Influence of Cervical Node Necrosis of Different Grades on the Prognosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Treated with Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Abstract

Background: To analyze the prognostic value of cervical node necrosis (CNN) observed on pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Patients and Methods: The medical records of 1423 NPC patients with cervical node metastasis who underwent IMRT were retrospectively reviewed. Lymph nodes in the axial plane of pretreatment MRI were classified as follows: grade 0 CNN, no hypodense zones; grade 1 CNN, ≤33% areas showing hypodense zones; and grade 2, >33% areas showing hypodense zones.

Results: CNN was detectable in 470/1423 (33%) patients. Of these 470 patients, 213 (15%) and 257 (18%) exhibited grade 1 and grade 2 CNN. The grade 0 and grade 1 CNN groups showed significant differences with regard to distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), but not overall survival (OS), regional relapse-free survival (RRFS), local relapse-free survival (LRFS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Significant differences were observed among the grade 0 and grade 2 CNN groups with regard to OS, RRFS, LRFS, DMFS, and DFS. Moreover, OS, LRFS, RRFS, and DFS were significantly different between the grade 1 and grade 2 CNN groups, whereas DMFS showed no significant differences. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed CNN on MRI as a significant negative prognostic factor for OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS in NPC patients.

Conclusions: NPC patients with CNN of different grades show various prognosis and failure patterns after IMRT. CNN on MRI can be adopted as a predictive factor for formulating individualized treatment plans for NPC patients.

Introduction

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is particularly endemic in China, where >33,000 new cases of NPC were diagnosed in 2012 ^{1, 2}. According to the anatomical characteristics of NPC and its high sensitivity to radiotherapy, radiotherapy was recommended as the primary treatment modality for these lesions ^{3, 4}. Because of the rich lymphatic network in the nasopharynx, 60%-90% NPC patients present with cervical node metastasis on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ^5-11.

Cervical node necrosis (CNN), which has an incidence of 22.5%-42.1% in NPC patients with NPC ^11-14, is considered a reliable sign of a metastatic node ^{15, 16}. Several previous studies have shown a correlation between the presence of hypodense lymph nodes, which indicate CNN, or CNN on CT and the likelihood of regional failure after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), but not NPC ^17-19.

A recent study conducted by Lan et al. first demonstrated that CNN diagnosed on MRI was a negative prognostic factor for NPC patients; however, most of these patients were treated with two-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (2D-CRT) ²⁰. Of late, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has replaced 2D-CRT as the first choice of radiotherapy method ^{21, 22}. Because of the dosimetric advantages of IMRT, the evolution of radiotherapy techniques from 2D-CRT to IMRT has greatly improved disease control ^23-25. Unfortunately, no study has examined whether CNN remains a prognostic factor for NPC treated with IMRT.

Visible CNN on CT or MRI may serve as a marker of tumor hypoxia, which can result in a negative impact on the treatment effects, considering that hypoxic cells are less radiosensitive ²⁶. Therefore, different degrees of radiological necrosis may reflect different degrees of hypoxia, eventually affecting the prognosis of NPC. From the above perspectives, we conducted this retrospective study to assess the effects of CNN of different grades on the prognosis of NPC treated with IMRT.

Materials and Methods

Patients

This retrospective study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and the need for informed consent was waived. All the methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive 1811 patients with previously untreated, biopsy-proven NPC with positive cervical node metastasis and no distant metastasis that was treated with IMRT between November 2009 and February 2012 at our Cancer Center. Among these 1811 patients, 308 without cervical node metastasis and 80 without pretreatment MRI scans of the neck and nasopharynx were excluded. Eventually, a total of 1423 NPC patients were enrolled in our study.

