Abstract
Background
The chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the commonest chronic inflammatory diseases in adult men, for which acupuncture has been used to relieve related symptoms. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of the long-needle acupuncture on CP/CPPS.
Methods
A randomized traditional acupuncture-controlled single blind study was conducted on 77 patients who were randomized into long-needle acupuncture (LA) and traditional acupuncture (TA) groups. The patients received six sessions of acupuncture for 2 weeks and a follow-up was scheduled at week 24. The primary outcome was measured by the total National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score at week 2. Four domains of the NIH-CPSI (urination, pain or discomfort, effects of symptoms, and quality of life) and the clinical efficacy score served as the secondary outcome.
Results
The total NIH-CPSI score at week 2 and week 24 was significantly improved in the LA group compared with the TA group. LA significantly improved urination, pain or discomfort, the effects of symptoms, and the quality of life at week 2 and week 24 and patients undergoing LA treatment had a higher clinical efficacy score.
Conclusion
Needling at the BL30 and BL35 using LA benefits patients with CP/CPPS.
Trial registration
The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-ICR-15006138).
Keywords: BL30, BL35, CP/CPPS, Acupuncture, Long needle
Background
The chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the commonest chronic inflammatory diseases in male adults, the prevalence of which is estimated to range from 2% to 10% and the overall lifetime prevalence from 9% to 16% [1]. The symptoms of CP/CPPS manifest as pelvic pain, prostate inflammation, voiding symptoms, and sexual disturbance [1, 2], which differ from the voiding problem in benign prostatic hyperplasia, another common prostatic problem in male adults [3]. Pain has a significant effect on the quality of life in patients with CP/CPPS. Antibiotics are the most common treatment for patients with CP/CPPS, but the antibiotic regimen remains controversial in clinical practice and the number of prostatic bacteria in patients with CP/CPPS does not differ significantly from that in asymptomatic patients [4]. Fewer than 10% of patients with CP/CPPS are found to have bacteria in their urinary tracts [1], and systematic reviews have shown no sufficient evidence to support the benefits of antibiotics for patients with CP/CPPS [5, 6]. Collective evidence has shown that CP/CPPS is an inflammatory disease [7], for which anti-inflammatory medications are commonly prescribed. However, no large-scale randomized control trials have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory medication in these patients [5, 6] and their adverse effects in elderly patients, such as gastrointestinal disturbance, are a serious concern [4, 7, 8]. Current evidence has not supported the benefits of the commonly used medication, alpha-blockers, in CP/CPPS patients [5, 6] and the unsatisfactory nature of conventional medications leads patients to seek alternative therapies.
Acupuncture has been used to treat CP/CPPS in a few clinical studies [9]. A meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture results in statistical and clinical improvements in the voiding domain of the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) in CP/CPPS patients [10]. The observational studies and randomized controlled trials revealed that acupuncture also reduced pain and improved the immune function in patients with CP/CPPS [11–14]. The efficacy of acupuncture is determined by the various parameters, e.g. the depth of the needles, the number of acupoints, and needle manipulation [15, 16], which need to be optimized to maximize its effectiveness.
In clinical practice, long-needle treatment effectively produces the Deqi sensation in the deep pelvic area and induces the constriction of the deep transverse perineal muscle, which is thought to be effective for CP/CPPS. Previous observational studies revealed that deep needling at BL30 at a depth of 3.5–4.5 cun significantly improved the clinical symptoms of CP [17], as did needling at BL35 at a depth of 2–3 cun [18]. The traditional filiform needle hardly produces the Deqi sensation in the deep pelvic area. The present investigation aimed to evaluate effectiveness of LA at acupoints BL30 and BL35 in CP compared with traditional acupuncture (TA) in a single blind randomized pilot study.
Methods
Setting and study design
A randomized traditional acupuncture-controlled single blind trial was conducted. The study protocol was approved by Long Hua Hospital Medical Ethics Committee, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2014LCSY31). The random codes were generated by SPSS 16.0., sealed in opaque envelopes in sequence, and kept by the principal investigator (JY). Patients were recruited from the Long Hua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the clinics of the Shanghai Qigong Research Institute. Eligible patients received treatment with either long-needle or traditional acupuncture for 2 weeks. The evaluation of efficacy was performed individually by the assessor, who was blind to the type of acupuncture intervention. The acupuncturist was not involved in the evaluation of efficacy, or data processing and analysis.
