Programmed death-ligand 1 expression is associated with fibrosarcomatous transformation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Abstract

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a locally invading tumor, characterized by the presence of the collagen type I α 1 (COL1A1)-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) β fusion gene. We herein report the case of a 31-year-old man with a history of resection of an abdominal wall DFSP. The patient presented with chest pain and a computed tomography scan revealed a large mass in the posterior mediastinum and another mass in the right lung. The mediastinal mass was a sarcomatous lesion expressing the COL1A1-PDGFβ fusion gene, suggesting that it represented a metastasis of the DFSP following fibrosarcomatous (FS) transformation. Following resection of the mediastinal metastasis and subsequent radiotherapy, the mass in the right lung was also resected. Due to the emergence of pleural and pancreatic tail metastases, the patient was treated with a combination therapy of adriamycin and ifosfamide. After five courses, the disease progressed and the patient was subsequently treated with pazopanib for ~2 months until further progression. Three years after the diagnosis of the mediastinal metastasis of DFSP, the patient was referred to another hospital for palliative care. The expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) in the primary and metastatic tumors was investigated: PD-L1 expression was detected in the metastasis but not in the primary tumor. Given that the metastatic tumor exhibited FS transformation (DFSP-FS), PD-L1 expression may be induced by FS transformation, contributing to the metastasis through escape from immune surveillance. Further investigation of the PD-L1 pathway in DFSP and DFSP-FS in primary as well as metastatic sites is required to evaluate the clinical efficacy of therapies targeting the PD-L1 signaling cascade.

Introduction

The relatively rare dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an invasive but slow-growing neoplasm of the dermis. Whereas local recurrence is frequently observed, metastasis is uncommon (1). DFSP is characterized by the rearrangement of chromosomes 17 and 22, leading to fusion of the genes encoding for collagen type I α 1 (COL1A1) and platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFβ) The expression of the COL1A1-PDGFβ fusion gene results in increased secretion of PDGF-BB, which activates the autocrine signaling of the PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) (2). DFSP occasionally exhibits fibrosarcomatous (FS) transformation, resulting in a more aggressive phenotype, which is associated with a risk of metastasis >10-fold that of DFSP (1,3). The precise molecular mechanism underlying the transformation of DSFP to DSFP-FS has not been fully elucidated (4,5).

The signaling pathway initiated by programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) and its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1, CD279) regulates critical interactions between tumor cells and the host immune system, which fosters tumor immune escape (6). Therefore, targeted therapies against the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have been proposed in various neoplasms. However, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in DFSP has not been yet characterized and altered expression of PD-L1 in DFSP-FS has not been reported. In the present study, the presence of the COL1A1-PDGFβ fusion gene was confirmed in DFSP metastases and the expression of PD-L1 was compared between the primary DFSP site and the DFSP-FS metastasis.

Case report

A 31-year-old man first presented at another hospital with chest pain in March, 2010 The patient had previously undergone surgical resection of DFSP in the abdominal wall 4 years prior. The tumor was completely resected and no adjuvant therapy was performed. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a mass sized 80×60×80 mm in the posterior mediastinum in contact with the aortic wall, and a second mass sized 28×18×18 mm in the right lung (Fig. 1). The patient was then referred to the Kyushu University Hospital (Fukuoka, Japan) in March, 2010. Endoscopy-guided biopsy of the mass in the posterior mediastinum through the esophagus revealed a proliferation of atypical spindle-shaped cells, suggesting DFSP metastasis. In June 2010 surgical resection of the mass of the posterior mediastinum and replacement of the descending aorta were performed, followed by adjuvant radiation therapy at a dose of 30 Gy. Pathological examination of the resected tumor revealed a herringbone-like growth pattern, indicating FS transformation of DFSP, as it was not detected in the primary tumor (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the tumor was immunohistochemically positive for CD34 and PDGFRβ, but negative for epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin (CK)7, CK19, α-smooth muscle actin, S-100 and c-kit. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of the COL1A1 (exon47)-PDGFβ fusion gene, compatible with the diagnosis of metastatic DFSP. Karyotype analysis by G-banding revealed the presence of t(17;22) in two different sites in the resected tumor. In October 2010, thoracoscopic partial resection of the right upper lobe of the lung was performed. However, 10 months after the operation, small nodules were detected in the right pleura, at the level of the 7th thoracic vertebra, and in the tail of the pancreas. Four months after the appearance of the tumors, chemotherapy with adriamycin and ifosfamide (AI) was initiated, as these tumors enlarged. After five courses of AI therapy, the disease progressed. The best overall response was stable disease. Treatment with pazopanib, a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, PDGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor and c-Kit was initiated and continued for 4 months until disease progression. Apart from grade 1 diarrhea according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0 (https://www.eortc.be/services/doc/ctc/CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-14_QuickReference_5×7.pdf), adverse events were not observed. The patient was referred to a specialized hospital for palliative care in May, 2013.

