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. 2017 May;12(5):804–811. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.206652

Electroacupuncture at Fengchi (GB20) inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in the trigeminovascular system of a rat model of migraine

Luo-peng Zhao 1,2, Lu Liu 1, Pei Pei 3, Zheng-yang Qu 1, Yu-pu Zhu 1,2, Lin-peng Wang 1,*
PMCID: PMC5461619  PMID: 28616038

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Keywords: nerve regeneration, electroacupuncture, migraine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cutaneous allodynia, anti-nociceptive, Fengchi, trigeminal ganglion, neural regeneration

Abstract

Most migraine patients suffer from cutaneous allodynia; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine, and it is therefore, a potential therapeutic target for treating the pain. In the present study, a rat model of conscious migraine, induced by repeated electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus, was established and treated with electroacupuncture at Fengchi (GB20) (depth of 2–3 mm, frequency of 2/15 Hz, intensity of 0.5–1.0 mA, 15 minutes/day, for 7 consecutive days). Electroacupuncture at GB20 significantly alleviated the decrease in hind paw and facial withdrawal thresholds and significantly lessened the increase in the levels of CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus in rats with migraine. No CGRP-positive cells were detected in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis or ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus by immunofluorescence. Our findings suggest that electroacupuncture treatment ameliorates migraine pain and associated cutaneous allodynia by modulating the trigeminovascular system ascending pathway, at least in part by inhibiting CGRP expression in the trigeminal ganglion.

Introduction

Migraine is a common primary headache disorder that is characterized by recurrent, throbbing, unilateral headaches, and affects 14.7% of the population worldwide (Vos et al., 2012; Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society, 2013). Most migraines are accompanied by cutaneous allodynia, which is an altered sensory perception to innocuous stimuli (Lovati et al., 2009). According to the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2010, migraine ranked as the third most prevalent and seventh most disabling disease worldwide (Vos et al., 2012). Current anti-migraine drugs, including non-prescription painkillers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triptans and ergot alkaloids, are unable to fully meet the needs of migraine sufferers because of their suboptimal efficacy, adverse effects, and contraindications (Reddy, 2013).

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a promising complementary strategy for treating migraine. Some reviews have suggested that acupuncture is a treatment choice for migraineurs, with few adverse events, which could be used as a supplement to other non-pharmacologic treatment options (Endres et al., 2007; Linde et al., 2016). However, the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of EA on migraine are unknown. It is generally thought that the activation and sensitization of trigeminovascular system nociceptive pathways are responsible for migraine headaches and cutaneous allodynia (Pietrobon and Moskowitz, 2013). A recent study demonstrated that EA at Fengchi (GB20) exerts antinociceptive effects by modulating serotonin (Liu et al., 2016). Advances in the understanding of the function of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in trigeminovascular system nociceptive pathways suggest that CGRP is a promising target for migraine therapy (Pietrobon and Moskowitz, 2013). CGRP-targeting drugs developed for migraine, such as CGRP receptor antagonists and CGRP-blocking antibodies, were shown to be efficacious in treating migraine attacks in clinical trials (Russo, 2015).

We hypothesized that EA treatment at GB20 might modulate CGRP levels in the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus of the trigeminovascular system ascending pathway, and alleviate cutaneous allodynia. To test this hypothesis, an experimental rat model of migraine was established by repeated electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus, which mimics migraine headache and cutaneous allodynia. Then, we evaluated cutaneous allodynia using electronic von Frey anesthesiometry and CGRP expression in the trigeminovascular system by western blot assay and immunofluorescence to explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of EA treatment on migraine and cutaneous allodynia.

Materials and Methods

Animals

This study was approved by the Beijing Institutional Review Board for Animal Experiments (Use Committee of Capital Medical University, Beijing; Approval number: AEEI 2015-075). Surgeries were performed under anesthesia, and all possible efforts were made to minimize suffering.

