283) | (0.4524) | (0.4728) | (0.4861) | (0.4993) | (0.5318) | |
| Caucasian | 0.1413 | 0.0838 | −0.2887 | −0.2819 | −0.4025 | 0.1379 | 0.0689 | −0.3224 | −0.3137 | −0.4356 |
| (0.3208) | (0.3329) | (0.3812) | (0.3781) | (0.3895) | (0.3216) | (0.3343) | (0.3837) | (0.3799) | (0.3910) | |
| Age | −0.0132*** | −0.0074 | −0.0028 | 0.0006 | −0.0138*** | −0.0076 | −0.0031 | 0.0004 | ||
| (0.0030) | (0.0058) | (0.0059) | (0.0061) | (0.0030) | (0.0058) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | |||
| Education of father | 1.3534*** | 0.7066*** | 0.6400*** | 1.3485*** | 0.6953*** | 0.6290*** | ||||
| (0.1728) | (0.2095) | (0.2215) | (0.1730) | (0.2085) | (0.2204) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.2781*** | 1.2879*** | 1.2829*** | 1.2907*** | ||||||
| (0.2429) | (0.2604) | (0.2423) | (0.2600) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | −0.1016 | −0.7059 | −1.3531 | −1.2988 | −1.4099 | |||||
| (1.0424) | (1.0033) | (1.3517) | (1.3855) | (1.4040) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.2737 | 0.7935 | 1.4724 | 0.9945 | 1.2498 | 0.8460 | 2.1624** | 2.3113* | 1.9791 | 2.0331 |
| (0.9956) | (1.0213) | (1.3987) | (1.4175) | (1.4519) | (1.0432) | (1.0382) | (1.4014) | (1.4329) | (1.4473) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 0.6088 | 0.0551 | −1.0421 | −0.9271 | −1.0615 | |||||
| (0.9531) | (0.9669) | (1.3278) | (1.3416) | (1.3759) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.3807 | −0.5706 | −0.3968 | −0.3151 | −0.2452 | −0.3420 | −0.5626 | −0.4216 | −0.3346 | −0.2524 |
| (0.4659) | (0.4661) | (0.4835) | (0.5110) | (0.5241) | (0.4647) | (0.4663) | (0.4874) | (0.5139) | (0.5243) | |
| Caucasian | 0.0541 | −0.0119 | −0.2958 | −0.3225 | −0.6696* | 0.0716 | −0.0078 | −0.3203 | −0.3424 | −0.6853* |
| (0.2947) | (0.3055) | (0.3696) | (0.3734) | (0.3914) | (0.2944) | (0.3057) | (0.3703) | (0.3738) | (0.3915) | |
| Age | −0.0254*** | −0.0412*** | −0.0392*** | −0.0378*** | −0.0255*** | −0.0415*** | −0.0394*** | −0.0380*** | ||
| (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | |||
| Education of father | 1.4724*** | 0.9874*** | 0.9110*** | 1.4754*** | 0.9912*** | 0.9134*** | ||||
| (0.1396) | (0.1608) | (0.1625) | (0.1398) | (0.1608) | (0.1623) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9711*** | 0.9607*** | 0.9698*** | 0.9594*** | ||||||
| (0.1730) | (0.1767) | (0.1727) | (0.1763) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.3266 | 0.2235 | −1.3007 | −1.0926 | −0.9749 | |||||
| (0.9996) | (0.9963) | (1.3366) | (1.3530) | (1.3905) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.9143 | 0.9262 | 2.2596* | 1.9595 | 2.0386 | −1.6308 | 0.7600 | 2.5314* | 2.1359 | 1.9614 |
| (0.9531) | (0.9880) | (1.3651) | (1.3819) | (1.4142) | (1.0004) | (1.0247) | (1.3822) | (1.4004) | (1.4368) | |
| Log-likelihood | −2706.9546 | −2596.6330 | −1418.8146 | −1381.4348 | −1336.1671 | −2701.6436 | −2593.2432 | −1417.4354 | −1380.0944 | −1334.8842 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −2710.7288 | −2710.7288 | −1531.4485 | −1516.5009 | −1496.0112 | −2707.8530 | −2707.8530 | −1530.0329 | −1515.0835 | −1494.5942 |
| Wald chi2 | 7.6352 | 280.9926 | 186.4528 | 204.7638 | 251.2461 | 11.5813 | 296.2479 | 185.8479 | 203.5297 | 250.6411 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.5713 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2380 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0014 | 0.0421 | 0.0735 | 0.0891 | 0.1068 | 0.0023 | 0.0423 | 0.0736 | 0.0891 | 0.1069 |
| Number of observations | 2123 | 2123 | 1300 | 1290 | 1273 | 2121 | 2121 | 1299 | 1289 | 1272 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. Individuals which are not belong to “Asian” or “Caucasian” groups constitute the reference group. In some specifications for females STATA returns errors, outcomes with a predicted probability that is less than 0. Details available upon request.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 13.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Self-identities of nationalities are included. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The full sample.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.4420** | 3.3745** | 4.5063** | 4.4978** | 4.4869** | |||||