Subjects
Sample size
The sample size was determined by the significant difference between LA group and TA group with an effect size of 0.7 for a two-sided significance level of 5% (two-tailed) and 0.8 power. Each group required 34 patients. We estimated a 10% drop-out rate and the sample size was set at 76 (38 per group). In the study, the last two patients were recruited from two study sites at the same time, thus a total of 77 patients were recruited.
Inclusion criteria
The patients included (1) were diagnosed with CP/CPPS according to Urology (edited by Dr. Jieping Wu) [19];,(2) had the symptoms for more than 3 months, (3) were men aged 20–50 years, and (4) were able to read, understand, and sign the informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria
Patients that were excluded (1) had acute prostatitis, (2) had a prostate tumor, (3) had primary benign prostatic hyperplasia,(4)had urinary tract infections or urethritis, (5) had urinary stones, epididymitis, groin hernia, varicocele, or pelvic pain caused by the colorectal or lumbar diseases, (6) had severe heart, liver, kidney, or hematopoietic problems, psychiatric disorders, or other life-threatening diseases, and (7) were unable to complete all of the treatments.
Intervention
LA treatment
The acupuncture treatment in both groups was performed by licensed acupuncturists with more than 3 years of clinical experience. The patient was placed in the prone position on the acupuncture bed. The bilateral BL30 (Baihuan Shu) and BL35 (Huiyang) acupoints were used for the treatments. BL30 is at 1.5 cun lateral to the midline of the sacral crest and at the level of the fourth posterior sacral foramen. BL35 is at 0.5 cun lateral to the midline and at the level with the tip of the coccyx. The long needle (0.4 × 100 mm) was inserted perpendicularly at BL30 (bilateral) at a depth of 75–90 mm (3 ~ 3.5 cun). The Deqi sensation (the feeling of soreness, numbness, distension, and heaviness) from the local site to the perineum (including the urethra and anus) was achieved by the twirling and lifting-thrusting of the needle. In addition, the long needle (0.4 × 100 mm) was inserted obliquely at BL35 (bilateral) with the pin of the needle pointing to the ischial rectal fossa at a depth of 3 ~ 3.5 cun. The Deqi sensation from the local site to perineum was achieved. Electrical stimulation was applied to the acupoints with the paired ipsilateral BL30 (the anode) and BL35 (the cathode) under a continuous wave of 2.5-Hz frequency current for 30 min (Yindi KWD-808-I acupuncture device, Jiangsu, China). The intensity of the electrical current was determined by the tolerance of the patients. The treatment was performed three times per week for 2 weeks (six sessions).
TA treatment
Patients received the same procedures for 2 weeks but traditional treatment was applied. Briefly, the traditional filiform needle (0.3 × 40 mm) was inserted perpendicularly into the bilateral BL30 and BL35 at a depth of 25–35 mm. The Deqi sensation was induced at local site only. The intensity of electrical stimulation (2.5-Hz, continuous wave for 30 min) was the same as that received by the treatment group.
Follow-up
A follow-up was scheduled at week 24 after the patients had started the intervention in our study. The assessor evaluated patients over the telephone during both working hours and non-working hours. The patient was defined as lost to follow-up if he could not be contacted by the assessor within 1 week.
Outcome
The NIH-CPSI was used as the primary outcome measurement. Four domains of NIH-CPSI, including pain or discomfort, urination, the effects of symptoms, and quality of life, were evaluated in a secondary analysis.
The clinical efficacy as the secondary outcome was assessed by determining the percentage of the change in the NIH-CPSI score after treatment ((score after treatment – score before treatment)/score before treatment × 100%). A 30% of improvement in NIH-CPSI score was considered clinically effective.
The NIH-CPSI assessment was performed at baseline, week 2, and week 24 (follow-up).
