Figure 1. HMGB1 and pro-inflammtory cytokines are released from cells during DS.

A. Quantification of serum TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 levels after ATRA treatment (25 mg/m²/day) in one patient for 0-8 day by ELISA (n=3, *P<0.05 versus untreated group); B. Quantification of serum HMGB1 and cytokines after ATRA treatment (25 mg/m²/day) in 10 DS patients with different clinical status. The serum amounts of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 in the DS patients at different time points during DS was analyzed by ELISA. Each dot represents the level of TNF-α, IL-1β or HMGB1 in each sample. Group a represents time point before ATRA treatment; Group b represents time point when DS developed; Group c represents time point with DS complete remission (n=3, *P<0.05 versus group a/c). C. Quantification of HMGB1 protein and mRNA in the sera of DS and non-DS patients after ATRA treatment. A total of 38 patients with newly diagnosed APL received ATRA were analyzed. The serum samples of DS patients were collected range from day 3 to 16. If patients didn't demonstrate DS in 2 weeks, serum samples of non-DS patients were collected at day 14. HMGB1 protein and mRNA in sera were detected by ELISA and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Each dot represents HMGB1 levels in each sample. Control, normal healthy subjects; DS, patients with differentiation syndrome; non-DS, patients without differentiation syndrome (n=3, *P<0.05 versus non-DS group).