Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP logoLink to Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP
. 2017;18(2):399–403. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.2.399

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of an Ethylacetate Fraction of Picria Fel-Terrae Lour. Herbs

Denny Satria 1,*, Jansen Silalahi 2, Ginda Haro 2, Syafruddin Ilyas 3, Poppy Anjelisa Z Hsb 4
PMCID: PMC5454734  PMID: 28345821

Abstract

Background:

Excessive production of oxygen free radicals and imbalance in the mechanisms responsible for antioxidant protection may result in the onset of many diseases including breast cancer.

Objective:

To evaluate antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of an ethylacetate fraction (EAF) of Picria fel-terrae Lour. Herbs in the T47D cell line.

Methods:

Phenolic and total flavonoid contents in EAF were determined. EAF was tested for cytotoxicity and effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant activity.

Results:

EAF was found to contain high levels of phenolic agents (92.88 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (84.39 ± 0.07 mg QE/g). The EAF of Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs was found to have an IC50 of 62.98µg/mL, caused accumulation in G0-G1 and S phase and increased early and late apoptosis. Antioxidant activity in DPPH assays gave an IC50 of 166.90 ± 0.10 µg/mL.

Conclusions:

The results reveal that EAF of Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs has antiproliferative activity and strong antioxidant potential. Further studies are now needed to isolate the responsible antiproliferative and antioxidant components.

Keywords: Antiproliferative, antioxidant, picria fel-terrae lour, ethylacetate fraction

Introduction

Oxidation is an important process in living organisms. Free radicals arising from metabolism or enviromental sources interact continously with biological system. Reactive species are molecules or atoms that have an electronic instability and highly reactive. The uncontrolled production of oxygen free radicals and the unbalanced mechanism of antioxidant protection results in the onset of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, heart diseases and aging (Jamuna, et el., 2012; Nagmoti, et al., 2012; Rosidah, et al., 2008; Yang, et al., 2004).

The world health organization (WHO) reported that breast cancer is one of the leading causeof death and the most common cancer type amongst women worldwide in 2012 (WHO, 2015). Moreover, breast cancer ranks as the fifth cause of death from cancer overall (522,000 deaths), is themost frequent cause of cancer death in women in less developed countries (324,000 deaths,14.3% of total), and the second cause of cancer death in developed countries (198,000 deaths,15.4%) after lung cancer. A recent study reported that breast cancer is leading in the estimated new cancer cases, and the second most common death cause of women suffering from cancer in the USA (Siegel, et. al., 2015). Therefore, research and development in cancer detection and therapy isurgently required to solve those problems.

Breast cancer occurs when breast cells start to grow uncontrollably. These cells can invade nearby tissues and spread throughout the body. Each type of tissue in the breast can form a cancer, but the cancer usually arises in the milk ducts or glands. Factors that influence the risk of breast cancer are the length of exposure to hormones (e.g. menstruation at an early age or late menopause), reproductive factors (e.g. no children and first pregnancy at an advanced age), dietary factors and lack of physical activity (e.g. obesity and dietary fat), radiation during breast development, hormone replacement therapy on chronic use, as well as congenital genetic factors associated with breast cancer like the presence of gene mutations (Barnett, et. al., 2008).

Poguntano (Picria fel-terrae Lour.)have been used as drug of colic, malaria, diuretic, fever, and skin disease (Perry, 1980). Modern pharmacological investigations indicated that the extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour. exerts diuretic, antypiretic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and analgesic activities (Dalimunthe, et al., 2015; Huang, et al., 1994; Thuan, et al., 2007; Zhong, et al., 1979; Zou, et al., 2005; Harfina, et al., 2012; Sitorus, et al., 2014; Sihotang, et al., 2016; Patilaya and Husori, 2015). Moreover, Picria fel-terrae inhibits hepatitis B (HB) e-antigen excreted by HepG2 2215 cell lines, suggesting to have anti-HB virus activity (Zheng, et al., 2010). It can be developed as co-chemotherapeutic regimen for breast cancer by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and suppressing cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 expression based on the recent studies (Satria, et al., 2015; Lestari, et al., 2013). The aim of this study was to determine total phenolic content, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of ethylacetate fraction of Picria fel-terrae Lour. Herbs.

