Timing of First Antenatal Care Visit and its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Public Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background

Early initiation of antenatal care visits is an essential component of services to improving maternal and new born health. The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2011 indicated that only 11% of pregnant women start antenatal care in the first trimester. However, detailed study to identify factors associated with late initiation of care has not been conducted in Addis Ababa where access to health services is almost universal. The aim of this study was to assess the level of late first antenatal care visit and the associated factors.

Methods

Facility based cross sectional study was conducted in public health centers in Addis Ababa. The health centers with experience of at least more than two years were selected randomly, one form each sub-city. The study subjects were pregnant women visiting the facilities for the first time during the index pregnancy. The study health centers were selected randomly from each sub-city, and the study women were recruited consecutively until the required sample size was achieved. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with late ANC initiation.

Result

A total of 979 women participated in the study; 411(42.0%; 95% CI of 38.9%, 45.1%) of them came for their first ANC visit late, after 16 weeks of gestation. Wrongly perceived ANC initiation schedule was the strongest predictor of late initiation. After controlling for basic demographic and obstetric factors, the odds of starting the first antenatal care visit late was higher for women who did not know the antennal care initiation schedule correctly compared to women who knew the schedule correctly (AOR6.6; 95% CI 3.03, 14.03).

Conclusion

Over 40% of pregnant women do not initiate ANC visit in the first trimester largely due to lack of correct knowledge of the recommended ANC schedule.

Introduction

The new model for antenatal care recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) separates pregnant women into two groups: who are likely to need only routine antenatal care, which constitute about some 75% of pregnant women, and those with specific health conditions or risk factors who need special care and constitute about 25% of pregnant women(1,2). However, the model recommends both groups of women to come as early as possible, before sixteen week of gestation. Early initiation of ANC visits enables health care providers to diagnose early pregnancy related complications and institute timely and appropriate interventions (3,4).

Most women in sub-Saharan Africa, however, make their first ANC visits very late (5–11), which ranges from 53% to 89% (12–17). Data from Ethiopia also show that about 83% of pregnant women nationally (18) and 59.8% of pregnant women in the capital city, Addis Ababa, initiate their first visits late (16).

The reasons for late initiation of ANC visit, although they vary a lot from context to context, include lack of awareness about the services (14), lack of women decision making power, unfavorable attitudes towards antenatal care services (19) and wrong perceptions about the purpose of the antenatal care services and their timing (20). Some of the wrong perceptions about the timing of ANC are related to the women's low educational status, lack of knowledge of ANC, and cultural and traditional beliefs related to health care seeking practices during pregnancy (17,21–23).

Although late initiation of ANC visits by pregnant women in Addis Ababa is a well-recognized challenge, studies to identify the factors associated with this practice are scanty. It is also imperative to conduct such kind of studies from time to time as the reasons for failure to initiate ANC early would not remain the same in a rapidly changing societal development. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying factors related to late ANC initiation.

Methods

Study area: The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, with an estimated total population of 3.2 million. The city is divided into ten administrative units referred to as “sub-cities”. There were 91 government health centers in the city that were more or less evenly distributed in the ten sub cities. In addition, there were 11 public hospitals, 33 private hospitals, 520 private clinics, 257 specialized clinics and 06 NGO clinics and health centers. Most health facilities in the city provide ANC services, but the standards vary remarkably. The public health facilities use the national guidelines for providing ANC services. The private facilities may not always follow the national guidelines (24).We conducted the study on public health centers that are supposed to be the first entry points for ANC according to the national guidelines.

Study design: Facility based cross sectional study design with internal comparison was conducted in health facilities in Addis Ababa in the year 2013.

Study participants: The study subjects were pregnant women who came for their first ANC visits in the selected health facilities during the study period, December 2013. Women who were seriously ill at the time of data collection and unable to give consent were excluded from the study.

Sample size: Sample size was determined using the formula for single population proportion: prevalence of first ANC initiation before 16^th weeks of gestation which is 40.2% was used to calculate the total sample size of 864. Adding 10% allowance for nonresponse and refusal to participate, a total sample of 960 was required to determine the proportion of women who come late for their first ANC visits and to identify factors associated with late first visits. The total sample was divided into the selected ten health centers proportional to their monthly client loads.