The routine staging work-up included a complete medical history and clinical examination; direct fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, hematology, and biochemistry profiles; MRI of the nasopharynx and whole neck; chest radiography; whole body bone scanning; and abdominal sonography. All patients were restaged according to the 7th edition of the International Union against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) system ²⁷. The clinical characteristics of the patients before treatment are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Incidence of cervical node necrosis (CNN) at specific nodal levels in 1423 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)

Grade of CNN*	No. of patients (%) with CNN at specific nodal levels&
	Retropharyngeal lymph Node	Level I lymph nodes	Level II lymph nodes	Level III lymph nodes	Level IV lymph Nodes	Level V lymph node	Supraclavicular lymph nodes
Grade 0 CNN	1164/1423 (81.80)	1420/1423 (99.79)	1167/1423 (82.01)	1365/1423 (95.92)	1413/1423 (99.30)	1417/1423 (99.58)	1422/1423 (99.93)
Grade 1 CNN	127/1423 (8.92)	2/1423 (0.14)	86/1423 (6.04)	32/1423 (2.25)	4/1423 (0.28)	3/1423 (0.21)	1/1423 (0.07)
Grade 2 CNN	132/1423 (9.28)	1/1423 (0.07)	170/1423 (11.95)	26/1423 (1.83)	6/1423 (0.42)	3/1423 (0.21)	0/1423 (0.00)

*The grading criteria for CNN were as follows: grade 0 CNN, no hypodense zones; grade 1 CNN, ≤ 33% nodal areas showing hypodense zones; and grade 2, >33% nodal areas showing hypodense zones.

^&Nodal levels were assigned according to the 2013 International Consensus Guidelines.

Imaging protocol

MRI was performed for all patients using a 1.5-T clinical MRI system (Signa CV/i; General Electric Healthcare, Chalfont St. Giles, United Kingdom) to examine the area from the suprasellar cistern to the inferior margin at the sternal end of the clavicle using a head and neck combined coil. Axial, coronal, and sagittal T1-weighted images (repetition time/echo time, 500-600 ms/10-20 ms) and axial T2-weighted images (4000-6000 ms/95-110 ms) were obtained before injection of contrast material. After intravenous injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight, T1-weighted axial and sagittal sequences and T1-weighted fat-suppressed coronal sequences were sequentially acquired, with parameters similar to those used before contrast material injection. The section thicknesses were 5 mm for the axial plane, with intersection gaps of 1 mm and 6 mm for the coronal and sagittal planes, with intersection gaps of 1 mm.

Diagnostic criteria for lymph node metastases

Two radiologists specialized in HNC with more than 10 years of experience individually reviewed the MRI findings; any disagreements were resolved by consensus. Nodal levels were assigned according to the 2013 International Consensus Guidelines ²⁸. The diagnostic criteria for retropharyngeal and cervical lymph node metastases on MRI were as follows: lateral retropharyngeal nodes with a minimum axial diameter of 5 mm or more in the largest plane; any node in the median retropharyngeal group; cervical node with a minimum axial diameter of 11 mm or more at level II or another cervical node with a minimum axial diameter of 10 mm or more; lymph nodes of any size with central necrosis or a contrast-enhancing rim; nodal grouping characterized by three or more contiguous and confluent lymph nodes, each with a minimum axial diameter of 8 to 10 mm; lymph nodes of any size with capsule invasion; the presence of indistinct nodal margins; irregular nodal capsular enhancement; and infiltration into the adjacent fat or muscle ^{15, 29}.

Grading criteria for CNN on MRI

Two radiologists mentioned above reviewed the MRI scan images independently; any disagreements were resolved by consensus every 2 week. The diagnosis of necrosis on MRI was determined from a focal area of high-signal intensity on T2-weighted images or a focal area of low-signal intensity on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images with or without a surrounding rim of enhancement ³⁰.

The grading of CNN was evaluated in the largest axial T2-weighted MR plane for an individual necrotic lymph node by visual assessment. The grading criteria for CNN were as suggested by Munck et al: grade 0 CNN, no hypodense zones in axial T2-weighted MR images; grade 1 CNN, ≤ 33% nodal areas showing hypodense zones in axial T2-weighted MR images; and grade 2, >33% nodal areas showing hypodense zones in axial T2-weighted MR images (Figure 1) ¹⁸.