Materials and Methods

Plant and chemicals material

Fresh herbs of Picria fel-terrae Lour. was collected from Tiga Lingga village, Dairi regency, Sumatera Utara province, Indonesia. Picria fel-terrae Lour. was identified in Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Bogor, and the voucher specimen was deposited in herbarium. Chemicals used were AlCl3.6H2O (Merck), annexin-V (BioLegend), distilled water, DMSO (Sigma), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Sigma), [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) (Sigma), folin ciocalteu, propidium iodide kit (BioLegend), quercetin (Sigma), sodium acetate (Merck), sodium bicarbonate (Merck).

Preparation of Ethylacetate Fraction (EAF)

The air-dried and powdered herbs of Picria fel-terrae Lour. (1 kg) were repeatedly fractionated by cold maceration with n-hexane (3x3 d, 7.5 L). The powder was dried in the air and fractionated with ethylacetate (3x3 d, 7.5 L) at room temperature with occasional stirring. The filtrate was collected, and then evaporated under reduced pressure to give a viscous fraction and then freeze dried to dry (Satria, et al., 2015; Anggraeni, et al., 2015; Hasibuan, et al., 2015).

Determination of Total Phenol Concentration

The total phenol concentration (TPC) of the sample was determined using folin reagent. Briefly, 100 µL of EAF (500 μg/ml) were mixed with 7.9 mL of distilled water and 0.5 mL of folin-ciocaleu’s reagent (1:10 v/v) and mixed with vortex for 1 minute. After mixing, 1.5 mL of 20% aqueous sodium bicarbonate were added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 90 min within termittent shaking. The absorbance was measured at 775 nm using a spectrophotometer. Total phenolic concentration is expressed as gallic acid equivalent in mg per gram of extract. The methanol solution was use a blank. All assays were carried out in triplicate (Rosidah, et al., 2008 and Jamuna, et al., 2012). The equation to determine total phenolic concentration:

graphic file with name APJCP-18-399-g001.jpg

C (GAE): Concentration of phenolic as gallic acid equivalent; c: concentration determined from standard curve (µg/mL); V: volume which used in the assay (mL); M: mass of the sample which used in the assay (g); and F: dilution factor.

Determination of Total Flavonoid Concentration

The amount of total flavonoids in the extracts was measured spectrophotometrically as previously reported. Briefly, 2 mL of EAF in methanol was mixed with 0.10 mL of 10% aluminium chloride (AlCl3.6H2O), 0.10 mL of sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2.3H2O) (1 M) and 2.80 mL of distilled water. After incubation of 40 min, absorbance was measured at 432 nm using a spectrophotometer. To calculate the concentration of flavonoids, we prepared a calibration curve using quercetin as standard. The flavonoid concentrasion is expressed as quercetin equivalents in mg per gram of extract. All assays were carried out in triplicate (Diab, et al., 2015 and Jamuna, et al., 2012). The equation to determine total flavonoid concentration:

graphic file with name APJCP-18-399-g002.jpg

C (QE): Concentration of flavonoid as quercetin equivalent; c: concentration determined from standard curve (µg/mL); V: volume which used in the assay (mL); M: mass of the sample which used in the assay (g); and F: dilution factor.