| (1.6427) | (1.6546) | (1.9980) | (2.0265) | (2.0938) | ||||||
| Asian | 14.4238*** | 12.6591*** | 13.1683*** | 13.4548*** | 14.7539*** | 14.3990*** | 12.6323*** | 12.5111*** | 13.1712*** | 14.7322*** |
| (0.2758) | (0.3112) | (0.3554) | (0.3936) | (0.5079) | (0.2765) | (0.3122) | (0.3510) | (0.3883) | (0.5056) | |
| Caucasian | −0.3322 | −0.3377 | −0.7512 | −0.5965 | −0.7328 | −0.3679 | −0.3698 | −0.8138* | −0.6744 | −0.8112 |
| (0.4533) | (0.4571) | (0.4914) | (0.5553) | (0.5817) | (0.4521) | (0.4546) | (0.4941) | (0.5598) | (0.5754) | |
| Age | −0.0159** | 0.0262** | 0.0273** | 0.0310** | −0.0160** | 0.0263** | 0.0273** | 0.0311** | ||
| (0.0075) | (0.0117) | (0.0121) | (0.0137) | (0.0076) | (0.0117) | (0.0121) | (0.0136) | |||
| Education of father | 1.0037*** | 0.6222* | 0.5963 | 1.0110*** | 0.6375* | 0.6122 | ||||
| (0.3413) | (0.3782) | (0.4004) | (0.3408) | (0.3769) | (0.3985) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.6579 | 0.6217 | 0.6412 | 0.6096 | ||||||
| (0.4090) | (0.4248) | (0.4059) | (0.4208) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.2859 | 2.0980 | 3.2457 | 3.2677 | 3.1124 | |||||
| (1.9378) | (1.8889) | (2.6154) | (2.6946) | (2.6873) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.3132 | −0.4899 | −3.3441 | −3.3981 | −3.5216 | −0.1675 | 0.7795 | −2.1011 | −2.1783 | −2.1555 |
| (1.6291) | (1.7183) | (2.1223) | (2.1735) | (2.2390) | (1.9244) | (1.9348) | (2.7408) | (2.8302) | (2.8236) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.7348** | 2.8747** | 3.5873** | 3.8184** | 3.4240** | |||||
| (1.1906) | (1.1902) | (1.4936) | (1.5197) | (1.5824) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.0837 | 0.1703 | 0.0396 | −0.1412 | 0.1483 | 0.0548 | 0.1351 | 0.0233 | −0.1635 | 0.1389 |
| (0.5254) | (0.5258) | (0.6213) | (0.6540) | (0.7804) | (0.5296) | (0.5312) | (0.6386) | (0.6724) | (0.8054) | |
| Caucasian | 0.2035 | 0.1962 | 0.0479 | 0.2754 | −0.0334 | 0.1870 | 0.1796 | −0.0002 | 0.2119 | −0.1124 |
| (0.3301) | (0.3321) | (0.3467) | (0.3813) | (0.4224) | (0.3294) | (0.3312) | (0.3390) | (0.3725) | (0.4165) | |
| Age | 0.0071* | −0.0106 | −0.0079 | −0.0036 | 0.0067* | −0.0111 | −0.0084 | −0.0039 | ||
| (0.0037) | (0.0069) | (0.0070) | (0.0074) | (0.0037) | (0.0069) | (0.0070) | (0.0074) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5093*** | 1.1425*** | 1.0721*** | 1.5158*** | 1.1515*** | 1.0835*** | ||||
| (0.1815) | (0.1996) | (0.2051) | (0.1823) | (0.2007) | (0.2063) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.6801*** | 0.6156*** | 0.6765*** | 0.6209*** | ||||||
| (0.2029) | (0.2122) | (0.2039) | (0.2125) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.0349 | 1.1143 | 2.4039 | 2.5891 | 2.5273 | |||||
| (1.2725) | (1.2744) | (1.5919) | (1.6317) | (1.6753) | ||||||
| Constant | −2.3700** | −2.8404** | −3.1766** | −3.5556** | −3.2519** | −0.6812 | −1.0733 | −1.9846 | −2.3165 | −2.3453 |
| (1.1851) | (1.2084) | (1.5203) | (1.5463) | (1.6097) | (1.2679) | (1.2915) | (1.6312) | (1.6635) | (1.7016) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.5364*** | 3.7668*** | 3.6661** | 3.7891** | 2.9513* | |||||
| (1.2471) | (1.2483) | (1.5865) | (1.6203) | (1.7081) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.0960 | 0.2314 | −0.0006 | −0.1059 | 0.0988 | 0.1000 | 0.2302 | 0.0419 | −0.0672 | 0.1168 |
| (0.5176) | (0.5090) | (0.6638) | (0.5734) | (0.6347) | (0.5153) | (0.5087) | (0.6749) | (0.5838) | (0.6514) | |
| Caucasian | −0.0848 | −0.0848 | −0.1802 | −0.0184 | −0.6796 | −0.1101 | −0.1113 | −0.2331 | −0.0791 | −0.7392 |
| (0.3223) | (0.3188) | (0.4330) | (0.4567) | (0.5212) | (0.3285) | (0.3253) | (0.4327) | (0.4580) | (0.5247) | |
| Age | 0.0105*** | −0.0048 | −0.0005 | 0.0006 | 0.0101*** | −0.0051 | −0.0010 | 0.0001 | ||
| (0.0036) | (0.0071) | (0.0073) | (0.0075) | (0.0036) | (0.0072) | (0.0074) | (0.0075) | |||
| Education of father | 1.6614*** | 1.1454*** | 1.1100*** | 1.6769*** | 1.1587*** | 1.1250*** | ||||
| (0.1597) | (0.1816) | (0.1891) | (0.1602) | (0.1834) | (0.1911) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.0143*** | 0.9649*** | 1.0163*** | 0.9668*** | ||||||
| (0.1894) | (0.1983) | (0.1909) | (0.1998) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.0531 | 2.1976* | 3.6478** | 3.7838** | 3.0431* | |||||