Sampling procedure: A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select study subjects. First, one health center from each of the 10 sub-cities of Addis Ababa was selected using a simple random sampling procedure. Second, eligible pregnant women who came for their first ANC visits in the selected health centers were enrolled continuously until the required sample size was achieved. Participants were allocated proportionate to the monthly ANC client load of eachselected health facility.

Data collection tools and procedures: Data were collected using structured questionnaire, which was developed based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data collection tool and other relevant literature. The questionnaire was first developed in English and later translated into Amharic. The information collected includes socio-demographic background of the mothers, obstetric history, past maternal service initialization and perception of ANC services.

Data collectors were nurses who received training on the objective of the study, interview technique and details of the questionnaire. Pretest was done in a public health center that was not selected for the study. Recruitment of the study participants was facilitated by ANC service providers in each study health center. The interview was conducted in Amharic. Eligible mothers were interviewed face-to-face at exist of ANC clinic.

In this study, late ANC initiation was defined as the first ANC visit made by pregnant women after 16 complete gestational weeks. Perceived time for initiating ANC was defined as what the women thought is the correct gestational age to initiate the first ANC visit.

Data quality assurance: To maintain the quality of data, the questionnaire was pretested in a similar level health facility which was not part of the study. After the pretest, some modifications were made on the questionnaire to improve the clarity of meanings. Data collectors were given orientation on the changes before the main study was conducted. Moreover, regular follow up was made by the principal investigator to monitor the data collection process. Furthermore, the collected data were checked regularly for their completeness and clarity, and feedbackwas given to the data collectors.

Data processing and analysis: double data entry procedure and data cleaning were done using EPI INFO version 3.5.1. Further data analysis was done using SPSS windows version 15.0 statistical software. The proportion and 95% confidence interval of the main outcome variable was calculated to show the extent of late initiation of ANC visit at the cutoff point of 16 weeks. The association of independent variables with late ANC initiation was examined by calculating the crude and adjusted odds ratios. Twelve variables were examined independently using a bivariate analysis, and those variables with a p-value of less than 0.20 were included into a logistic regression model to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Ethical consideration: Ethical approval was obtained from Haramaya University and Addis Continental Institute of Public Health. Permission to carry out the study was granted from Addis Ababa Health Bureau. Individual informed verbal consent was obtained from each respondent after explaining the purpose of the study. Interviews were conducted in private space at the facility of the health center during exist from ANC services. Confidentiality was maintained by not recording identifying information and restricting access to data only to the research team.

Result

Socio-demographic background: A total of 997 pregnant women who came for their first ANC visits in the study health centers were enrolled into the study. The age of the respondents ranged from 16 to 39 years with mean (+SD) 25.81 (±4.149) years. Most respondents were married ,773(81.4%), and about half had secondary level education ,484(50.9%). Unemployment rate was 45.5%, and 59.1% of the respondents had monthly income of less than 2000 Ethiopian Birr, which is equivalent to 100 United States Dollars (Table 1).

Table 1.

Profile of the study Participants in Addis Ababa, 2013.

	Characteristics	Total Frequency	Late (after 16 weeks) # (%)	Early (at or before 16wks) # (%)	Overall Percent %
Age(Max:39) N=990	15–19	58	32(55.2)	26(44.8)	5.9
	20–24	321	133(41.4)	188(58.6)	33.0
	25–29	416	164(39.4)	252(60.6)	42.0
	30–34	144	61(42.4)	83(57.6)	14.9
	35–39	36	18(50.0)	18(50.0)	3.6
Ethnicity N=987	Oromo	202	83(41.4)	119(58.9)	20.8
	Amhara	426	176(41.3)	250(58.7)	43.9
	Tigre	86	28(32.6)	58(67.4)	8.9
	Gurage	179	86(48.0)	93(52)	18.4
	Others	78	36(46.2)	42(53.8)	8.0
Marital status N=991	Single	56	20(37.7)	33(62.3)	5.7
	Married	918	382(42.2)	524(57.8)	92.6
	Divorced or widowed	17	6(37.5)	10(62.5)	1.7
Religion N= 994	Orthodox	651	264(41.1)	379(58.9)	65.5
	Muslim	198	90(46.9)	102(53.1)	19.9
	Protestant	130	54(42.2)	74(57.8)	13.1
	Catholic	10	2(20.0)	8(80.0)	1.0
	Others	5	0(0.0)	5(100)	0.5
Mothers Education N=992	No formal Education	114	60(54.5)	50(45.5)	11.5
	Primary and above	878	350(40.4)	516(59.6)	88.5
Husband Education N=961	No formal Education	40	20(51.3)	19(48.7)	4.2
	Primary and above	921	377(41.5)	532(58.5)	95.8
Occupation N=990	Employed	540	198(37.4)	332(62.6)	54.5
	Unemployed	450	211(47.5)	233(52.5)	45.5
Income N=880	<1000 ETB	289	128(45.7)	152(54.3)	32.8
	1001–2000 ETB	231	102(44.3)	128(55.7)	26.3
	>2001 ETB	360	126(35.3)	231(64.7)	40.9