Cytotoxicity assay

The cells were treated with EAF and doxorubicin. In this test, T47D cell line wasgrown in RPMI 1,640 medium, medium containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco), 1% penicillin-streptomycine (Gibco), and fungizone 0.5% (Gibco) in a flask in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2) at 37°C. The inoculums seeded at 1x104 cells/mL at an optimal volume of 0.1 mL per well. After 24 h incubation, the medium was discharged and treated by EAF and doxorubicin. After incubation 24 h, the cells were incubated with 0.5 mg/mL MTT for 4 h in 37°C. Viable cells reacted with MTT to produce purple formazan crystals. After 4 h, SDS 10% as stopper (Sigma) in 0.01N HCl (Merck) was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. The cells were incubated for 24 h in room temperature and protected from light. After incubation, the cells were shaken, and absorbance was measured using ELISA reader at λ 595 nm. The data which were absorbed from each well were converted to percentage of viable cells (Hasibuan, et al., 2015; Satria, et al., 2014).

The equation to determine viability of cells

graphic file with name APJCP-18-399-g003.jpg

Preparation of Cells for Flowcytometry Analysis

T47D cells (5x105 cells/well) were seeded into 6-well plate and incubated for 24 h. After that, the cells were treated with EAF and then incubated for 24 h. Both floating and adherent cells were collected in conical tube using tripsin 0.025%. The cells were washed thrice with cold PBS and centrifuged 2500 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was separated, while the sediment was collected (Satria, et al., 2015; Anggraeni, et al., 2015).

Cell Cycle Analysis

Cells were fixed in cold 70% ethanol in PBS at -20°C for 2 h. The cells were washed thrice with cold PBS and resuspended then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 3 min and PI kit (containing PI 40 µg/mL and RNAse 100 µg/mL) added to sediment and resuspended and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The samples were analysed using FACScan flowcytometer. Based on DNA content, percentage of cells in each of stage in cell cycle (G1, S and G2/M) were calculated using ModFit Lt. 3.0.s.

Apoptosis Analysis

Annexin V kit was added to sediment and suspended and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The samples were analyzed using FACScan flowcytometer.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity Test

The free radical scavenging activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) method of Blois (1958). 0.2mM solution of DPPH• in methanol was prepared and 100μl of this solution wasadded to various concentrations of EAF at the concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml. After 60 minutes, absorbance was measured at 516 nm. Quercetine was used as the reference material. All thetests were performed in triplicate and percentage of inhibition wascalculated by comparing the absorbance values of the control andtest samples (Rosidah, et al., 2008 and Jamuna, et al., 2012).

graphic file with name APJCP-18-399-g004.jpg

Statistical analysis

Data was expressed as mean ± SD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Tukey post hoc test was used for multiple comparison. All statistics were analyzed using the SPSS 20 software.

Results

Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Contents

Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined according to the Folin Ciocalteau method which is based in the reduction of phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid (Folin) reagentto a blue-colored complex in an alkaline solution (Cicco, et al., 2009). The EAF of Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs were found to contain high levels of phenolic content 92.88 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g. Phenolic compounds are known as powerful antioxidant (Shahidi and Wansundeara, 1992) and they are very important plant consistuents because of their free radial scavenging ability due to their hydroxyl groups (Hatano, et al., 1989). The solubility of phenolics is governed by their chemical nature which may vary from simple to highly polimerized substance in different quantities, as well as the polarity of the solvent used (Dai and Mumper, 2010; Diab, et al., 2016). Structurally, phenolic compounds have at least one aromatic ring with one or more hydroxyl groups and divided into 10 different classes depending on their basic chemical structure (Heim, et al., 2002).

In the case of total flavonoid contnet (TFC), the EAF was given flavonoid content 84.39 ± 0.07 mg QE/g. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, which exhibit several biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, anti-viral and anti-cancer activities (Umamaheswari, et al., 2008). They are capable of effectively scavenging the reactive oxygen species because of their phenolic hydroxyl groups and so they are potent antioxidant salso (Cao, et al., 1997).