| (1.3071) | (1.3035) | (1.6058) | (1.6538) | (1.7021) | ||||||
| Constant | −3.9884*** | −4.7101*** | −4.4765*** | −4.8746*** | −4.0018** | −2.5118* | −3.1284** | −4.4502*** | −4.8548*** | −4.0746** |
| (1.2445) | (1.2670) | (1.6255) | (1.6614) | (1.7538) | (1.3045) | (1.3195) | (1.6717) | (1.7128) | (1.7603) | |
| Log-likelihood | −1706.0219 | −1695.6492 | −1073.8227 | −1038.6709 | −998.9212 | −1710.0307 | −1700.0752 | −1075.6429 | −1040.5814 | −1000.7553 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −1713.7000 | −1713.7000 | −1150.0360 | −1125.6622 | −1110.1811 | −1714.8936 | −1714.8936 | −1151.1423 | −1126.7802 | −1111.3004 |
| Wald chi2 | 2774.2984 | 2171.1505 | 1604.0328 | 1615.9228 | 5262.5675 | 2765.0489 | 2150.4716 | 1498.7610 | 1682.0764 | 5319.5344 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0045 | 0.0105 | 0.0663 | 0.0773 | 0.1002 | 0.0028 | 0.0086 | 0.0656 | 0.0765 | 0.0995 |
| Number of observations | 1324 | 1324 | 905 | 888 | 877 | 1325 | 1325 | 906 | 889 | 878 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. Individuals which are not belong to “Asian” or “Caucasian” groups constitute the reference group.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 14.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Self-identities of nationalities are included. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Females. The subsample created by the first method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.3054 | −1.2371 | −1.2778 | −0.7108 | −1.3931 | |||||
| (2.3051) | (2.1966) | (3.5502) | (3.6452) | (3.9067) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.4305 | −0.5139 | −0.3691 | −0.5659 | −0.5436 | 0.4565 | −0.5175 | −0.3114 | −0.5186 | −0.4556 |
| (1.0320) | (1.0766) | (1.0486) | (1.0485) | (1.1853) | (1.0479) | (1.0788) | (1.0718) | (1.0772) | (1.2127) | |
| Caucasian | 1.2099 | 0.6945 | 0.0801 | 0.0181 | −0.1433 | 1.3018 | 0.7160 | 0.1190 | 0.0825 | −0.0609 |
| (1.0171) | (1.0254) | (1.0361) | (1.0381) | (1.0648) | (1.0190) | (1.0262) | (1.0438) | (1.0473) | (1.0676) | |
| Age | −0.0484*** | 0.0055 | 0.0090 | 0.0092 | −0.0480*** | 0.0068 | 0.0105 | 0.0111 | ||
| (0.0048) | (0.0169) | (0.0172) | (0.0180) | (0.0051) | (0.0172) | (0.0177) | (0.0182) | |||
| Education of father | 1.0062** | −0.0209 | −0.0881 | 1.0055** | −0.0549 | −0.1230 | ||||
| (0.4458) | (0.4595) | (0.5175) | (0.4424) | (0.4644) | (0.5166) | |||||
| Education of mother | 2.2566*** | 2.8898*** | 2.2863*** | 2.9243*** | ||||||
| (0.7534) | (1.0463) | (0.7598) | (1.0480) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 5.2527** | 0.5250 | 1.7431 | 1.9417 | 2.0526 | |||||
| (2.4108) | (2.3479) | (4.6745) | (4.8489) | (4.8488) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.0043 | 6.2824*** | 3.9925 | 3.2084 | 3.9753 | −2.9353 | 4.5068* | 0.9144 | 0.4922 | 0.4632 |
| (2.2974) | (2.2678) | (3.8179) | (3.9450) | (4.1794) | (2.3968) | (2.4672) | (4.9488) | (5.1599) | (5.1457) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.0047 | 1.6750 | 1.0075 | 1.7202 | 0.8490 | |||||
| (1.5214) | (1.5245) | (1.9810) | (2.0907) | (2.1084) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.3188 | −0.4307 | −0.2399 | −0.3073 | 0.1721 | −0.3156 | −0.4312 | −0.2651 | −0.3621 | 0.1394 |
| (0.5220) | (0.5411) | (0.5687) | (0.6043) | (0.6228) | (0.5230) | (0.5416) | (0.5710) | (0.6024) | (0.6172) | |
| Caucasian | 0.3337 | 0.3013 | −0.1976 | −0.2696 | −0.2065 | 0.3472 | 0.3071 | −0.2440 | −0.3170 | −0.2441 |
| (0.4067) | (0.4142) | (0.4550) | (0.4566) | (0.4795) | (0.4087) | (0.4171) | (0.4621) | (0.4661) | (0.4829) | |
| Age | −0.0113*** | −0.0049 | −0.0005 | 0.0058 | −0.0116*** | −0.0051 | −0.0010 | 0.0059 | ||
| (0.0035) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0073) | (0.0035) | (0.0068) | (0.0067) | (0.0073) | |||
| Education of father | 1.3285*** | 0.6427*** | 0.5392** | 1.3073*** | 0.6021*** | 0.5029** | ||||
| (0.1998) | (0.2246) | (0.2437) | (0.1988) | (0.2262) | (0.2452) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.3202*** | 1.2882*** | 1.3224*** | 1.2935*** | ||||||