Forty male 6-week-old, specific-pathogen-free Sprague Dawley rats (Vital River Laboratories, No. 11400700103582, Beijing, China), weighing 210 ± 10 g, were used in this study. Rats were individually maintained in a climate-controlled laboratory environment (room temperature, 23 ± 2°C; humidity, 50 ± 10%) on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with unlimited access to water and food. The rats were acclimated to the new environment for 1 week before undergoing brain surgery to implant the electrodes required for electrical stimulation.

Group assignment

After the acclimation period, 40 animals were randomly divided into the following four groups (n = 10): a control group, which only received electrode implantation; a model group, which only received electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus; an EA group, which received EA at GB20 after electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus; and a non-acupuncture point electroacupuncture (NA) group, which received EA at a distant non-acupuncture point (approximately 10 mm above the iliac crest) after electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus (Li et al., 2015). The experiment began on the first day after recovery and lasted 7 days. Three sessions of electrical stimulation were given to the EA, NA and model groups with a stimulator (YC-2 stimulator; Chengdu Instrument Factory, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China) every other day (on days 1, 3 and 5). From day 1 to day 7, the EA and NA groups received EA after electrical stimulation for a total of seven sessions. The number of animals used in this study was 10 per group, estimated according to a power calculation described in a previous study (Gao et al., 2014). A diagram of the experimental protocol is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Diagram of the experimental protocol.

After a recovery period of 1 week, baseline withdrawal threshold was measured by von Frey anesthesiometry on day 0. On days 2, 4 and 6, facial and hind paw withdrawal thresholds were tested for a total of 3 sessions. Rats received dural electrical stimulation every other day from days 1 to 7 (on days 1, 3, 5 and 7). Electroacupuncture (or non-acupuncture point acupuncture) treatment was performed daily from days 1 to 7 (on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the different groups.

Establishment of the rat model of conscious migraine

As described in a previous study (Pei et al., 2016), rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Two holes (1 mm in diameter) were drilled in the midline suture of the skull with a saline-cooled drill (78001; RWD Life Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China) (Dong et al., 2011). One hole was located 4 mm anterior to the bregma, and the other was 6 mm posterior to the bregma. The cranial holes were located over the dura mater around the superior sagittal sinus. Two tailored electrode fixtures (Beijing Jiandeer, Beijing, China) were placed into the cranial holes such that they were contacting the superior sagittal sinus. A pair of screws (M1.4 × 2.8 mm) were implanted into the screw holes of each electrode fixture to stabilize the electrodes and then covered with dental cement (Shanghai New Century Dental Materials, Shanghai, China). To prevent clogging, the obturator was inserted into the external terminal of the electrode. The operation was performed under a surgical microscope. Penicillin (0.04 million IU/100 g; Harbin Pharmaceutical Group, China) was administered intramuscularly to prevent infection. All rats had a 7-day recovery period before the experiments began.

Before dural electrical stimulation, each rat was placed in a transparent cage (diameter, 40 cm; height, 17.5 cm) and allowed to habituate for 20 minutes. The obturator was removed from the electrode fixtures, and a delivery electrode tip that was connected to the current source output of the electrical stimulator was inserted. Based on previous studies, dural electrical stimuli, which consisted of 0.5-ms monophasic square-wave pulses of 1.8–2.0 mA (intensity) and 20 Hz (frequency) were given to the rats in the EA, NA and model groups for a 15-minute period every other day for a total of three sessions (Pei et al., 2016). Rats in the control group were connected to the stimulator, but were given no stimulation.

EA at GB20

Each rat was consciously placed into a tailored fixture that restricted movement and exposed the head and neck. According to the WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations (World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008), GB20 is located “in the anterior region of the neck, inferior to the occipital bone, in the depression between the origins of sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles”. The anatomical location of GB20 in rats is similar to that in humans—3 mm lateral to the midpoint of a line joining the two ears at the back of the head (Siu et al., 2005). For rats in the EA group, a pair of stainless steel acupuncture needles (diameter, 0.25 mm; length, 25 mm; Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China) were inserted into GB20 to a depth of 2–3 mm in the direction of the opposite eye, bilaterally. The needle handle was then connected to an electrical stimulator (Han's acupuncture point nerve stimulator HNAS-200E; Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China) for 15 minutes/day. EA was applied at a frequency of 2/15 Hz (amplitude-modulated wave) and an intensity of 0.5–1.0 mA (depending on the reaction of the rat) (Pei et al., 2016). For rats in the NA group, needles were inserted bilaterally at distant non-acupuncture points (approximately 10 mm above the iliac crest) to a depth of 2–3 mm, and EA was performed with the same parameters as in the EA group. Animals in the control and model groups were similarly placed into fixtures for 20 minutes, but no acupuncture was applied.

