Abstract
TMEM230 mutations have been recently reported to cause autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there are limited studies from different ethnic populations to support the role of TMEM230 in sporadic PD. In this study, we performed a comprehensive TMEM230 mutation screening in 550 sporadic PD patients and 560 controls to elaborate the genetic contribution of TMEM230 to sporadic PD. Overall, we did not find any pathogenic mutations in the coding sequence, while we identified four variants (c.68 + 182G > A, c.78A > G, c.552 + 11A > G and c.174 + 11C > T) both in the patients and controls, and c.68 + 182G > A appeared to be associated with an increased risk of PD (odds ratio 1.782, 95% confidence interval 1.035–3.067, p < 0.05). After Bonferroni correction, however, c. 68 + 182G > A had no significant association with sporadic PD (p c = 0.136, p c > 0.05). Thus our results suggest that TMEM230 gene mutations may be rare in Chinese populations, and the variability of TMEM230 gene may not be a main factor for sporadic PD patients in Chinese Han populations. More evidence is still needed to clarify this question.
Introduction
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder affecting approximately 1% of individuals above 65 years of age1. The typical motor symptoms include resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability, which result from the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and axonal projections in the substantia nigra. The exact pathogenic mechanism underlying PD is still elusive. Although inherited cases caused by genetic mutations only account for 10% of PD patients, these genetic findings have provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of PD2. Recently, accumulating studies have revealed the association between vesicle trafficking and PD, and evidence from genetic studies revealed that mutations in vesicle trafficking-related genes (VPS35, RAB39B, and DNAJC6) were associated with familial PD3–5.
Recently, TMEM230, a novel gene involved in vesicle trafficking, was identified to be associated with clinically typical, autosomal dominant and Lewy body–confirmed PD. A missense mutation (c.422G > T; p.Arg141Leu) in TMEM230 was first identified in a large pedigree from North American and three other mutations (c.551A > G, c.275A > G, and c.550_552delTAGinsCCCGGG) were also detected in other PD patients. Moreover, c.550_552delTAGinsCCCGGG mutation was found in 7 Chinese familial cases6. These results suggested that mutations in TMEM230 gene might be novel genetic causes for PD. However, evidence from recent studies in different populations did not fully conform to these new findings7–11.
In an effort to further investigate the relationship between TMEM230 and sporadic PD in our population, we performed a comprehensive TMEM230 mutation screening in 550 sporadic PD patients and 560 healthy controls.
Results
We did not identify any pathogenic mutations in the coding region of TMEM230 gene in the PD patients and controls, while we identified three known (c.68 + 182G > A, c.78A > G, c.552 + 11A > G) and one unknown SNPs (c.174 + 11C > T) both in the patients and controls (Table 1). Moreover, c.68 + 182G > A appeared to have significantly different frequencies in two groups (odds ratio [OR] 1.782, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.035–3.067, p < 0.05). After Bonferroni correction, however, there was no significant difference for c.68 + 182G > A in genotypic distribution between PD patients and controls (p c = 0.136, p c > 0.05).
Table 1.
Alternative minor allele frequencies of identified TMEM230 variants.
| Position at chr20 | rs number | cDNA | Amino acid | Alternative minor allele frequency | PD vs Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | HC | OR (95% CI) | P* | ||||
| 5112779 | rs149865687 | c.68 + 182G > A | intron | 0.0318 | 0.0179 | 1.782 (1.035–3.067) | 0.034 |
| 5111596 | rs745443202 | c.78A > G | Leu26Leu | 0.0027 | 0.0009 | 3.055 (0.318–29.320) | 0.308 |
| 5111489 | novel | c.174 + 11C > T | intron | 0.0172 | 0.0143 | 1.209 (0.625–2.399) | 0.572 |
| 5100780 | rs750802038 | c.552 + 11A > G | 3′UTR | 0.0045 | 0.0036 | 1.273 (0.343–4.727) | 0.718 |
*P Value was determined using the Pearson’s χ2 test.
