Case Report of Cushing's Syndrome with an Acute Psychotic Presentation

Summary

A 36-year-old Chinese woman was brought to the emergency department of a general hospital with a 3-day history of mania, persecutory delusions, and suicidal ideation; she also had a 6-month history of disrupted sleep, hypervigilance, and somatic symptoms. Her physical exam on admission to the psychosomatic ward identified a moon-shaped face, exophthalmos, and purple striae on her legs, so acute psychiatric symptoms secondary to Cushing’s syndrome was suspected. Elevated plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and identification of a mass on her left adrenal gland on the computed tomography (CT) scan of her abdomen confirmed the diagnosis. Low dose quetiapine (75-125 mg/d) and alprazolam (0.4 mg/qn) were prescribed to control the psychotic symptoms and improve her sleep. After surgical removal of a benign ACTH-independent adrenal tumor, her cortisol and ACTH levels returned to normal and her psychiatric symptoms gradually diminished over a one-month period, at which point she was discharged. Low-dose quetiapine was continued for 2 months after discharge and then discontinued; by this time her psychiatric symptoms had completely disappeared. In this case the patient had pathognomonic symptoms of CS, so it was relatively easy to make the diagnosis; but acute psychotic symptoms in CS can be life-threatening and may not be associated with the typical physical symptoms of CS (if there is only modest hypercortisolemia), so psychiatric clinicians should always consider CS among the possible differential diagnoses for unexplained acute psychosis.

1. Case report

A 36-year-old Chinese woman was brought to the emergency department of a large general hospital with a 3-day history of acute irritability, mania, aggressive behavior, persecutory delusions, and suicidal ideation. Over the prior 6 months she had had disrupted sleep, hypervigilance, and somatic complaints for which she had irregularly taken over-the-counter benzodiazepines. Three years previously she had had diabetes during a pregnancy. More recently she reported hypertension and menstrual irregularity for which she had been treated with felodipine and ethinylestradiol. She had no history of smoking or drinking and no family history of serious physical or psychiatric illness.

She was initially admitted to the psychosomatic ward where her physical examination revealed a moon face, exophthalmos (abnormally protruding eyeballs), central adiposity, and purple striae on her legs. Her blood pressure was 140/106 mm Hg and her blood sugar was 6.88 nmol/L (normal range, 3.89-6.11 nmol/L). An acute episode of Cushing’s syndrome with psychiatric manifestations was the provisional diagnosis. Her plasma cortisol levels were grossly elevated: the early a.m. (8:00) and midnight (24:00) values were >46.7 μg/dl and >50 μg/dl, respectively (normal range, 2.5-12.57 μg/dl). However, her adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were low: the early a.m. and midnight values were both <5 pg/ml (normal range, 5-46 pg/ml). In addition, her cortisol levels were not suppressed after the administration of dexamethasone (DST) 1 mg (the cortisol level remained at >50 μg/dl). Computerized tomography (CT) scan of her abdomen revealed a 2.5 cm × 2.8 cm tumor on her left adrenal gland.

The adrenal tumor was the presumptive cause of the physical and psychiatric symptoms, so on consultation with an endocrinologist and surgeon an elective surgery was scheduled one week later, at which point she was transferred to a surgical ward. In the intervening week she was started on low-dose quetiapine (75-125 mg/d) and alprazolam (0.4 mg/qn), which partially reduced the severity of her psychotic symptoms and improved her sleep. The resected tumor was a benign ACTH-independent adrenal adenoma. One week after surgical removal of the adrenal tumor, her plasma cortisol and ACTH levels in the early morning (8:00) were <1 μg/dl and 8.93 pg/ml, respectively, and at midnight (24:00) they were 1.01 μg/dl and 5.81 pg/ml, respectively. She remained hospitalized for one month after the surgery; during this time her physical symptoms were treated with prednisolone, felodipine, metoprolol, and omeprazole, and her psychiatric symptoms and sleep disorder were treated with quetiapine and alprazolam. On discharge her physical symptoms had resolved and her persecutory delusions, mood dysregulation, and insomnia, had disappeared, though she continued to have some non-specific somatic complaints such as fatigue and backache. After discharge she continued to take quetiapine 75 mg/qn but discontinued the alprazolam. After two months of outpatient follow-up her psychiatric symptoms had completely resolved, so the quetiapine was stopped. On telephone follow-up several months later she reported no recurrence of any symptoms.