Figure 1.

Computed tomography scan showing (A) the posterior mediastinal tumor and (B) the tumor in the right lung.

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin and eosin staining of (A) the primary tumor and (B) the posterior mediastinal metastasis (magnification, ×200).

The expression of PD-L1 was immunohistochemically assessed in the primary tumor of the abdominal wall and in the mediastinal metastatic site using three anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (rabbit monoclonal, clone E1L3N, dilution 1/200, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA; rabbit monoclonal, clone SP142, dilution 1/200, Spring Bioscience, Pleasanton, CA, USA; and rabbit monoclonal, clone 28–8, dilution 1/100, Abcam, Tokyo, Japan). While there was no staining of the primary tumor, PD-L1 was detected by all antibodies in the metastatic mass (Fig. 3), suggesting that the expression of PD-L1 may be associated with DFSP-FS and maybe involved in the development of metastasis.

Figure 3.

Programmed death-ligand 1 expression analysis in the primary and metastatic sites using (A and B) clone E1L3N (Cell Signaling Technology), (C and D) clone SP142 (Spring Bioscience) and (E and F) clone 28–8 (Abcam) antibodies, respectively.

Discussion

DFSP is a slow-growing, invasive tumor, with a high rate of local recurrence; however, distant metastasis is rare (1). In 9–20% of the cases, DFSP exhibits FS transformation (DFSP-FS), and 14.4–18% of DFSP-FS harbor metastases (1,3). FS transformation is pathologically characterized by a fascicular pattern on histological examination (1,3).

The main target organs for DFSP-FS metastasis are the lungs, bones, soft tissue and brain (7,8). The pancreas is reported to be a rare metastatic site (9). Our patient had metastases in the posterior mediastinum, lung, pancreas and soft tissue. As posterior mediastinal DFSP metastasis has not been previously reported and the mediastinal tumor in the present case was large, it initially had to be distinguished from primary mediastinal tumors, such as neurogenic tumors and lymphomas. An endoscopic transesophageal biopsy revealed that the mediastinal mass displayed the histological characteristics of fibrosarcoma, supporting the diagnosis of a DFSP metastasis. This was further confirmed by detection of the rearrangement of t(17;22) and COL1A1-PDGFβ fusion gene at the molecular level.

The expression of COL1A1-PDGFβ leads to increased PDGFβ secretion and, in turn, to the activation of autocrine PDGFRβ signaling (2), the inhibition of which is effective in suppressing DFSP. Imatinib mesylate inhibits the BCR-ABL fusion protein and it also negatively regulates the kinase activity of PDGRβ. Imatinib has been reported to achieve a favorable response rate in DFSP (10), but has not been approved for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas, including DFSP, in Japan. Pazopanib, a kinase inhibitor against multiple targets, including PDGFRβ is approved for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas, although its efficacy as treatment for DFSP remains unknown (11). In the present case, the patient received AI therapy, generally employed for soft tissue sarcomas, and achieved 5 months of progression-free survival. Subsequent treatment with pazopanib was not effective. The possible reasons for the low effectiveness of pazopanib treatment may be that pazopanib does not have a high affinity for PDGFR (12), and/or that FS transformation of DFSP may decrease its sensitivity to chemotherapy (5,13).

Recently, immunotherapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has been reported to be effective against various malignancies (6). PD-1 is a physiological co-inhibitory receptor expressed in T cells, B cells, monocytes and natural killer T cells. Its ligand, PD-L1, is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, as well as in endothelial cells (14). The interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 suppresses aberrant autoimmune responses. In turn, the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells results in their evasion from immune surveillance and tumor progression. Hence, interference with PD-1/PD-L1 signaling activates the immune response against tumors and, in turn, suppresses their progression. In our case, the primary site did not express PD-L1, while the metastatic site did, suggesting that PD-L1 expression may be involved in the development of metastasis through immune escape. Previous studies reported that PD-L1 expression is promoted by various mechanisms, such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphoinositide 3 kinase/AKT pathway, or epigenetic regulation (15,16). Although the mechanism of FS transformation of DFSP is under investigation and has not been fully elucidated (4,5,17), PD-L1 expression and FS transformation may be induced by the activation of a common signaling pathway or epigenetic changes. Callea et al reported differential PD-L1 expression between primary and metastatic sites in 20% of renal cell carcinoma cases, suggesting the importance of the assessment of the primary as well as the metastatic sites (18). While it remains unclear whether anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy would be effective against DFSP and whether the expression level of PD-L1 is correlated with the efficacy of this treatment, our data indicate that anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy may suppress the formation or growth of metastasis through upregulation of the immune response.

In summary, we herein reported a case of DFSP with metastasis composed of DFSP-FS. PD-L1 expression was differentially expressed in the primary and metastatic tumors, suggesting that it may contribute to the development of metastases.