Abstract
Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), exerts anti-apoptotic effects in various malignant tumors. However, relationships between choroidal melanoma and BAG3 are poorly studied. This study investigated the expression of BAG3 in a case of human choroidal melanoma. Funduscopy, computed tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography with the intravenous injection of N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine strongly indicated choroidal melanoma in a 68-year-old woman. Accordingly, we carried out an enucleation and pathological diagnosis. Proteins and total RNA were extracted from normal retinochoroidal and tumor tissues. Proteins were also extracted from ocular nevus tissues of other patients. We examined the expression of BAG3 protein and mRNA using Western blotting and the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for melan-A, HMB-45, and S-100. Histopathology confirmed a choroidal melanoma. The expression of BAG3 protein and mRNA in the choroidal melanoma tissue was upregulated with respect to both normal retinochoroidal tissue and ocular nevus tissues from other patients. Because BAG3 may inhibit apoptosis of choroidal melanoma and facilitate its survival, overexpression of this gene product may be a prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
Keywords: choroidal melanoma, Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3, heat shock proteins, melan-A, single-photon emission computed tomography, ocular nevus
Introduction
Choroidal melanoma is the most common intraocular tumor in adults, and it metastasizes mainly to the liver (1). Poor prognosis is related to various clinical factors such as tumor size (2). Furthermore, various molecular factors are associated with poor prognosis (3,4).
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) function as molecular chaperones and exert cytoprotective effects. Among the HSPs, proteins from the HSP70 family play central roles as molecular chaperones. Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) belongs to a family of co-chaperones that interacts with the ATPase domain of HSP70 (5). Although BAG3 is expressed weakly in normal cells, it is overexpressed in various malignant tumors (6–14). In melanoma cells, BAG3 is upregulated, and exerts cell survival and anti-apoptotic effects (15–17). However, relationships between choroidal melanoma and BAG3 are poorly studied. Therefore, we investigated the expression of BAG3 in human choroidal melanoma as compared to normal and ocular nevus tumor tissues.
Case report
Patients and clinical materials
A 68-year-old woman was referred to Toyama University Hospital for further evaluation of a left intraocular mass. Funduscopy revealed a pigmented choroidal mass in the temporal fundus of her left eye. B-Mode ultrasonography revealed a choroidal protrusion (Fig. 1A). Computed tomography revealed an enhanced intraocular mass (Fig. 1B). Single-photon emission computed tomography revealed a high accumulation of N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine after its intravenous injection (Fig. 1C) (18).
Figure 1.
Images used to diagnose choroidal melanoma. (A) B-Mode ultrasonography reveals a choroidal protrusion. (B) Computed tomography reveals an enhanced intraocular mass. (C) Single-photon emission computed tomography reveals a high accumulation of N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine after intravenous injection.
To definitively treat this strongly suspected case of choroidal melanoma, we enucleated the eye. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for melan-A (Fig. 2), HMB-45, and S-100 (not shown) (19). Histopathology confirmed choroidal melanoma without vascular or optic nerve invasion. Additionally, we surgically resected a conjunctival tumor from a 44-year-old man (Fig. 3A) and a lid tumor from a 74-year-old man (Fig. 3B); these tumors were diagnosed as conjunctival nevus and lid nevus, respectively.
Figure 2.
Histopathologic analysis of choroidal melanoma. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin stain of choroidal melanoma (original magnification, ×40). (B) The melanoma stain is strongly positive for melan-A (original magnification, ×40).
Figure 3.
Photographs of (A) a conjunctival nevus of a 44-year-old man and (B) a lid nevus of a 74-year-old man.
Normal retinochoroidal and melanoma tissue samples were obtained from the enucleated eye (Fig. 4), and nevus tissue samples were obtained from the resected tumor tissues (Fig. 3A and B). Our procedures conformed to the tenets of the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients after provision of sufficient information about the procedures.
Figure 4.
The enucleated eye includes normal retinochoroidal tissue (red arrow) and melanoma tissue (white arrow).
Western blotting
Protein extracts were prepared by homogenizing tissue samples in a lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, and 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). After electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, proteins were transferred electrophoretically onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit monoclonal anti-BAG3 (GTX62327; GeneTex Inc., Irvine, CA, USA); mouse monoclonal anti-HSP70 (SR-B810; MBL, Nagoya, Japan); rabbit monoclonal anti anti-HSF1 (GTX62022; GeneTex Inc.) and mouse monoclonal anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (MAB374; Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA). The immunoreactive proteins were visualized using a luminescence image analyzer (LAS 4000mini; GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan) with an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system. GAPDH served as the loading control.
