Table 2. MicroRNA up-regulated studies.
QRT-PCR: Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, CAD: Coronary Artery Disease, DM: Diabetes Mellitus, HTN: Hypertension, TC: Total Cholesterol, TAG Triacylglycerols, HDL-c: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-c: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine Transaminase, LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction, CK-MB: Creatine Kinase Myocardial B fraction, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, BMI: Body Mass Index, HLD : Hyperlipidemia, ACS: Acute Coronary Syndrome, KEGG: Kyoto Engenomes, SMCS: Smooth Muscle Cells, HBA1C: Hemoglobin A1C, CRP: C-Reactive Protein, TLR: Toll Like Receptor, AO: Arteriosclerosis Obliterans. EP: Endothetial Progenitor Cells, MP- Microparticles
| Serial # | Name of Author; Year of Study | MicroRNA (miR or miRNA) | MicroRNA: Regulation | MicroRNA Analysis | Source | Strength of Association (Odds ratio, Relative Risk or Regression Analysis) | Comments |
| 1 | Diehl, et al. 2012 [8] | miR 19 miR 21 miR 146 miR 155 miR 223 | Up-regulated: miR 19 miR 21 miR 146 miR 155 miR 223 | QRT-PCR | MP from plasma | ACS vs CAD miR 21 P=0.042 miR 146a P=0.003 | Univariate Analysis |
| 2 | Sayed, et al., 2015 [11] | miR149 miR 424 miR 765 | Up-regulated: miR 765 | QRT-PCR | Serum/ Plasma | Non-CAD vs. CAD (Adjusted) miR 149 95% CI 0.894 to 0.983 p= <0.0001 miR 424 95% CI 0.863 to 0.975 p = <0.0001 miR 765 95% CI 0.939 to 0.996 p=0.0001 | Adjusted for age, gender, TC, TAG, HDL-C, LDL-C, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, AST, ALT, creatinine, LVEF, DM, smoking, HTN and medications |
| 3 | Sayed, et al., 2015 [12] | miR 149 miR 765 | Up-regulated: miR 765 | QRT-PCR | Serum/ Plasma | Stable/unstable CAD vs Non-CAD (Adjusted) miR 765 p=< 0.001 | Adjusted for subjects with similar age, gender, total cholesterol, total glyceride, HDL, LDL, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, AST, ALT, creatinine, cardiac troponinI, CK-MB, LDH, LVEF, DM, smoking, HTN, and medications |
| 4 | Zhou, et al., 2015 [13] | miR206 miR574/5p | Up-regulated: miR 206 miR 574/5p | QRT-PCR | Plasma | CAD vs Non-CAD (Adjusted) miR 206 –95% CI: (0.508-0.706) miR 574/5p – 95% CI: (0.609- 0.787) | Multivariate analysis (no significant differences between two groups including HTN, DM, smoking history, age, gender, HDL-C, TAG, LDL-C and TC) |
| 5 | Liu, et al., 2015 [14] | miR 2861 miR 3135b miR191/3p miR133a/3p miR1229/5p miR134 miR3679/5p miR223 | Up-regulated: miR 133a/3p miR 134 miR 191/3p miR 223 miR 1229/5p miR 2861 miR 3135b miR 3679/5p | QRT-PCR | Serum/ Plasma | Unadjusted miR 133a/3p 95% CI 0.55-0.82 p = 0.0096 miR 134 95% CI 0.54-0.82 p= 0.015 miR 191/3p 95% CI 0.58-0.83p= 0.0046 miR 223 95% CI 0.47-0.74p= 0.13 miR 1229-5p 95% CI 0.54-0.83 p= 0.015 miR 286195% CI 0.61-0.87 p= <0.001 miR 3135b95% CI 0.61-0.86 p= <0.001 miR 3679/5p95% CI 0.49-0.79 p = 0.06 | Univariate Analysis Matched for sex, DM, and age. A key feature in vasculature calcification is the osteogenic transition of SMCs miR 2861 might function as an enhancer of osteogenic differentiation of SMCs. The increased circulating miR 2861 level may reflect CAC progression. |
| 6 | Han, et al., 2015 [15] | miR 21a miR 23a miR 34a | Up-regulated: miR 21 miR 23a miR 34a | QRT-PCR | Serum/ Plasma | CAD vs Non-CAD miR-34a, miR-21, and miR-23a that are differentially expressed in CAD plasma p=<0.01 | Univariate Analysis |
| 7 | Li, et al., 2013 [16] | miR 526b | Up-regulated: miR 526b | MiRNA by KEGG | Serum/ Plasma | Pre CAD vs Non-CAD (Adjusted) miR 526b p=0.00072, p=0.003215 | Univariate Analysis |
| 8 | Ren, et al., 2013 [18] | miR 21 miR 25 miR 92a miR 106b miR 126 miR 451 miR 590/5p | Up-regulated: miR 21 miR 25 miR 92a miR 106b miR 126 miR 451 miR 590/5p | QRT-PCR | Serum/ Plasma | CAD (UA) vs Non-CAD (Adjusted) miR 21OR 2.488 95% CI (1.173, 5.277) p=<0.017 miR 25 OR 2.036 95% CI (1.048, 3.955) p =<0.036 miR 92a OR 2.611 95% CI (1.110, 6.144) p =< 0.028 miR 106b OR 2.389 95% CI (1.158, 4.927) p= <0.018 miR 126 OR 1.882 95% CI (1.140, 3.108) p =<0.013 miR 126 OR 1.882 95% CI (1.140, 3.108) p =<0.013 miR 451 OR 4.609 95% CI (2.171, 9.782) p =<0.001 miR 5905p OR 2.67895% CI (1.226, 5.849) p =<0.013 | Adjusted for age, sex, HTN, dyslipidemia, DM, smoking status, and the use of statins and anti-platelet drugs) |
| 9 | Guo, et al., 2012 [19] | miR 122 miR 370 | Up-regulated: miR 122 miR 370 | QRT-PCR | Serum/ Plasma | HLD+CAD vs Non-CAD miR 122 OR 1.08 95 % CI 1.01–1.16 p = 0.034 miR 370 OR 1.05 95 % CI 1.01–1.12 p = 0.022 | Adjustment for age, gender, BMI, smoking, HTN, DM, and blood lipid profiles |
| 10 | Sondermeijer, et al.,2011 [21] | miR 340 miR 624 | Up-regulated: miR 340 miR 624 | QRT-PCR | Platelets | Pre CAD vs Non-CAD miR-340/ miR624 95% CI: 0.59–0.83, p=<0.002 | Univariate Analysis |
| 11 | Fichtlscherer, et al., 2010 [22] | miR 17 miR 92a miR 126 miR 133a miR 145 miR 155 miR 208a | Up-regulated: miR 133a miR 208a | QRT-PCR | Plasma/ Serum | CAD vs Non-CAD miR133a95% CI (5.22-6.35,3.94-6.10) p=0.16 miR208a 95% CI(5.72-6.74, 4.91-6.61) p=0.29 | Univariate Analysis In patients with stable CAD, vascular-derivedMiRNAs were significantly down-regulated, whereas musclederivedMiRNAs tended to be higher. |
| 12 | Hokestra, et al., 2010 [24] | miR 135 miR 147 | Up-regulated: miR 135 | QRT-PCR | PBMCs | CAD vs Non-CAD miR 135a p=<0.001 | Univariate Analysis |
| 13 | Takahashi, et al., 2010 [25] | miR146a/b | Up-regulated: miR146a/b | QRT-PCR | PMBC | CAD vs Non-CAD miR 146a/b p=<0.01 | Adjusted for age, sex, culprit lesion, fasting glucose, HbA1C, LDL cholesterol, high-sensitive CRP, and history of HTN, DM, and corrected CAD. Marked TLR4 expression in atherosclerotic plaques, oxidative stress upregulates macrophage TLR4 expression, perhaps an association between TLR4, inflammation and coronary atherosclerosis. Activation of TLR4 signal may induce miR-146a/b expression as a negative regulator and induce progression of coronary atherosclerosis. |
| 14 | Li, et al., 2010 [26] | miR 21 miR 27b miR 130, miR 210 | Up-regulated: miR 21 miR 27b miR 130 miR 210 | QRT-PCR | Vessel Intima and Serum | AO vs Non-AO miR 21/27b/130/210 p=<0.05 | Univariate Analysis |
| 15 | Minami, et al., 2009 [27] | miR 221 miR 222 | Up-regulated: miR 221 miR 222 | QRT-PCR | EP | Levels of miR 221 and miR 222 were higher in CAD group than in non-CAD group (p<0.01) | Univariate Analysis |