2. Discussion

Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a clinical condition that results from chronic secretion of excessive levels of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands which then directly influences the functioning of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands—the other components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The hypercortisolism directly or indirectly results in the common clinical presentation of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and hirsutism.^[1] In 80-85% of cases CS is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent, the result of a pituitary corticotrophic adenoma or an extra-pituitary corticotrophic adenoma (i.e., ectopic ACTH syndrome). In the remaining 10-20% of cases the disease is ACTH-independent (as was the case with this patient), usually the result of an adrenal gland tumor or adrenal hyperplasis, which can be unilateral or bilateral and benign or malignant.^[2]

The insidious onset of prodromal fatigue and increased vigilance in CS are usually ignored by the individual and overlooked by clinicians.^[2] The subsequent emergence of more troubling symptoms (hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, fractures, easy bruising, peripheral edema, back pain, menstrual irregularity, muscle weakness, and acne) results in greater clinical attention, and the presence of specific physical signs of CS (purple striae, facial plethora, exophthalmos, proximal myopathy, hirsutism, truncal obesity, and buffalo hump) often leads to the diagnosis. The median delay from onset of first symptoms to treatment is two years.^[3] Clinical complications negatively impact the quality of life of individuals with CS and associated cardiovascular and infectious diseases substantially increase their morbidity and mortality (Hazard Ratio, 2.8–16).^[4]

Premorbid, concurrent, and consecutive psychiatric symptoms occur in 40-86% of individuals with CS.^[3] A wide range of specific and non-specific psychiatric symptoms have been reported:^[1,5,6] hypervigilance, fatigue, irritability, somatic complaints, sleep disturbance, decreased libido, depression, mood dysregulation, anxiety, cognitive abnormalities, suicide intent, personality changes, psychotic episodes, and anorexia nervosa. The reported prevalence of these neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms in CS varies across studies. One review^[7] reported major depressive syndrome in 50-81% of individuals with CS, anxiety in 12-79%, cognitive impairment in 66%, and mania in 3%. The occurrence of depression in CS is significantly associated with female gender, older age, higher urinary cortisol levels, and more severe physical symptoms.^[8] These neuropsychiatric symptoms significantly impair the health-related quality of life (HRQOL)^[7] of individuals with CS.

The presumed cause of these neuropsychiatric symptoms in CS is chronic glucocorticoid-induced damage to the brain and the hippocampus. Research about depression in CS suggests that atrophy of the prefrontal cortex and/or suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is a proximal cause of the depressive symptoms.^[7]

When CS is suspected, the first step is to exclude hypercortisolemia attributed to exogenous glucocorticoid exposure or a pseudo-Cushing’s state^[4] (such as alcohol abuse). Then one of three biochemical screening tests is recommended: (a) the 24-hour Urinary Free Cortisol (UFC) test, (b) the late-night salivary cortisol test, or (c) the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST). After a diagnosis of CS is made, the primary cause should be determined, typically by abdominal or pituitary imaging to identify tumors or adrenal hyperplasia. Recent clinical practice guidelines for CS^[4] recommend that all patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders receive immediate and long-term monitoring and adjunctive treatment for the psychiatric condition. After effective treatment of the hypercortisolemia, the psychiatric symptoms usually resolve gradually,^[5] but these individuals are subsequently at increased risk of developing anxiety, depression, maladaptive personality traits, and cognitive impairment.^[4]

Acute psychotic episodes associated with CS, though relatively uncommon,^[5] require urgent treatment because they may be associated with a life-threatening acute infection, pulmonary thromboembolism, or other cardiovascular events.^[9] Acute psychosis with a high suicide risk can occur in CS with even modest hypercortisolism (which may have less prominent physical symptoms),^[10] so psychiatric clinicians must always consider CS as a potential differential diagnosis for any unexplained psychosis.

Biography

Dr. Yuejing Wu obtained a bachelor’s degree in June 2006 from Southern Medical University (formerly the First Military Medical University) in Guangzhou, China. In May 2012 she obtained a master’s degree in psychiatry and mental health from Sichuan University, Huaxi Medical College in Chengdu. She is currently working as a physician in the psychiatry department of Zhejiang Hospital. Her research interests are psychosomatic medicine and consultation liaison psychiatry in general hospitals and the study of senile dementia and cognitive impairment. Presently she is participating in the compilation of a text.