Behavioral testing of the allodynia response

An electronic von-Frey anesthesiometer (Model 2390, IITC Life Science, Woodland Hills, CA, USA) was used to test facial and hind paw withdrawal thresholds. The von Frey anesthesiometry probe was applied vertically to the skin of the face or hind paw until the rat made an escape movement. When the escape response occurred, the maximum force was recorded as the withdrawal threshold by the device. All measurements of withdrawal threshold were made by the same operator, who was blinded to the reading until an escape response was elicited (Moore et al., 2013).

Facial allodynia

Rats were placed in a tailored plastic tube restraint (length, 25 cm; inner diameter, 8 cm) with a mesh inlay at the front, so that the periorbital region was easily accessed. After a 30-minute habituation period, the von Frey anesthesiometry tip was applied to the periorbital region with steady vertical pressure until an escape movement occurred. A total of three trials were completed with 30-second intervals. The mean value of the trials was considered the withdrawal threshold.

Hind paw allodynia

Rats were placed separately under transparent plastic boxes on an elevated mesh platform for 30 minutes. The von Frey anesthesiometry probe was inserted through the mesh to prod the hind paw until the paw was withdrawn from the tip or lifted off the mesh floor. The assay was performed three times with 30-second intervals. The mean value of the trials was used to determine the withdrawal threshold.

Western blot assay

Rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (15 mL/kg, intraperitoneally), and the brains and trigeminal ganglia were rapidly removed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until dissection. A week later, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus were dissected on a frozen microtome. Using a magnifying glass, bilateral tissue punches from the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis regions were taken from frontal brain sections (300 μm) with a stainless steel cannula (inner diameter, 1,000 μm) and pooled (Paxinos and Watson, 1998). Samples were placed into 1.8-mL pre-chilled tubes and stored at −80°C. For western blot assay, total tissue samples from different regions were collected and homogenized in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (70-WB019; MultiSciences, Hangzhou, China) with an ultrasonic cell crusher. The homogenate was centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 15 minutes at 4°C, and 300 μL of the supernatant was collected and stored at −20°C until analysis.

The protein concentration of the samples was determined by bicinchoninic acid assay using the Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (12% gradient gels), using 50 μg of protein per well, and then transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The polyvinylidene difluoride blots were blocked in 10% skim milk for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were incubated with either a rabbit anti-CGRP polyclonal antibody (Ab139264, Abcam, Cambridge, UK; 1:1,000) or a mouse β-actin polyclonal antibody (4967 CST, Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA; 1:1,000) overnight at 4°C. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (111-035-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA, USA; 1:10,000) or goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (115-035-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories; 1:10,000), was diluted in 10% skim milk/Tris-buffered saline/Tween 20 (TBST) prior to use at room temperature. All between-incubation washes were in TBST. Signals were detected using the enhanced chemiluminescence kit (WBKLS0500, Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) and Kodak film (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA). The integrated optical density values of the detected proteins were analyzed using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). CGRP was expressed as a ratio to β-actin (the loading control).