Inhibitory Concentration 50% (IC50)

MTT method was used to determine cell viability after incubation for 24 h. In every treatment EAF and doxorubicin was shown to inhibit cells growth. The IC50 value of EAF was 62.98 µg/mL and doxorubicin 0.203 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity estimate of natural product is related to content of active compound in these plants including Picria fel-terrae Lour. Flavonoids and triterpenoids/steroids estimated as active compounds (Yadav, et al., 2012). Doxorubicin is one of chemotherapeutic agent showed strong activity on T47D cell lines with IC50 value of 0.203 µg/mL. T47D cells line underwent resistant to doxorubicin pass through to p53 mutation (Di Leo, et al., 2007; Vassade, et al., 2005).

Discussion

Effect on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis

To evaluate the effect of EAF to increase cell death by modulating cell cycle, we concentrated on it for further studies using flowcytometry method. The effect of EAF is given in Figure 1. Whereas treatment of EAF in 25 µg/mL caused cell accumulation at G0/G1 phase (57.2%) and for control cell (51.7%). At S phase the accumulation after EAF treatment (24.4%) and for control cell (21.0%). This fact was to indicate that EAF can inhibit cell grow that G0/G1 and S phase. In the cell cycle analysis, EAF was exhibited higher G0-G1 and S phase accumulation compared to control cells. This analysis was also showed that cells underwent apoptosis, indicated by occurence of apoptosis during inhibition of cell cycle on G0-G1 phase (Satria, 2015).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Cell Cycle Analysis Using Flowcytometry. t47d cells were treated by eaf for 24h and stained using propidium iodide. (a) control cells; (b) EAF25 µg/ml. EAF exhibited G0/G1 and S phase and decreased T47D cell population

Evaluation of apoptosis induction was performed using flowcytometry method with Annexin-V. as shown in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, the cells in the upper and lower right quadrants represent late apoptotic/ necrotic and early apoptotic cells, respectively. The percentage of control and EAF in early apoptotic 3.9% and 72.7%, in late apoptotic/early necrotic 2.7% and 10.2%, and in late necrotic 2.3% and 9.3%. In apoptotic study, EAF increased the cells undergo apoptosis in early apoptosis and late apoptosis if compared to control T47D cell lines. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death with changes on morphology, membrane blebbing and chromatine (Ruddin, et al., 1997). The isolated polyphenols from plants including kaemferol, quercetin, anthocyanins, coumarin acid, and ellagic acid were shown to inhibit the growth (inhibit cell cycle and induce apoptosis) of human breast (MCF-7), oral (KB, Cal-27), colon (HT-29, HCT-116), and prostate (LNCaP, DU-145) tumor cell lines (Zhang, et al., 2008; Daminiaki, et al., 2000; Lim, et al., 2006; Tang, et al., 2007).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Apoptosis analysis using flowcytometry. T47D cells were treated by EAF for 24h and stained using Annexin-V. (a) control cells; (b) EAF 25 µg/mL.

Antiradical Activity

Antiradical power of the plant samples was measured in term of hydrogen donating ability using DPPH which is a stable, nitrogen-centered free radical and produces deep purple colour in methanol solution. Antioxidants either transfer an electron or a hydrogen atom to DPPH, thus neutralizing its free radical character (Pan, et al., 2008). DPPH test, which is based on the ability of DPPH, a stable free radical, to decolorize in the presence of antioxidants, is a direct and reliable method for determining radical scavenging action (Hasan, et al., 2009). The DPPH assay has been largely used as a quick, reliable and reproducible parameter to search the in vitro general antioxidant acitivity of pure compounds as well as plant extracts (Koleva, et al., 2002). The reducing capacity of compounds could serve as indicator of potential antioxidant property (Meir, et al.,1995). It is very important to point out that a low IC50 value reflects a high antioxidant activity of the fraction, since the concentration necessary to inhibit the radical oxidation in 50% is low. IC50 for EAF and quercetin in DPPH assay were 166.9 ± 0.1 µg/mL and 4.94 ± 0.05 µg/mL respectively.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully thank to DP2M DIKTI (Directorate of Higher Education) Ministry of Research Technology and High Education, Indonesia through “Hibah Pascasarjana” Research Grant 2016 for financial support in the study.