Figure 1.

Visual assessment of the grading of cervical node necrosis (CNN) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Examples of grade 1 CNN : ≤ 33% nodal areas showing hypodense zones in axial T2-weighted MR images (A) and grade 2 CNN: >33% nodal areas showing hypodense zones in axial T2-weighted MR images (B).

Treatment

All patients underwent definitive radiotherapy using IMRT techniques. A detailed description of IMRT at our center has been previously reported ³¹. According to the institutional guidelines in our center, radiotherapy alone was recommended for stage I disease, and concurrent chemoradiotherapy ± neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II to IVB. Overall, among the 1423 patients, 113 (7.94%) were treated with radiotherapy alone and 1310 (92.06%) were treated with neoadjuvant, concomitant, or adjuvant chemotherapy.

Follow-up

The follow-up period was calculated from the day of therapy initiation to the date of the last examination or death. Patients were examined at least once every 3 months in the first 2 years, followed by once every 6 months during the subsequent 3 years or until death. Follow-up visits included a complete medical history, physical examination, hematology and biochemistry profiles, direct fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, MRI of the neck and nasopharynx, chest radiography, abdominal sonography, and a whole body bone scan.

We calculated overall survival (OS), regional relapse-free survival (RRFS), local relapse-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) from the first day of treatment to the date of death, local relapse, regional relapse, and distant metastasis, respectively. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated from the first day of treatment to the date of disease progression or death from any cause.

Statistical analyses

All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). A two-tailed P-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact probability tests were used to compare categorical variables and treatment failure patterns among the three groups. If the expected count in any cell is less than 5, use the Fisher's exact probability tests, otherwise use the Chi-square test. OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences among groups were assessed using log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine significant prognostic factors for NPC. Host factors (age and sex), tumor factors (T stage, N stage, WHO histological type, degree of CNN), and treatment modes (presence or absence of chemotherapy) were included as covariates.

Results

Treatment outcomes for the entire cohort

The median follow-up period for the entire cohort was 48.59 months (range, 1.3-76 months). The overall 4-year OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS were 89.50%, 94.30%, 95.10%, 88.50%, and 80.60%, respectively. By the last day of follow-up, 154 patients had succumbed, 135 (9.49%) to cancer and 19 (1.34%) to other causes (P = 0.339). In total, 258 patients experienced treatment failure; 163 (11.45%), 79 (5.55%), and 67 (4.71%) developed distant metastases, local recurrence, and regional recurrence, respectively.

Incidence and grading of CNN

Among the entire cohort of 1423 NPC patients with positive lymph node metastases, the rate of CNN was 470 (33%). Of these, 213 (15.0%) exhibited grade 1 CNN and 257 (18%) exhibited grade 2 CNN. The incidence of CNN at specific nodal stations were summarized in Table 1. The baseline characteristic of patients with grade 0, grade 1, and grade 2 CNN are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of 1423 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with grade 0-2 cervical node necrosis (CNN)

Characteristic	No. of Patients (%) with Grade 0 CNN (n = 953)	No. of Patients (%) with Grade 1 CNN (n = 213)	No. of Patients (%) with Grade 2 CNN (n = 257)	Total patients (n = 1423)	P-value
Age, years					0.867
≤44	473 (49.63)	110 (51.64)	129 (50.19)	712
˃44	480 (50.37)	103 (48.36)	128 (49.81)	711
Sex					0.198
Male	714 (74.92)	147 (69.01)	192 (74.71)	1053
Female	239 (25.08)	66 (30.99)	65 (25.29)	370
T stage*					0.055
T1	158 (16.58 )	29 (13.62)	30 (11.67)	217
T2	131 (13.75)	24 (11.27)	47 (18.29)	202
T3	487 (51.10)	106 (49.77)	127 (49.42)	720
T4	177 (18.57)	54 (25.35)	53 (20.62)	284
N stage*					< 0.001
N1	722 (75.76)	139 (65.26)	145 (56.42)	1006
N2	153 (16.05)	49 (23.00)	64 (24.90)	266
N3a-3b	78 (8.18)	25 (11.74)	48 (18.68)	151
Clinical stage*					0.002
II	217 (22.77)	35 (16.43)	45 (17.51)	297
III	494 (51.84)	101 (47.42)	123 (47.86)	718
IVA-B	242 (25.39)	77 (36.15)	89 (34.63)	408
WHO pathology					0.717
Type I	5 (0.52)	1 (0.47)	2 (0.78)	8
Type II	45 (4.72)	12 (5.63)	8 (3.11)	65
Type III	903 (94.75)	200 (93.90)	247 (96.11)	1350
Chemotherapy					0.006
No	91 (9.55)	10 (4.69)	12 (4.67)	113
Yes	862 (90.45)	203 (95.31)	245 (95.33)	1310