| (0.2566) | (0.2798) | (0.2589) | (0.2812) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.5274 | 1.0130 | −0.6515 | −0.7196 | −1.0845 | |||||
| (1.5824) | (1.5943) | (2.1892) | (2.2667) | (2.2782) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.1537 | −0.2438 | −0.0711 | −1.0610 | −0.2952 | −0.6767 | 0.4328 | 1.6028 | 1.4108 | 1.6496 |
| (1.5185) | (1.5582) | (2.0021) | (2.1264) | (2.1425) | (1.5798) | (1.6246) | (2.2141) | (2.2849) | (2.2860) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.2933 | 0.3369 | −0.8896 | −1.2042 | −1.3108 | |||||
| (1.4126) | (1.4461) | (1.8906) | (1.9660) | (1.9976) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.5741 | −0.7359 | −0.3989 | −0.3589 | −0.0347 | −0.5323 | −0.7006 | −0.3745 | −0.3175 | −0.0132 |
| (0.5427) | (0.5563) | (0.5580) | (0.6022) | (0.6074) | (0.5412) | (0.5570) | (0.5646) | (0.6158) | (0.6239) | |
| Caucasian | 0.3226 | 0.2733 | −0.1388 | −0.2053 | −0.5635 | 0.3704 | 0.3076 | −0.0953 | −0.1497 | −0.5165 |
| (0.3475) | (0.3564) | (0.4450) | (0.4545) | (0.4804) | (0.3430) | (0.3539) | (0.4426) | (0.4489) | (0.4763) | |
| Age | −0.0244*** | −0.0374*** | −0.0360*** | −0.0343*** | −0.0241*** | −0.0377*** | −0.0364*** | −0.0350*** | ||
| (0.0032) | (0.0062) | (0.0062) | (0.0065) | (0.0032) | (0.0062) | (0.0062) | (0.0065) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5438*** | 1.0364*** | 0.9421*** | 1.5480*** | 1.0423*** | 0.9489*** | ||||
| (0.1608) | (0.1838) | (0.1873) | (0.1606) | (0.1829) | (0.1866) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9642*** | 0.9658*** | 0.9673*** | 0.9718*** | ||||||
| (0.1931) | (0.2010) | (0.1928) | (0.2010) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 3.0578** | 2.0752 | 1.0620 | 1.5075 | 1.1076 | |||||
| (1.4761) | (1.4823) | (2.0298) | (2.0917) | (2.1322) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.4935 | 0.6954 | 2.0437 | 2.2011 | 2.2661 | −3.2550** | −1.0556 | 0.1024 | −0.4994 | −0.1383 |
| (1.4116) | (1.4706) | (1.9094) | (1.9921) | (2.0188) | (1.4748) | (1.5043) | (2.0500) | (2.1109) | (2.1431) | |
| Log-likelihood | −2122.3269 | −2042.7570 | −1109.1569 | −1080.0024 | −1031.6749 | −2119.3198 | −2043.3170 | −1109.3574 | −1080.5485 | −1031.6670 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −2125.4235 | −2125.4235 | −1199.0797 | −1188.6772 | −1170.3001 | −2125.4235 | −2125.4235 | −1199.0797 | −1188.6772 | −1170.3001 |
| Wald chi2 | 5.6738 | 207.3747 | 145.1196 | 162.2404 | 221.5683 | 11.8531 | 198.9310 | 145.6110 | 161.6998 | 220.5490 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.7721 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2217 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0015 | 0.0389 | 0.0750 | 0.0914 | 0.1185 | 0.0029 | 0.0386 | 0.0748 | 0.0910 | 0.1185 |
| Number of observations | 1700 | 1700 | 1039 | 1031 | 1016 | 1700 | 1700 | 1039 | 1031 | 1016 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. Individuals which are not belong to “Asian” or “Caucasian” groups constitute the reference group. In some specifications for females STATA returns errors, outcomes with a predicted probability that is less than 0. Details available upon request.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 15.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Self-identities of nationalities are included. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The subsample created by the first method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 7.1523** | 7.1864** | 6.2690* | 5.6492 | 5.0875 | |||||
| (2.8042) | (2.8233) | (3.5870) | (3.5918) | (3.8211) | ||||||
| Asian | 13.6234*** | 11.9688*** | 13.7520*** | 13.2196*** | 13.3554*** | 13.4621*** | 12.6899*** | 12.0702*** | 13.1740*** | 13.3174*** |
| (0.3160) | (0.3585) | (0.4086) | (0.4473) | (0.5689) | (0.3203) | (0.3637) | (0.4020) | (0.4523) | (0.5717) | |
| Caucasian | −0.8834* | −0.8714* | −1.3357*** | −1.1993** | −1.3174** | −0.9552** | −0.9206* | −1.4316*** | −1.3054** | −1.4267** |
| (0.4713) | (0.4801) | (0.5022) | (0.5643) | (0.5867) | (0.4804) | (0.4892) | (0.5175) | (0.5890) | (0.5957) | |
| Age | −0.0172* | 0.0353*** | 0.0326** | 0.0387** | −0.0164* | 0.0376*** | 0.0346** | 0.0405** | ||
| (0.0091) | (0.0132) | (0.0137) | (0.0158) | (0.0092) | (0.0138) | (0.0144) | (0.0164) | |||