RNA isolation
Using an RNeasy Total RNA Extraction kit (Qiagen K.K., Tokyo, Japan), total RNA was extracted from tissue samples and treated with on-column DNase I (RNase-free DNase kit, Qiagen K.K.) (20).
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)
qPCR was performed on a Real-Time PCR Mx3005P system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using a SYBR PreMix ExTaq kit (Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan). The relevant primer sequences are listed in Table I. mRNA expression levels for each protein were normalized to the mRNA expression level for GAPDH (20).
Table I.
Nucleotide sequences of primers for target genes.
Statistical analysis
Measurements are reported as means ± standard deviations. Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
To analyze the involvement of BAG3 within a choroidal melanoma, we examined its protein and mRNA expression levels using western blotting and qPCR, respectively. The BAG3 protein level in the human choroidal melanoma tissue was upregulated compared to that in normal retinochoroidal tissue (Fig. 5A). Furthermore, as observed using Western blotting, the expression levels of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and HSP70 were upregulated in human choroidal melanoma relative to expression levels in normal retinochoroidal tissues (Fig. 5A). Similarly, qPCR indicated that the BAG3 mRNA level in the human choroidal melanoma tissue was significantly higher than that in normal retinochoroidal tissue (n=4, P=0.000291) (Fig. 5B). Additionally, we confirmed BAG3 expression in choroidal melanoma using immunohistochemical analysis (Fig. 5C).
Figure 5.
Expression levels of BAG3 in choroidal melanoma and normal retinochoroidal tissues. (A) BAG3, HSF1 and HSP70 proteins were determined by Western blotting. (B) BAG3 mRNA was determined by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Western blotting used primary antibodies specific for BAG3, HSF1, HSP70 and GAPDH. GAPDH served as the loading control. The qPCR assay was performed with specific primers for BAG3 and GAPDH. The BAG3 mRNA level was normalized to the GAPDH expression level. Measurements are reported as means ± standard deviations (n=4). *P<0.05. (C) The melanoma stain is strongly positive for BAG3 in histopathological analysis (original magnification, ×40).
Western blots also indicated that the BAG3 level in the human choroidal melanoma tissue was upregulated compared to those in nevus tissue samples from other patients. Moreover, BAG3 levels in the conjunctival nevus were higher than those in the lid nevus (Fig. 6). These findings suggest that BAG3 was upregulated in the human choroidal melanoma relative to normal retinochoroidal and nevus tissues.
Figure 6.
Expression levels of BAG3 protein in choroidal melanoma and nevus tissues. Western blotting was performed using primary antibodies specific for BAG3 and GAPDH. GAPDH served as the loading control.
Discussion
The mechanisms of choroidal melanoma progression and metastasis remain poorly understood, and treatment options are limited. Regardless of the progress of diagnostic technology, choroidal melanoma causes death due to liver metastasis (21). Accordingly, the study of choroidal melanoma-specific biomarkers is important for improving prognosis accuracy.
It is thought that an association between the heat shock response and melanoma is important. HSF1 is required for melanoma invasion and metastasis (22). BAG3, a co-chaperone of HSP70, is overexpressed in multiple malignant tumors and exerts anti-apoptotic effects (15–17). Observations in vitro and in vivo indicate that the induction of BAG3 is at least partly mediated by the activation of HSF1 (23). In this study, BAG3 levels were upregulated via HSF1 activation in human choroidal melanoma relative to its expression levels in normal retinochoroidal tissues. However, little is known about the anti-apoptotic role of BAG3 in human choroidal melanoma. To our knowledge, we are the first to report overexpression of BAG3 protein and mRNA in human choroidal melanoma relative to expression levels in normal retinochoroidal and ocular nevus tissues. Franco et al reported that BAG3 levels in eye melanoma are relatively low, but are related to metastasis at other sites (15). It is possible that BAG3-positive choroidal melanoma is associated with a poor prognosis. We think that careful follow-up of patients is necessary in BAG3-positive choroidal melanoma.
Similar to its effects in other malignant tumors, BAG3 may contribute to survival through anti-apoptotic activity in choroidal melanoma. We believe that BAG3 may be a prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Further investigation is necessary to understand the relationships between choroidal melanoma and BAG3.
In conclusion, BAG3 is overexpressed in human choroidal melanoma relative to other related tissues. Our findings suggest that BAG3 may offer a therapeutic target for patients with choroidal melanoma.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (16K20309) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Glossary
Abbreviations
- BAG3
Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3
- GAPDH
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HSF1
heat shock factor 1
- HSP70
heat shock protein 70
- HSPs
heat shock proteins
- qPCR
quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SD
standard deviation
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