Table 2.1.

Young’s modulus and ultimate strength of healthy skin

Species	Experimental method	Anatomic site	Young’s modulus (MPa)	Ultimate strength (MPa)
Human	Uniaxial tension	Thorax/neck		11[16]
		Abdomen/back/arm/foot		9.5[16]
		Leg/hand	(ivv*) 4.6–20 [17][18]	7.3[16]
		Face/head/external genitals		3.7[16]
	torsion	Dorsal forearm	(ivv) 0.42–0.85 [17]
		Ventral forearm	(ivv) 1.12 [17]
	suction	Various sites	(ivv) 0.13–0.26[17][19]
		Volar forearm	(ivv) 0.129±88[20]
	indentation	Volar Forearm	(ivv) 0.0045–0.008[21]
		Thigh	0.00199[17][22]
		Forearm	0.00109–0.00151[17][22]

^*(e) indicates ex vivo test, (ivv) indicates in vivo test, and (ivtr) indicates in vitro test