| Education of father | 1.2508*** | 1.0810** | 1.0578** | 1.2717*** | 1.0989** | 1.0821** | ||||
| (0.4534) | (0.5082) | (0.5341) | (0.4494) | (0.4974) | (0.5252) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.2312 | 0.3857 | 0.2241 | 0.3854 | ||||||
| (0.4734) | (0.5081) | (0.4700) | (0.5065) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 7.0582*** | 6.4361** | 6.3295* | 6.4183* | 5.9393 | |||||
| (2.6727) | (2.6569) | (3.5590) | (3.6798) | (3.8319) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.9232* | −4.1332 | −5.3626 | −4.6326 | −4.2378 | −4.8261* | −3.4257 | −5.5166 | −5.4764 | −5.1527 |
| (2.7806) | (2.8004) | (3.6337) | (3.6572) | (3.8454) | (2.6506) | (2.6686) | (3.7449) | (3.8768) | (4.0112) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 5.1175*** | 5.1184*** | 5.1722** | 5.6908** | 5.5759** | |||||
| (1.7729) | (1.7720) | (2.2733) | (2.2850) | (2.3627) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.3231 | −0.2230 | −0.1726 | −0.4566 | −0.4217 | −0.3518 | −0.2473 | −0.2278 | −0.5139 | −0.4599 |
| (0.5719) | (0.5735) | (0.6783) | (0.7111) | (0.8941) | (0.5772) | (0.5787) | (0.6885) | (0.7231) | (0.9127) | |
| Caucasian | 0.0414 | 0.0220 | −0.0874 | 0.0925 | 0.0145 | 0.0276 | 0.0117 | −0.1224 | 0.0460 | −0.0575 |
| (0.3883) | (0.3941) | (0.4030) | (0.4455) | (0.4702) | (0.4001) | (0.4067) | (0.4119) | (0.4591) | (0.4861) | |
| Age | 0.0072* | −0.0093 | −0.0068 | −0.0046 | 0.0074* | −0.0083 | −0.0057 | −0.0033 | ||
| (0.0043) | (0.0078) | (0.0079) | (0.0084) | (0.0043) | (0.0078) | (0.0079) | (0.0084) | |||
| Education of father | 1.4745*** | 1.1644*** | 1.1044*** | 1.4856*** | 1.1819*** | 1.1327*** | ||||
| (0.2101) | (0.2390) | (0.2395) | (0.2106) | (0.2407) | (0.2420) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.5562** | 0.5275** | 0.5516** | 0.5218** | ||||||
| (0.2418) | (0.2481) | (0.2430) | (0.2515) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 4.5405** | 4.5776** | 5.3687** | 6.0948** | 6.5447*** | |||||
| (1.8191) | (1.8133) | (2.3437) | (2.4047) | (2.5217) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.7121*** | −5.0474*** | −4.7559** | −5.4009** | −5.2151** | −4.1352** | −4.5156** | −4.9956** | −5.8477** | −6.2298** |
| (1.7680) | (1.7780) | (2.2716) | (2.2826) | (2.3618) | (1.8135) | (1.8175) | (2.3694) | (2.4241) | (2.5339) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 5.5751*** | 5.6063*** | 4.7359** | 5.1822** | 4.4299* | |||||
| (1.7886) | (1.7925) | (2.1973) | (2.2078) | (2.2998) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.2154 | 0.3603 | 0.4765 | 0.2366 | 0.5487 | 0.2036 | 0.3482 | 0.5180 | 0.2697 | 0.5702 |
| (0.5646) | (0.5648) | (0.6335) | (0.6142) | (0.7361) | (0.5692) | (0.5696) | (0.6359) | (0.6216) | (0.7726) | |
| Caucasian | −0.3002 | −0.3087 | −0.4232 | −0.3194 | −1.0155 | −0.2875 | −0.2956 | −0.3977 | −0.3028 | −1.0175* |
| (0.4014) | (0.3988) | (0.5363) | (0.5943) | (0.6214) | (0.4017) | (0.4003) | (0.5264) | (0.5832) | (0.6095) | |
| Age | 0.0098** | −0.0036 | 0.0008 | −0.0003 | 0.0098** | −0.0037 | 0.0008 | −0.0004 | ||
| (0.0041) | (0.0082) | (0.0084) | (0.0087) | (0.0041) | (0.0083) | (0.0085) | (0.0087) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5814*** | 1.0788*** | 1.0926*** | 1.5987*** | 1.0943*** | 1.1123*** | ||||
| (0.1832) | (0.2144) | (0.2273) | (0.1840) | (0.2189) | (0.2329) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9350*** | 0.8641*** | 0.9421*** | 0.8690*** | ||||||
| (0.2237) | (0.2368) | (0.2276) | (0.2422) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 5.3527*** | 5.3642*** | 7.4552*** | 7.9905*** | 7.6220*** | |||||
| (1.8761) | (1.8743) | (2.3424) | (2.3680) | (2.5840) | ||||||
| Constant | −6.0384*** | −6.5300*** | −5.5697** | −6.2769*** | −5.3185** | −5.8144*** | −6.2883*** | −8.2901*** | −9.0864*** | −8.5027*** |
| (1.7878) | (1.8027) | (2.2042) | (2.2130) | (2.3166) | (1.8743) | (1.8810) | (2.3839) | (2.3992) | (2.6163) | |
| Log-likelihood | −1282.3784 | −1274.6914 | −804.0535 | −779.7735 | −741.3115 | −1283.2537 | −1275.9066 | −802.3743 | −777.9081 | −739.3694 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −1293.6849 | −1293.6849 | −862.7502 | −843.9370 | −831.6926 | −1293.6849 | −1293.6849 | −862.7502 | −843.9370 | −831.6926 |