Prevalence of late ANC initiation: Among the 997 women, 411(42.0%; 95% CI of 38.9%, 45.1%) came late for their first ANC visits, after 16 weeks of gestation (Figure 1). The median time for the first visit was 16 weeks.

Factors Associated with late ANC initiation: After adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, maternal occupation, average household income, parity, abortion, decision making ability and women's wrongly perceived ANC initiation schedule were the most strongly associated factors to late initiation (AOR6.6; 95% CI 3.03, 14.03). Other factors like unemployment, average monthly income less than 2000 ETB, unplanned pregnancy and being free of pain during pregnancy were marginally associated with late initiation of ANC. Unemployed women are more likely to come late than employed women (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.95). Similarly, women who had average household income less than two thousand Ethiopian Birr have more chance of coming late than those who had more (AOR =1.49, 95% CI: 1.04,2.15) & AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.01,2.12).

Those having unplanned pregnancy also have higher chance of coming late than from those their pregnancy is planned (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.13), and those who are free of pain during pregnancy come late than who had pain or discomfort (AOR =1.54, 95% CI : (1.08, 2.18) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Factors associated with first ANC initiation time among pregnant women use selected public primary health facility in Addis Ababa, 2013

Variable		ANC Initiation time (gestational week)		COR (95% C.I)	AOR (95% C.I)
		Late (after 16 weeks) # (%)	Early (at or before 16wks) # (%)
Maternal Age N=990	15–19	55(50.5)	54(49.5)	1	1
	20–24	159(58.9)	111(41.1)	0.71(0.45,1.11)	0.74(0.44,1.24)
	25–29	302(60.3)	199(39.7)	0.67(0.44,1.02)	0.61(0.36,1.02)
	30–34	33(55.9)	26(44.1)	0.80(0.43,1.52)	0.79(0.36,1.72)
	35–39	18(50)	18(50)	1.02(0.48,2.16)	0.65(0.26,1.59)
Maternal Educational status N=992	Primary and above	350(40.4)	516(59.6)	1	1
	No formal Education	60(54.5)	50(45.5)	1.77(1.18,2.63)	1.14(0.66,1.94)
Occupation new N=945	Employed	198(37.4)	332(62.6)	1	1
	Unemployed	211(47.5)	233(52.5)	1.52(1.18–1.962)	1.45(1.07,1.95)*
Average House hold Income N=880	>2001ETB	126(35.3)	231(64.7)	1	1
	1001–2000ETB	102(44.3)	128(55.7)	1.54(1.12,2.12)	1.50(1.05,2.15)*
	<1000ETB	128(45.7)	152(54.3)	1.46(1.04,2.50)	1.46(1.01,2.12)*
Parity N=985	0	192(40.0)	288(60.0)	0.82(0.63,1.05)	0.87(0.62,1.21)
	1&more			1	1
Abortion N=997	0	338(43.4)	440(56.6)	1.35(0.98–1.86)	1.43(0.98,2.09)
	1 and more	73(36.3)	128(63.7)	1	1
Perceived ANC initiation time N=960	At or before 16 weeks of gestation	347(39.3)	537(60.7)	1	1
	After 16 weeks of Gestation	52(83.9)	10(16.1)	8.05(4.04,16.05)	6.57(3.06,14.11)¥
Planned pregnancy N= 950	Yes	265(37.9)	434(62.1)	1	1
	No	145(52.5)	131(47.5)	1.81(1.37,2.40)	1.52(1.08,2.14)*
Decision for the visit N=989	Me	235(38.9)	369(61.1)	1	1
	My Husband	137(46.1)	160(53.9)	1.34(1.02,1.78)	1.13(0.79,1.59)
	Me and My husband	13(40.6)	19(59.4)	1.07(0.52,2.22)	1.12(0.50,2.49)
	Other family member	23(56.1)	18(43.9)	2.01(1.06,3.79)	1.16(0.52,2.58)
Have pain currently N=950	Yes	92(37.1)	156(62.9)	1	1
	No	319(43.6)	412(56.0)	1.31(0.98,1.77)	1.54(1.08,2.18)*