*According to the 7^th edition of the International Union against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system

Subgroup analysis of treatment outcomes

The 4-year OS rates in the grade 0, grade 1, and grade 2 CNN groups were 91.70%, 89.00%, and 81.50%, respectively; the 4-year LRFS rates were 95.70%, 95.10%, and 88.50%, respectively; the 4-year RRFS rates were 96.30%, 95.20%, and 90.60%, respectively; the 4-year DMFS rates were 90.00%, 85.40%, and 82.30%, respectively; and the 4-year DFS rates were 84.00%, 78.00%, and 69.80%, respectively.

Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the three groups are shown in Figure 2. Differences in survival rates among the three groups are summarized in Table 3. There were significant differences among the three groups with regard to OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS (P < 0.001 for all). Significantly different values were observed for the grade 0 and grade 2 CNN groups (P < 0.001 for OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS). While DMFS (P = 0.034) was significantly different between the grade 0 and grade 1 CNN groups, OS, LRFS, RRFS, and DFS (P = 0.527, 0.679, 0.447, and 0.064, respectively) were not. On the other hand, OS, LRFS, RRFS, and DFS were significantly different between the grade 1 and grade 2 CNN groups (P = 0.013, 0.024, 0.043, and 0.014, respectively), whereas DMFS was not (P = 0.133).

Figure 2.

Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing overall survival rates (A), disease-free survival rates (B), distant metastasis-free survival rates (C), local relapse-free survival rates (D), and regional relapse-free survival rates (E) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with different grades of cervical node necrosis (CNN)

Table 3.

Survival rates for 1423 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with grade 0-2 cervical node necrosis (CNN)

Endpoint	P-value
	Grade 0 CNN group vs. Grade 1 CNN group vs. Grade 2 CNN group	Grade 0 CNN group vs. Grade 1 CNN group	Grade 0 CNN group vs. Grade 2 CNN group	Grade 1 CNN group vs. Grade 2 CNN group
OS	<0.001	0.527	<0.001	0.013
LRFS	<0.001	0.679	<0.001	0.024
RRFS	<0.001	0.447	<0.001	0.043
DMFS	<0.001	0.034	<0.001	0.133
DFS	<0.001	0.064	<0.001	0.014

Abbreviations: DFS, disease-free survival; LRFS, local relapse-free survival; RRFS, regional relapse-free survival; DMFS, distant metastasis-free survival; OS, overall survival

Subgroup analysis of patterns of treatment failure

The patterns of treatment failure in the grade 0, grade 1, and grade 2 CNN groups are presented in Table 4. By the end of follow-up, 42 (2.95%) patients in the grade 0 CNN group, 11 (0.77%) in the grade 1 CNN group, and 26 (1.83%) in the grade 2 CNN group experienced local failure (P = 0.002); 34 (2.39%), 10 (0.70%), and 23 (1.62%), respectively, developed regional failure (P = 0.001); and 86 (6.04%), 30 (2.11%), and 47 (3.30%), respectively, developed distant metastases (P < 0.001).

Table 4.