| Wald chi2 | 1938.4443 | 1522.2746 | 1343.1041 | 1277.3790 | 3267.2616 | 1829.6738 | 1641.0251 | 1082.6532 | 1313.8004 | 3241.3021 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0087 | 0.0147 | 0.0680 | 0.0760 | 0.1087 | 0.0081 | 0.0137 | 0.0700 | 0.0782 | 0.1110 |
| Number of observations | 1001 | 1001 | 682 | 669 | 661 | 1001 | 1001 | 682 | 669 | 661 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. Individuals which are not belong to “Asian” or “Caucasian” groups constitute the reference group.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 16.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Self-identities of nationalities are included. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Females. The subsample created by the second method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.6479** | 0.5536 | 0.6778 | 0.4110 | 0.4098 | |||||
| (1.5274) | (1.5689) | (2.4601) | (2.5191) | (2.5738) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.0527 | −0.9837 | −0.8884 | −1.0074 | −1.1754 | 0.1260 | −0.9986 | −0.9239 | −1.0737 | −1.2308 |
| (0.7444) | (0.7849) | (0.7700) | (0.7700) | (0.8589) | (0.7457) | (0.7842) | (0.7862) | (0.7888) | (0.8726) | |
| Caucasian | 0.5452 | −0.1005 | −0.6590 | −0.6607 | −0.9326 | 0.5522 | −0.0998 | −0.6930 | −0.7058 | −0.9719 |
| (0.5989) | (0.6176) | (0.6235) | (0.6166) | (0.6572) | (0.6056) | (0.6210) | (0.6333) | (0.6259) | (0.6634) | |
| Age | −0.0497*** | 0.0031 | 0.0055 | 0.0065 | −0.0497*** | 0.0026 | 0.0048 | 0.0059 | ||
| (0.0041) | (0.0138) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | (0.0041) | (0.0141) | (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||
| Education of father | 0.9588** | 0.0869 | −0.0363 | 0.9543** | 0.0795 | −0.0420 | ||||
| (0.3800) | (0.4296) | (0.4715) | (0.3812) | (0.4281) | (0.4701) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.9326*** | 2.3501*** | 1.9319*** | 2.3451*** | ||||||
| (0.6703) | (0.8314) | (0.6674) | (0.8285) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.8084* | 0.1024 | −1.0696 | −1.6133 | −1.4092 | |||||
| (1.6112) | (1.3420) | (2.9688) | (3.0822) | (3.0427) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.4450 | 4.4830*** | 2.1187 | 2.2257 | 2.2785 | −0.6143 | 4.9364*** | 3.8932 | 4.2927 | 4.1313 |
| (1.5161) | (1.6347) | (2.7031) | (2.7729) | (2.8020) | (1.6040) | (1.4056) | (3.2462) | (3.3586) | (3.3032) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.4872 | 1.0829 | −0.2873 | −0.1445 | −0.4227 | |||||
| (1.0542) | (1.0582) | (1.3572) | (1.3945) | (1.4361) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.2502 | −0.4086 | −0.3672 | −0.3709 | −0.1132 | −0.2619 | −0.4364 | −0.4053 | −0.4154 | −0.1551 |
| (0.4579) | (0.4778) | (0.4796) | (0.4948) | (0.5288) | (0.4532) | (0.4731) | (0.4853) | (0.4973) | (0.5313) | |
| Caucasian | 0.2092 | 0.1513 | −0.1860 | −0.1907 | −0.3077 | 0.2088 | 0.1400 | −0.2135 | −0.2170 | −0.3298 |
| (0.3276) | (0.3400) | (0.3828) | (0.3846) | (0.3956) | (0.3301) | (0.3430) | (0.3851) | (0.3866) | (0.3965) | |
| Age | −0.0128*** | −0.0067 | −0.0023 | 0.0011 | −0.0134*** | −0.0069 | −0.0025 | 0.0009 | ||
| (0.0030) | (0.0058) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | (0.0030) | (0.0059) | (0.0059) | (0.0062) | |||
| Education of father | 1.3888*** | 0.7524*** | 0.6910*** | 1.3864*** | 0.7426*** | 0.6832*** | ||||
| (0.1759) | (0.2148) | (0.2276) | (0.1760) | (0.2135) | (0.2261) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.2410*** | 1.2462*** | 1.2475*** | 1.2499*** | ||||||
| (0.2444) | (0.2623) | (0.2438) | (0.2617) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 0.3036 | −0.3404 | −1.1884 | −1.1458 | −1.1834 | |||||
| (1.0618) | (1.0362) | (1.3517) | (1.3946) | (1.3999) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.7299 | 0.3370 | 1.2004 | 0.7882 | 1.0092 | 0.4510 | 1.7854* | 2.1170 | 1.8056 | 1.7841 |
| (1.0520) | (1.0827) | (1.3948) | (1.4340) | (1.4748) | (1.0621) | (1.0700) | (1.4003) | (1.4413) | (1.4425) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 1.1324 | 0.5291 | −0.9077 | −0.8723 | −0.9857 | |||||
| (0.9998) | (1.0241) | (1.3479) | (1.3685) | (1.4023) | ||||||