PD: Parkinson’s disease; HC: Healthy control; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Discussion
TMEM230 plays a critical role in cellular vesicle dynamics, especially synaptic vesicles. Recently, TMEM230 has been identified as a disease-causing gene in PD. Moreover, the genetic defect of TMEM230 discovered by Deng et al. has proved to impair the movement of vesicles and lead to the failure of α-Synuclein degeneration6. Further functional studies also revealed that TMEM230 not only was involved in retromer trafficking and Rab8a-mediated exophagy and classical secretion but also shared a converging pathway with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), which provided several lines of evidence for the association between TMEM230 and PD pathogenesis12. However, subsequent genetic analysis from different ethics found TMEM230 gene pathogenic mutations were rare both in familial and sporadic PD patients7–11. As a result, further genetic investigations are necessary to clarify the role of TMEM230 in PD.
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive screening of TMEM230 gene in 550 sporadic patients and 560 controls, and failed to identify any pathogenic mutations in the coding sequence. Our results suggested that TMEM230 gene mutations were rare in Chinese Han PD patients, at least in our population. Besides, we detected 4 variants (c.68 + 182G > A, c.78A > G, c.174 + 11C > T, c.552 + 11A > G) both in the cases and controls, and c.68 + 182G > A might be associated with an increased risk of PD (OR 1.782, 95% CI 1.035–3.067, p < 0.05). After correction for multiple testing, however, allele frequencies of c.68 + 182G > A showed no significant difference in two groups (p c > 0.05), indicating that c.68 + 182G of TMEM230 gene might not confer the risk of sporadic PD in Chinese population. Given the limited patients we included, larger samples are needed to testify the role of the variant c.68 + 182G > A in this disease in case of false-negative results.
In conclusion, our results indicate that TMEM230 mutations are rare in Chinese Han patients with sporadic PD. None of the four variants (c.68 + 182G > A, c.78A > G, c.174 + 11C > T, c.552 + 11A > G) have significant association with Chinese sporadic PD. The variability of TMEM230 gene may not be linked to sporadic PD patients in Chinese Han populations. Still, further genetic studies including larger sample sizes from different ethnic groups are required to clarify the pathogenic role of TMEM230 gene in PD.
Methods
Patients
A cohort of 550 Chinese Han sporadic PD patients (mean age, 55.9 ± 15.3 years, Male to Female ratio = 319/231) was collected. All the patients were enrolled from the first affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between 2010 and 2016. All patients were submitted to a standardized neurological examination by two movement disorder specialists, and the diagnosis adopted by the doctors was made according to the criteria of the United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank. The control group was consisted of 560 age and sex matched healthy individuals (mean age, 53.7 ± 14.9 years, Male to Female ratio = 308/252) from the same geographic areas. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and informed consent was obtained from all the participating subjects. All experiments were performed in accordance with the approved guidelines.
Mutation Analysis
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood collected from the patients and controls using standard protocols. The entire TMEM230 coding region and exon-intron boundaries were sequenced from genomic DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the TMEM230 gene was carried out using primer pairs described previously6. Both cases and controls were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. DNASTAR Lasergene MegAlign (v7.1.0) and Chromas (v2.33) were used to conduct sequence alignment.
Statistical Analysis
We did a case-control study using the data which was detected in PD patients and normal controls. Allele frequencies in case and control subjects were compared using Pearson’s χ2, and we used Bonferroni correction to adjust for multiple testing. We also calculated ORs and 95% CI of minor alleles found in this study. p value of 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation to Dr. Chang-he Shi (grant number U1404311), the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Dr. Yu-ming Xu (grant numbers 81530037, 81471158) and the National Natural Science Foundation to Dr. Jing Yang (grant number 81600946). We acknowledge all the participants including both patients and healthy controls.
Author Contributions
Study conception, design and, organization (C.-h.S. and Y.-m.X.); acquisition of data (C.-h.S., F.L., M.-m.S., Z.-h.Y., C.-y.M., S.-y.Z., H.W., Y.C. and J.Y.); analysis and interpretation of data (C.-h.S., H.W., F.L., M.-m.S., Z.-h.Y., C.-y.M., J.W. and Y.-m.X.); drafting of the manuscript (C.-h.S., F.L., M.-m.S. and Y.-m.X.); obtained funding (C.-h.S. and Y.-m.X.); administrative, technical, and material support (C.-h.S., F.L., M.-m.S. and Y.-m.X.) and study supervision (C.-h.S., J.W. and Y.-m.X.). Dr. Y.-m.X. is the corresponding author and accepts full responsibility for the work. All authors have reviewed the final submitted manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Chang-he Shi, Fang Li and Meng-meng Shi contributed equally to this work.
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
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