^¥significant at p <0.01

^*significant at p <0.05

1: reference category

Discussion

In this study, about 42.0% pregnant women showed up late for their first ANC. WHO recommends that every pregnant woman start the first ANC visit before or at 16 weeks of gestation (1). This study indicated that a considerable proportion of pregnant women initiate their first ANC visit after 16 weeks of gestation despite public health facilities provide free ANC services for all pregnant women. Pregenant women who had wrong perceptions about ANC schedule, unemployed, earning a monthly income less than two thousand Ethiopia Birr, whose pregnancy was unplanned and those free of pain or discomfort during pregnancy were more likely to initiate their ANC late. This finding is in congruent with most of other previous studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (6–8,25,26).

Health centers were selected for the study because they are the first points of contact to maternal health services for the majority of pregnant women, and services are widely available and offered free of charges. Thus, selection biases that are due to accessibility and affordability of services can be avoided. The health centers have also improved their referral links to hospitals that can do operative interventions for complicated cases to increase the confidence of health providers at the facilities and the thrust of pregnant women (27). Thus, sampling from health center is likely to capture the majority of pregnant women in the city. However, economically better-off mothers are likely to use private maternal health facilities, and our findings may not represent that particular group of women.

The proportion of late ANC visit in this study is lower than previous reports from Ethiopia, which were 58.0% in Addis Ababa (16), 61.1% in Mekelle (15), 64.6% in Gondar (12) and 68.6% in Kembata Tembaro (28). The observed difference could be due several factors. The most important factors are perhaps the improvements made in the maternal health services and the introduction of the Urban Health Extension program in Addis Ababa(29,30). Mothers residing in the city have access to better information regarding available services through health extension professionals, and geographic access to maternal health services is almost universal (18).

Our finding regarding the perceived timing of ANC visits was consistent with previous reports from the northwest part of the country, which also reported a strong association between perceived ANC schedule and timing of the first ANC visit(12). A study done in Nigeria also reported that the majority of mothers who come late for the first ANC visit thought that the second trimester is the ideal time for initiating ANC (17). Women initiate ANC visits late because they often perceive no benefit of booking in the first trimester (31) unless they experienced problems in previous pregnancies (20). Other reasons that curtail to early initiation of maternal health services include women's perception about service quality and some cultural beliefs concerning pregnancy and childbirth (19,20).

Improving the delivery of essential information about ANC is critical to ensure that pregnant women maximally benefit from the services. Apart from the information provided through the healthcare providers, the health system needs to explore other alternative message delivery channels. Reaching women through their partners (23) and modern communication technologies such as SMS (32) can greatly improve the availability and reach of correct information (33). In addition, exploring the social diffusion approach involving family members, relatives and neighbors could help in disseminating maternal health information. The urban health extension professionals and the women health development army are the dominant grassroot level health cadres in Ethiopia (30). They too can be thought to use these methods to delivery timely information. Even traditional birth attendants and community representatives were effectively used in improving early booking for ANC in Tanzania (34). Above all, empowering women to freely utilize the information and access to maternal health service is critical (35).

In conclusion, 42% of pregnant mothers in the capital city of Ethiopia initiate the first ANC visit after 16 weeks of gestation, which is largely due to wrong perception of the correct timing of the first visit. Therefore, public education should be strengthened to change the women's perception about timing of ANC initiation.