References

  1. Anggraeni R, Hadisahputra S, Silalahi J, Satria D. Combinational effects of ethylacetate extract of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, with doxorubicin on T47D breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2014;6:2032–5. [Google Scholar]
  2. Barnett GC. Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease. Oncol. 2008;26:3310–16. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.3168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cao G, Sofic E, Prior RL. Antioxidant and pro-oxidative behavior of flavonoids: structure activity relationships. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22:749–60. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00351-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cicco N, Lanorte MT, Paraggio M, et al. A reproducible, rapid, and inexpensive Folin-Ciocalteu micro-method in determining phenolies of plant methanol extracts. Microchem J. 2009;91:107–10. [Google Scholar]
  5. Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules. 2010;15:7313–52. doi: 10.3390/molecules15107313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dalimunthe A, Urip H, Rosidah G, Pandapotan NM. Evaluation of diuretic activity of Picria fel-terrae (Lour.), leaves extracts. Asian J Pharm Clin Resc. 2015;8:204–5. [Google Scholar]
  7. Daminiaki A, Bakogeorgou E, Kampa M, Notas G, Hatzoglou A. Potent inhibitory action of red wine polyphenols on human. JCB. 2000;78:429–41. doi: 10.1002/1097-4644(20000901)78:3<429::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Diab KAE, Reham ES, Shin Y. In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of novel orange peel extract and it’s fractions on leukemia HL-60 cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:7053–60. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.7053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Di Leo A, Tanner M, Desmed C, et al. p-53 gene mutations as a predictive marker in a population of advanced breast cancer patients randomly treated with doxorubicin or docetaxel in the context of a phase III clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:997–1003. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdm075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hasibuan PAZ, Jessy C, Denny S. Combination effect of ethylacetate extracts of Plectranthus ambonicius (Lour.), Spreng. with doxorubicin againts T47D breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7:155–9. [Google Scholar]
  11. Harfina F, Bahri S, Saragih A. Pengaruh serbuk daun puguntano (Curanga fel-terrae Merr.) pada pasien diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012;2:112–8. [Google Scholar]
  12. Hatano T, Edamatsu R, Mori A. Effect of interaction of tannins and related poyphenols on superoxide anion radical and on DPPH radical. Chem Pharm Bull. 1989;37:2016–21. [Google Scholar]
  13. Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidant: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationship. J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13:572–84. doi: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00208-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Huang Y, Cimanga K, Lasure A, et al. Biological activities of Picria fel-terrae Lour. Pharm World Sci. 1994;16:18. [Google Scholar]
  15. Jamuna S, Pulsamy S, Karthika K. Screening of in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae) J App Pharm Sci. 2012;2:149–54. [Google Scholar]
  16. Koleva II, Van Beek TA, Linssen JPH, de G root A, Evstatieva LN. Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochem Anal. 2002;13:8–17. doi: 10.1002/pca.611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lestari P. Efek kombinasi ekstrak aktif daun poguntano (Picria fel-terrae Lour.). dengan doksorubisin terhadap sel kanker payudara secara in vitro. Thesis: Medan. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Sumatera Utara. 2013 [Google Scholar]
  18. Lim JH, Park JW, Min DS, et al. NAG-1 up-regulation mediated by EGR-1 and p53 is critica for quercetin induced apoptosis in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. Apoptosis. 2006;12:411–21. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-0576-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Meir S, Kanner J, Akiri B, Hada SP. Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense system of various senescing leaf. J Agricult Food Chem. 1995;43:1813–19. [Google Scholar]