Failure patterns in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with grade 0-2 cervical node necrosis (CNN)

Failure patterns	Grade 0 CNN group (%)	Grade 1 CNN group (%)	Grade 2 CNN group (%)	Total	P-value
Total	141	44	73	258	< 0.001
Local only	28	7	13	48	0.247
Regional only	20	4	10	34	0.258
Distant only	74	27	31	132	0.019
Local + regional	7	3	3	13	0.599
Local + distant	5	0	6	11	0.012
Regional + distant	5	2	6	13	0.053
Local + regional + distant	2	1	4	7	0.056
Total local	42	11,	26	79	0.002
Total regional	34	10	23	67	0.001
Total distant	86	30	47	163	< 0.001
Cause of death
Cancer	76	18	41	135	0.339
No cancer	10	5	4	19
Total	86	23	45	154

* P values were calculated using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test if indicated.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for NPC

In univariate analysis, CNN was identified as a significant prognostic factor for OS (P < 0.001), LRFS (P < 0.001), RRFS (P < 0.001), DMFS (P < 0.001), and DFS (P < 0.001; Table 5) in NPC patients. Consistent with the results of univariate analysis, CNN was identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.001), LRFS (P < 0.001), RRFS (P < 0.001), DMFS (P < 0.001), and DFS (P < 0.001).

Table 5.

Results of univariate and multivariate analyses of the prognostic factors for 1423 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)

Endpoint	Variable	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
		P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
OS	Age	<0.001	1.759 (1.263-2.499)	0.001
	T stage	<0.001	1.667 (1.368-2.031)	<0.001
	N stage	<0.001	1.545 (1.349-1.770)	<0.001
	CNN	<0.001	1.362 (1.131-2.449)	0.001
	WHOhistological type	<0.001	0.570 (0.381-0.854)	0.006
LRFS	T stage	0.001	1.523 (1.164-1.993)	0.002
	WHO histological type	<0.001	0.341 (0.210-0.552)	<0.001
	CNN	<0.001	1.604 (1.243-2.069)	<0.001
RRFS	CNN	<0.001	1.654 (1.264-2.166)	<0.001
DMFS	N stage	<0.001	1.561 (1.370-1.779)	0.017
	CNN	<0.001	1.361 (1.138-1.627)	<0.001
	T Stage	0.003	1.315 (1.102-1.569)	0.003
DFS	T stage	<0.001	1.268 (1.109-1.449)	0.001
	N stage	<0.001	1.327 (1.190-1.480)	<0.001
	CNN	<0.001	1.383 (1.205-1.588)	<0.001
	Age	0.004	1.363 (1.076-1.728)	0.010
	WHO histological type	0.005	0.667 (0.464-0.960)	0.029

Abbreviations: CNN, cervical node necrosis, DFS, disease-free survival; LRFS, local relapse-free survival; RRFS, regional relapse-free survival; DMFS, distant metastasis-free survival; OS, overall survival

Multivariate analysis also revealed age, T stage, N stage, and the WHO histological type as independent prognostic factors for OS (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.006, respectively); T stage and the WHO histological type as independent prognostic factors for LRFS (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001); T stage and N stage as independent prognostic factors for DMFS (P = 0.003 and P = 0.017); and T stage, N stage, age, and WHO histological type as independent prognostic factors for DFS (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.010, and P = 0.029 respectively; Table 5).

Discussion

The most important finding in the present large-scale retrospectively study was that CNN was an independent prognostic factor for poor clinical outcomes after IMRT in NPC patients. Patients with different degrees of CNN showed obvious prognosis and failure patterns. Compared with grade 0 CNN, grade 1 CNN increased the risk of metastasis and grade 2 CNN increased the risk of death, local relapse, regional relapse, and/or distant metastasis after IMRT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the prognostic effects of CNN of different grades on the treatment outcomes of NPC patients treated with IMRT.