| Asian | −0.3786 | −0.5667 | −0.3970 | −0.3171 | −0.2368 | −0.3381 | −0.5561 | −0.4179 | −0.3313 | −0.2371 |
| (0.4657) | (0.4664) | (0.4837) | (0.5103) | (0.5252) | (0.4648) | (0.4662) | (0.4874) | (0.5130) | (0.5252) | |
| Caucasian | 0.0877 | 0.0240 | −0.2303 | −0.2669 | −0.6146 | 0.1096 | 0.0315 | −0.2507 | −0.2826 | −0.6219 |
| (0.2971) | (0.3071) | (0.3695) | (0.3758) | (0.3931) | (0.2968) | (0.3077) | (0.3702) | (0.3763) | (0.3929) | |
| Age | −0.0251*** | −0.0409*** | −0.0389*** | −0.0375*** | −0.0251*** | −0.0412*** | −0.0391*** | −0.0377*** | ||
| (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0055) | (0.0057) | (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0056) | (0.0057) | |||
| Education of father | 1.4887*** | 1.0035*** | 0.9254*** | 1.4936*** | 1.0095*** | 0.9307*** | ||||
| (0.1405) | (0.1620) | (0.1637) | (0.1407) | (0.1619) | (0.1634) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.9598*** | 0.9509*** | 0.9586*** | 0.9498*** | ||||||
| (0.1731) | (0.1768) | (0.1728) | (0.1765) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.5866 | 0.4723 | −1.1730 | −0.9724 | −0.7865 | |||||
| (1.0102) | (1.0116) | (1.3417) | (1.3607) | (1.3906) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.4314 | 0.4405 | 2.1111 | 1.8927 | 1.9484 | −1.8867* | 0.4980 | 2.3879* | 2.0018 | 1.7556 |
| (0.9994) | (1.0446) | (1.3834) | (1.4071) | (1.4381) | (1.0108) | (1.0393) | (1.3866) | (1.4074) | (1.4357) | |
| Log−likelihood | −2682.4111 | −2575.0949 | −1409.7966 | −1373.2650 | −1327.1711 | −2681.9169 | −2575.2053 | −1409.6465 | −1373.1288 | −1327.0810 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −2686.3630 | −2686.3630 | −1522.8522 | −1507.8976 | −1487.4098 | −2686.3630 | −2686.3630 | −1522.8522 | −1507.8976 | −1487.4098 |
| Wald chi2 | 7.8176 | 274.2575 | 186.1425 | 203.3881 | 251.3254 | 8.3491 | 276.5028 | 186.1338 | 202.4382 | 250.7580 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.5526 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.4994 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0015 | 0.0414 | 0.0742 | 0.0893 | 0.1077 | 0.0017 | 0.0414 | 0.0743 | 0.0894 | 0.1078 |
| Number of observations | 2106 | 2106 | 1293 | 1283 | 1266 | 2106 | 2106 | 1293 | 1283 | 1266 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. Individuals which are not belong to “Asian” or “Caucasian” groups constitute the reference group. In some specifications for females STATA returns errors, outcomes with a predicted probability that is less than 0. Details available upon request.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.
Table 17.
Generalized logistic regression output, regression coefficients. Self-identities of nationalities are included. Dependent variable – educational attainment. Males. The subsample created by the second method of the deletion of outliers.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.9374** | 3.8984** | 4.7261** | 4.7195** | 4.8528** | |||||
| (1.7691) | (1.7771) | (2.1743) | (2.2057) | (2.2731) | ||||||
| Asian | 14.4307*** | 12.6778*** | 13.2933*** | 12.3300*** | 14.7755*** | 14.3995*** | 12.8950*** | 13.3824*** | 13.4129*** | 14.7293*** |
| (0.2765) | (0.3113) | (0.3557) | (0.3940) | (0.5089) | (0.2769) | (0.3122) | (0.3513) | (0.3892) | (0.5081) | |
| Caucasian | −0.3309 | −0.3343 | −0.7427 | −0.5874 | −0.7193 | −0.3746 | −0.3756 | −0.8044 | −0.6646 | −0.7870 |
| (0.4544) | (0.4582) | (0.4918) | (0.5556) | (0.5814) | (0.4527) | (0.4551) | (0.4945) | (0.5605) | (0.5739) | |
| Age | −0.0153** | 0.0260** | 0.0271** | 0.0312** | −0.0153** | 0.0261** | 0.0271** | 0.0311** | ||
| (0.0076) | (0.0117) | (0.0121) | (0.0139) | (0.0076) | (0.0117) | (0.0121) | (0.0137) | |||
| Education of father | 1.0051*** | 0.6178 | 0.5899 | 1.0107*** | 0.6305* | 0.6059 | ||||
| (0.3414) | (0.3778) | (0.4001) | (0.3411) | (0.3759) | (0.3969) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.6687 | 0.6399 | 0.6531 | 0.6315 | ||||||
| (0.4086) | (0.4259) | (0.4051) | (0.4208) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.6624 | 2.4905 | 3.2793 | 3.3296 | 3.1010 | |||||
| (1.9439) | (1.8941) | (2.6342) | (2.7106) | (2.7233) | ||||||
| Constant | −1.8011 | −1.0372 | −3.5596 | −3.6177 | −3.8972 | −0.5391 | 0.3589 | −2.1362 | −2.2422 | −2.1524 |