  20. Nagmoti DM, Khatri DK, Juvekar PR, Juvekar AR. Antioxidant activity free radical-scavenging potential of Pithecellobium dulce Benth seed extracts. Free Radic Antioxid. 2012;2:37–43. [Google Scholar]
  21. Pan Y, Wang K, Huang S, et al. Antioxidant activity of microwave-assisted extract of longan (Dimocarpus longum Lour.). peel. Food Chem. 2008;106:1264–70. [Google Scholar]
  22. Patilaya P, Dadang IH. Preliminary study on the anthelmintic activity of the leaf ethanolic extract of Indonesian Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr. Int J Pharmtech Res. 2015;8:347–51. [Google Scholar]
  23. Perry LM. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia. London: The MIT Press; 1980. p. 384. [Google Scholar]
  24. Rosidah M, Yam MF, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ. Antioxidant potential of Gyunura procumbens. Pharm Bio. 2008;46:616–25. [Google Scholar]
  25. Rudin CM, Thompson CB. Regulation and clinical relevance of programmed cell death. Annu Rev Med. 1997;48:267–81. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Satria D, Pandapotan M, Illyas S. Cytotoxcicity effect of sea horse (Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach.), extract and fractions on MCF-7 cell line. Int J Pharmtech Res. 2014;6:212–16. [Google Scholar]
  27. Satria D, Furqan M, Hadisahputra S Rosidah. Combinational effects of ethylacetate extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour, and doxorubicin on T47D breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7:73–6. [Google Scholar]
  28. Shahidi F, Wanasundara PKJPD. Phenolic antioxidants. Food Sci Nut. 1992;32:67–103. doi: 10.1080/10408399209527581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5–29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sihotang YM, Silalahi J, Hadisahputra H, Hasibuan PAZ, Satria D. Cardioprotective effect of ethylacetate extract of poguntano (Picria fel-terrae Lour.), against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Int J Pharm Clin Resc. 2016;8:466–70. [Google Scholar]
  31. Sitorus P, Harahap U, Pandapotan M, Barus T. Isolation of β-sitosterol from n-hexane of Picria fel-terrae Lour. leave and study of its antidiabetic effect in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Int J Pharmtech Res. 2014;6:137–41. [Google Scholar]
  32. Tang F, Chiang E, Shih C. Green tea catechin inhibits ephrin A-1mediated cell migration and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endhothelial cells. J Nutri Biochemn. 2007;18:391–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.07.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Thuan ND, Ha Do T, Thuong PT, Na MK, Lee JP. A phenylpropanoid glycoside with antioxidant activity from Picria tel-ferae. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30:1062–6. doi: 10.1007/BF02980238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Umamaheswari Chatterjee TK. In vitro antioxidant activities of the fractions of Coccinia grandis L. leaf extract. Afr J Trad Compl Alt Med. 2008;5:61–73. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Vayssade M, Haddada H, Faridoni-laurens L, et al. p73 fuctionally replaces p53 in adriamycin-treated p53-deficient breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2005;116:860–9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. WHO. World Cancer Report 2014. 2015 [Google Scholar]
  37. Yang YC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Wu CH, Chang CJ. The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1534–40. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.14.1534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Yadav VR, Sahdeo P, Bokyung S, Ramaswamy K, Bharat BA. Targetting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer. Toxins. 2010;2:2428–66. doi: 10.3390/toxins2102428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Zhong SQ, Zhang BN, Huang FX. An anti-tumor herb Cucao. China: China Traditionally Herb Drugs Lett; 1979. pp. 45–6. [Google Scholar]
  40. Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Lee R, Feng L, Hebe D. Isolation and identification of strawberry phenolics with antioxidant and human cancer cell antiproliferative properties. J Agricult Food Chem. 2008;56:670–5. doi: 10.1021/jf071989c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Zou JM, Wang LS, Niu XM, Sun HD, Guo YJ. Phenylethanoid glycosides from Picria felterrae Lour. J Integ Plant Bio. 2005;47:632–6. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP are provided here courtesy of West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention

RESOURCES