There are a few previous studies about the prognostic value of lymph node necrosis diagnosed on CT or MRI or poor nodal perfusion on CT, which reflects the presence of necrosis, in HNC. Munck et al first established an association between nodal hypodensity on CT and a decreased OS rate in patients with advanced HNC treated with induction chemotherapy, 2D-CRT, and surgery in 1991 ¹⁸. Then, Grabenbauer et al reported, in 1998, that nodal hypodensity on CT was an independent risk factor for a decreased OS rate and local and/or regional relapse in patients with stage III/IV HNC treated with 2D-CRT with or without chemotherapy ¹⁹. In addition, Tang et al revealed, in 2014, that necrosis of metastatic retropharyngeal lymph nodes was a significant independent prognostic factor for DMFS and locoregional relapse-free survival in NPC patients treated with IMRT ²⁹. Lin et al recently reported that radiological lymph node necrosis on CT was an independent risk factor for OS, DFS, and nodal relapse-free survival in patients with HNC treated with IMRT with or without chemotherapy ¹⁷, while Lan et al concluded that CNN on MRI was a significant, independent, negative prognostic factor for OS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS in NPC patients treated with 2D radiotherapy, three-dimensional (3D) radiotherapy, or IMRT ²⁰. However, the patients in most of these studies were treated with 2D or 3D radiotherapy. In recent years, IMRT has come to be accepted as a more advanced radiation technique for NPC, after retrospective and prospective studies have confirmed its efficacy for disease control ^23-25. However, it remains unclear whether the prognostic factors applicable to 2D or 3D radiotherapy can also be applied to IMRT.

In the present study, CNN was identified as an independent, negative prognostic factor for OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS in NPC patients treated with IMRT. However, the precise mechanism underlying these negative prognostic effects remain unclear, although the following may explain our conclusion. Central necrosis in malignant lymph nodes is believed to occur after massive tumor infiltration ³¹ and is a late biological event in the evolution of tumor metastases in lymph nodes ³². In addition, previous research demonstrated the presence of hypoxic cells around or in the area of necrosis ^{26, 33}; therefore, tumor necrosis may serve as a marker for intratumoral hypoxia. The presence of hypoxia in tumors may induce tumor cells to exhibit relatively poor sensitivity to radiotherapy or chemotherapy; moreover, it can lead to the expression of a hypoxia gene that can increase the tumor aggressiveness and accelerate progression ^{34, 35}. This pathogenesis may explain why necrosis on MRI was found to be a significant negative prognostic factor for all endpoints (OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS) in NPC patients.

Our study also demonstrated that grade 1 CNN increased the risk of only metastasis, while grade 2 CNN increased the risk of both distant metastasis and death, local relapse, and/or regional relapse after IMRT. This was probably because different degrees of CNN represent varying severities of lymph node hypoxia. More severe lymph node hypoxia may result in poorer sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This may also explain for the significant differences in survival rates among the three CNN groups. We propose that clinicians should gain more insight into CNN on pretreatment MRI in NPC patients treated with IMRT. We predict that further improvement in the survival of NPC patients with CNN, particularly grade 2 CNN, may be achieved by more intensive treatment, although further evidence is needed to prove this hypothesis. The limitation of our study was the unavoidable biases inherent in retrospective studies; however, our results were consistent with those of a previous study conducted by Lan et al ²⁰.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that CNN is an independent prognostic factor for OS, LRFS, RRFS, DMFS, and DFS in NPC patients treated with IMRT. Patients with different degrees of CNN may show various prognosis and failure patterns. Compared with grade 0 CNN, grade 1 CNN can increase the risk of metastasis and grade 2 CNN can increase the risk of death, local relapse, regional relapse, and/or distant metastasis after IMRT. CNN on MRI can thus be adopted as a predictive factor to aid in individualized treatment planning for NPC patients.

Abbreviations

CNN

cervical node necrosis

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NPC

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

IMRT

intensity-modulated radiotherapy

DMFS

distant metastasis-free survival

OS

overall survival

RRFS

regional relapse-free survival

LRFS

local relapse-free survival

DFS

disease-free survival

CT

computed tomography

HNC

head and neck cancer

2D-CRT

two-dimensional conformal radiotherapy

UICC/AJCC

International Union against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer