Table 2.

Optimization design guideline (‘+’: larger preferred; ‘−’: smaller preferred).

Symbol	Description	Optimization design
$${\displaystyle \hat{H}}$$	Power absorption magnitude	+
$$\beta$$	Thermal expansion coefficient	+
$$\kappa$$	Thermal conductivity of the medium	+
$${\beta }_0$$	Rate of heat loss per unit area of the film	–
$$c_s$$	Heat capacity per unit area of thin film	–
$$c_p$$	Volumetric heat capacity of the medium	–
$$\eta ,\xi$$	Viscosity of the medium	–
$${\tau }_p$$	Laser pulse width	–
$$\omega$$	Modulation frequency	depends