Data analysis
SPSS 16.0 was used for data analysis with the intention-to-treat approach. The last observation carried forward approach was used to estimate the missing value. The t-test was used for continuous data between two groups or time-points. The Chi-square test was used for evaluating clinical efficacy. All results were reported as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Seventy-seven patients were recruited in the study, 39 of whom received the long-needle treatment and 38 traditional acupuncture treatment. The flowchart is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of patient recruitment and follow-up
The baseline characteristics of the two groups with regard to age, disease duration, NIH-CPSI score and its domains (pain or discomfort score, urination, effects of symptoms, and quality of life), and Chinese Medicine symptom score showed no significant difference (shown in Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients
| Demographic information | Control group (n = 38) | Treatment group (n = 39) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | ||
| Age (year) | 31.7 ± 6.2 | 21–44 | 31.4 ± 7.0 | 24–50 | 0.84 |
| Duration (month) | 32.4 ± 39.3 | 3–156 | 24.3 ± 27.9 | 3–120 | 0.31 |
| NIH-CPSI (total) | 26.7 ± 4.9 | 17–37 | 26.6 ± 5.8 | 12–37 | 0.89 |
| Pain or discomfort | 11.1 ± 2.8 | 5–17 | 11.1 ± 3.1 | 4–16 | 1.0 |
| Urination | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 0–10 | 5.4 ± 3.3 | 0–11 | 0.52 |
| Impact of symptoms | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 2–6 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 3–6 | 0.34 |
| Quality of life | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 2–6 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 3–6 | 0.84 |
| CM symptom | 15.3 ± 7.3 | 6–34 | 14.0 ± 5.0 | 6–24 | 0.36 |
Treatment with LA improved the NIH-CPSI scores
After 2 weeks of acupuncture treatment, the total score of the NIH-CPSI and its four domains (pain or discomfort, urination, effects of symptoms, and quality of life) were significantly decreased in patients who received either LA or TA (P < 0.05) (Table 2). In the LA group, the total score and its four domains were significantly lower than those in the TA group (P < 0.05). A 22-week follow-up indicated that the LA treatments reduced the total score and three of its four domains (pain or discomfort, effects of symptoms, and quality of life, but not the urination domain) significantly compared with TA (P < 0.05).
Table 2.
NIH-CPSI scores and Chinese Medicine (CM) symptoms after the intervention
| Scores | TA (n = 38) | LA (n = 39) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | Follow up | Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | Follow up | |
| NIH-CPSI (total) | 26.7 ± 4.9 | 22.6 ± 5.2* | 17.3 ± 9.1* | 26.6 ± 5.8 | 17.0 ± 6.0*△ | 9.4 ± 8.6*△ |
| Pain or discomfort | 11.1 ± 2.8 | 9.0 ± 2.7* | 6.6 ± 4.0* | 11.1 ± 3.1 | 6.5 ± 3.0*△ | 3.3 ± 3.8*△ |
| Urination | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 5.0 ± 2.0* | 3.8 ± 3.1* | 5.4 ± 3.3 | 3.5 ± 2.6*△ | 2.1 ± 2.6* |
| Impact of symptoms | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.2* | 3.4 ± 1.8* | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.6*△ | 2.0 ± 1.7*△ |
| Quality of life | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.4* | 3.5 ± 1.7* | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.3*△ | 2.0 ± 1.6*△ |
| CM symptom | 15.3 ± 7.3 | 12.1 ± 5.7* | - | 14.0 ± 5.0 | 8.4 ± 5.3*△ | - |
*, P < 0.05 when comparison the pre-treatment score and post-treatment score in the same group; △, P < 0.05 when comparing the long-needle acupuncture group and the conventional acupuncture group. An ITT method was applied for analysis
LA group had greater improvement in clinical efficacy
After 2 weeks of acupuncture treatment, the Chinese Medicine symptoms in both groups were significantly improved compared with the baselines while the long-needle acupuncture group had a greater reduction from the baseline compared with the TA group (Table 2, CM symptoms). LA had significantly higher clinical effectiveness (30% improvement of NIH-CPSI score) compared to TA (P = 0.001) as shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Clinical efficacy in the long-needle acupuncture and traditional acupuncture groups at week 2 (n = 77)
| TA | LA | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 38) | (n = 39) | p-value | |
| Clinical efficacy, No. (%) | |||
| Effective | 8 (21.1) | 22 (56.4) | 0.001 |
| Ineffective | 30 (78.9) | 17 (43.6) | |
LA long-needle acupuncture; TA traditional acupuncture; ITT method and chi-square test was used for the analysis
Discussion
CP/CPPS is the term used in western medicine, but its symptoms were described in ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine as, e.g., the sperm-turbid, white-turbid, and red-turbid. The clinical symptoms of CP are mainly demonstrated in two ways: one is pain in the pelvic cavity and discomfort in other parts and the other is abnormal urination. TA treatment for CP involves choosing main acupoints in the lower abdomen and lumbosacral region [4], such as RN3 (Zhongji), RN4 (Guanyuan), SP6 (Sanyinjiao), and L23 (Shenshu).