| (1.7531) | (1.8297) | (2.2716) | (2.3257) | (2.3983) | (1.9294) | (1.9337) | (2.7527) | (2.8381) | (2.8476) | |
| The second panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 2.7835** | 2.9088** | 3.5978** | 3.8290** | 3.5805** | |||||
| (1.2300) | (1.2295) | (1.5602) | (1.5887) | (1.6405) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.0825 | 0.1673 | 0.0355 | −0.1459 | 0.1262 | 0.0548 | 0.1356 | 0.0256 | −0.1635 | 0.1198 |
| (0.5254) | (0.5257) | (0.6206) | (0.6538) | (0.7849) | (0.5298) | (0.5317) | (0.6390) | (0.6753) | (0.8137) | |
| Caucasian | 0.2019 | 0.1942 | 0.0481 | 0.2768 | −0.0610 | 0.1796 | 0.1723 | −0.0073 | 0.2052 | −0.1512 |
| (0.3302) | (0.3322) | (0.3464) | (0.3811) | (0.4232) | (0.3297) | (0.3314) | (0.3394) | (0.3735) | (0.4189) | |
| Age | 0.0071* | −0.0109 | −0.0083 | −0.0043 | 0.0068* | −0.0109 | −0.0083 | −0.0042 | ||
| (0.0038) | (0.0069) | (0.0070) | (0.0074) | (0.0038) | (0.0069) | (0.0070) | (0.0074) | |||
| Education of father | 1.5008*** | 1.1300*** | 1.0609*** | 1.5006*** | 1.1312*** | 1.0653*** | ||||
| (0.1816) | (0.1998) | (0.2058) | (0.1822) | (0.2006) | (0.2068) | |||||
| Education of mother | 0.6850*** | 0.6152*** | 0.6845*** | 0.6242*** | ||||||
| (0.2029) | (0.2127) | (0.2038) | (0.2130) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 1.3825 | 1.4507 | 2.7030* | 2.9438* | 2.8791* | |||||
| (1.2761) | (1.2773) | (1.6072) | (1.6328) | (1.6827) | ||||||
| Constant | −2.4168** | −2.8686** | −3.1716** | −3.5496** | −3.3802** | −1.0236 | −1.4077 | −2.2809 | −2.6692 | −2.6844 |
| (1.2245) | (1.2451) | (1.5805) | (1.6086) | (1.6637) | (1.2714) | (1.2924) | (1.6443) | (1.6631) | (1.7082) | |
| The third panel | ||||||||||
| Digit ratios of the left hand (DL) | 3.6033*** | 3.8118*** | 3.7738** | 3.8872** | 3.1692* | |||||
| (1.2682) | (1.2690) | (1.6164) | (1.6512) | (1.7366) | ||||||
| Asian | 0.0921 | 0.2280 | −0.0059 | −0.1117 | 0.0753 | 0.1026 | 0.2344 | 0.0529 | −0.0543 | 0.1063 |
| (0.5174) | (0.5088) | (0.6623) | (0.5718) | (0.6350) | (0.5121) | (0.5060) | (0.6736) | (0.5827) | (0.6552) | |
| Caucasian | −0.0893 | −0.0894 | −0.1792 | −0.0154 | −0.6953 | −0.1221 | −0.1233 | −0.2448 | −0.0898 | −0.7698 |
| (0.3222) | (0.3187) | (0.4320) | (0.4556) | (0.5209) | (0.3287) | (0.3256) | (0.4320) | (0.4586) | (0.5263) | |
| Age | 0.0106*** | −0.0053 | −0.0011 | −0.0003 | 0.0103*** | −0.0054 | −0.0013 | −0.0006 | ||
| (0.0036) | (0.0072) | (0.0073) | (0.0075) | (0.0036) | (0.0072) | (0.0074) | (0.0075) | |||
| Education of father | 1.6482*** | 1.1269*** | 1.0895*** | 1.6597*** | 1.1336*** | 1.0995*** | ||||
| (0.1599) | (0.1821) | (0.1899) | (0.1603) | (0.1833) | (0.1917) | |||||
| Education of mother | 1.0201*** | 0.9701*** | 1.0296*** | 0.9783*** | ||||||
| (0.1895) | (0.1990) | (0.1909) | (0.2005) | |||||||
| Digit ratios of the right hand (DR) | 2.5407* | 2.6675** | 4.2749*** | 4.5372*** | 3.8330** | |||||
| (1.3047) | (1.2994) | (1.6358) | (1.6308) | (1.7072) | ||||||
| Constant | −4.0506*** | −4.7529*** | −4.5574*** | −4.9448*** | −4.1824** | −2.9922** | −3.5993*** | −5.0568*** | −5.5885*** | −4.8331*** |
| (1.2656) | (1.2858) | (1.6516) | (1.6883) | (1.7796) | (1.3023) | (1.3142) | (1.7005) | (1.6919) | (1.7670) | |
| Log-likelihood | −1696.9798 | −1687.0315 | −1070.0935 | −1034.8209 | −994.7221 | −1699.3774 | −1689.7042 | −1070.4478 | −1035.0376 | −995.2256 |
| Log-likelihood, constant term only | −1704.9478 | −1704.9478 | −1145.2661 | −1120.8928 | −1105.4140 | −1704.9478 | −1704.9478 | −1145.2661 | −1120.8928 | −1105.4140 |
| Wald chi2 | 2765.1351 | 2164.2124 | 1627.1806 | 1370.7267 | 5243.5736 | 2756.5703 | 2222.7958 | 1691.3757 | 1729.6323 | 5324.7872 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0047 | 0.0105 | 0.0656 | 0.0768 | 0.1001 | 0.0033 | 0.0089 | 0.0653 | 0.0766 | 0.0997 |
| Number of observations | 1318 | 1318 | 901 | 884 | 873 | 1318 | 1318 | 901 | 884 | 873 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Specifications (5) and (10) include secondary school regional dummies, according to settlement types. Individuals which are not belong to “Asian” or “Caucasian” groups constitute the reference group.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.