Our previous studies showed that needling at the bilateral BL30 and BL35 significantly improved CP [20, 21]. In Chinese Medicine doctrine, BL30 is an acupoint corresponding to internal essence, where the essence Qi of the human body infuses. This acupoint has the effect of dredging meridians and collaterals, and supplementing the kidney and essence. BL35 was characterized as having the effect of invigorating Qi and removing wet. Acupuncture at the two acupoints could clear dampness-heat, promote blood circulation, and invigorate Qi for the human body. The scientific action mechanism of the electrical deep needling in the study remains largely unexplored. It may be partially associated with the pelvic floor stimulation, which has been used as a physiotherapy to relieve the chronic pelvic pain and incontinence in patients [22–24].
In previous studies, we applied LA with electrical stimulation bilaterally at BL30 and BL35 for CP concurrently with Chinese herbal medicine [20, 21]. We found that needling at BL30 and BL35 could enhance the pudendal nerve stimulation, whereby the concurrent use of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine significantly benefited patients with CP/CPPS compared with treatment with Chinese herbal medicine only. In the present study, we examined whether needling at BL30 and BL35 had a therapeutic effect compared with the TA treatment. The findings demonstrated that LA had a superior effect than TA, although the change in the absolute value of the NIH-CPSI score was small but significant. For example, the difference in the NIH-CPSI score was 4.7 (4.7/43*100% = 11.9%). Because the control in the study was a positive treatment, the difference between the two treatments is relatively smaller than that which a sham control would provide. However, it pragmatically reflects real clinical practice and evaluates the effectiveness of LA treatment rather than its efficacy. In fact, the change in NIH-CPSI from baseline was 24.1% after long-needle treatment. The clinical efficacy analysis (30% of improvement in NIH-CPSI score) indicated LA is clinically superior to TA.
In the present study, both TA and LA needling at BL30 and BL35 had a therapeutic effect on CP/CPPS. However, when needling at the same acupoints, the deep insertion of the long needle significantly improved CP/CPPS compared with TA. The stimulation of the pudendal nerve by needles may be the key mechanism to the relief of CP/CPPS. The pudendal nerve is the main sensory and motor nerve of the perineum and supplies sensation from the genitalia and control of the urethral sphincter and anal sphincter. Anatomically, the pudendal nerve passes through the tissue under the deep area at BL30 and BL35; therefore, the deep insertion of long needles at these acupoints may enhance the stimulation of the pudendal nerve and thereby promote the inhibition of local sensations passing to the central nervous system [25, 26]. The long-needle manipulation may trigger a stronger contraction of the deep transverse perineal muscle, and consequently improve the local blood circulation of prostate and reduce inflammation in the pelvis [17, 27]. The mechanism needs to be further determined.
In this study, no serious adverse effects were found. Skin bruising and slight bleeding were occasionally observed in both groups and deep needling increases the risk of pelvic injuries. The long-needle treatment should be performed by an experienced acupuncturist. Urinalysis and a fecal occult blood test are recommended to monitor any potential injuries.
The study had limitations. The sample size in the pilot study was small. A large number of patients didn’t complete the intervention in the TA and LA groups. One of the reasons for dropping out was that the patients were not tolerant to acupuncture treatment. The majority of reasons for dropping out were not detected as most patients could not be reached by telephone. The study had only one time-point of follow-up while follow-ups need to be made at multiple time-points in the future. Objective parameters, e.g. white blood cells in expressed prostatic secretion, could be used to evaluate chronic prostatitis. As the present study evaluated the effectiveness of acupuncture, the potential placebo effect cannot be excluded. A sham acupuncture can be used to measure the efficacy of acupuncture by excluding the potential placebo effect.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that deep needling at BL 30 and BL35 using LA significantly improved CP/CPPS compared with TA. The study supported a large-scale randomized controlled trial to evaluate LA for CP/CPPS.
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank patients for their participation in the study.
Funding
The study was supported by the funds from Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau (No. 20134164) and Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission Chinese Medicine Research Fund (2014LP061A).
Availability of data and materials
The data was included in figure and tables of the manuscript. The supporting data and materials can be obtained upon request via email to the corresponding author.
Authors’ contributions
JY contributed to the study conception and design, data collection; supervised the study; and drafted and edited the manuscript. MZ, MY, LC, CY, WZ, JJ, CC participated to the study design, study management, and data collection and cleaning. XS contributed to the study conception and design, advised study management, provided logistic support, oversaw data management and analysis, and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
Researchers work at Shanghai Qigong Research Institute, Shanghai, China and the Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by Longhua Hospital Medical Ethics Committee, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2014LCSY31). All participators received adequate informed consent. The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-ICR-15006138).
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data was included in figure and tables of the manuscript. The supporting data and materials can be obtained upon request via email to the corresponding author.