Immunofluorescence analysis

Rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 10% chloral hydrate (15 mL/kg) and perfused through the ascending aorta with 100 mL of 0.1 M PBS, followed by 500 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Brains and trigeminal ganglia were removed and post fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS overnight at 4°C, and then transferred to 30% sucrose/PBS for cryopreservation and incubated for 72 hours. A week later, the trigeminal ganglia and brains were sectioned coronally (25-mm-thick slices) through the thalamus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis with a cryostat (CM3050S, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Sections were incubated with a rabbit anti-CGRP polyclonal antibody (ab81887, Abcam, Cambridge, UK; 1:200) overnight at 4°C, and then with Alexa 488 goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (111-545-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories; 1:500) for 2 hours at room temperature. The sections were then mounted, dehydrated, and cover-slipped with anti-fade reagent (AR1109; Boster Bioengineering, Wuhan, China). Sections were imaged using a Leica DM5500 B semi-automatic light microscope, and cells were counted on a grid using the 40× objective lens. Cell counts per 100 μm2 (CGRP-positive cell density) in the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus were determined by an observer blinded to the groupings using ImageJ software. Anatomical boundaries were determined according to a rat brain atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 1998).

Statistical analysis

Data are shown as the mean ± SD. Withdrawal thresholds were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. All other data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance using SPSS v12.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Post-hoc testing was performed using Bonferroni (homogeneity of variance) or Tamhane (heterogeneity of variance) test. Differences with P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

EA inhibited the reduction in facial and hind paw withdrawal thresholds in a rat model of conscious migraine

To evaluate the effect of EA at GB20 on cutaneous allodynia in our rat model, von Frey anesthesiometry was used to assess facial and hind paw withdrawal thresholds. For the facial withdrawal threshold, there were no significant differences in the baseline among the four groups (P > 0.05; Table 1). Repetitive dural electrical stimulation significantly decreased the facial withdrawal threshold of the model group compared with the control group (P < 0.001). The withdrawal threshold was significantly higher in the EA group than in the model group (P < 0.001). The facial withdrawal threshold in the NA group did not differ significantly from that in the model group (P > 0.05).

Table 1.

Withdrawal thresholds in a rat migraine model treated with EA

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For the hind paw withdrawal threshold, no significant difference was observed at baseline among the four groups (P > 0.05; Table 1). However, after repeated dural electrical stimulation, the hind paw withdrawal threshold was significantly lower in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The hind paw withdrawal threshold was significantly higher in the EA group than in the model group, suggesting that EA at GB20 attenuates the decrease in withdrawal threshold induced by dural electrical stimulation (P < 0.001). The hind paw withdrawal thresholds in the NA and model groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05).

EA decreased CGRP levels in the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus in a rat model of conscious migraine

Western blot assay for CGRP

To investigate the effect of EA on CGRP levels, western blot assay was performed to examine the levels of CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus in all groups. In all three regions examined, CGRP protein levels in brain lysates from the model group (after repeated dural electrical stimulation) were significantly higher than those in the control group (n = 5; P < 0.001). In contrast, the EA group had significant lower CGRP protein levels compared with the model group (P < 0.05), while the levels in the NA group did not differ significantly compared with the model group (P > 0.05; Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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CGRP protein expression levels in the trigeminovascular system assessed by western blot assay in a rat model of migraine treated with EA.

(A) Trigeminal ganglion. (B) Trigeminal nucleus caudalis. (C) Ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus. Densitometry results are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 5). CGRP levels were normalized against β-actin and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. ***P < 0.001, vs. control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, vs. model group; †P < 0.05, vs. EA group. Control group: Only electrode implantation; model group: electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus; EA group: EA at Fengchi (GB20) after electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus; NA group: EA at a distant non-acupuncture point (approximately 10 mm above the iliac crest) after electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus. EA: Electroacupuncture; NA: non-acupuncture; Ctrl: control; M: model.

Immunofluorescence analysis of CGRP-positive cells

In the trigeminal ganglion, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the model group contained significantly more CGRP-positive cells than the control group (n = 5; P < 0.10). The mean number of CGRP-positive cells in the EA group was significantly lower than that in the model group (P < 0.05), whereas the numbers of CGRP-positive cells in the NA and model groups did not differ (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the control and EA groups (P > 0.05; Figure 3). However, no CGRP-positive cells were detected in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis or ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus (data not shown).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Immunofluorescence distribution of CGRP-positive cells in the trigeminal ganglion of a rat model of migraine treated with EA.

(A) CGRP-positive cells (green) in the trigeminal ganglion per 100 μm2 (immunofluorescence, × 400, scale bars: 50 μm). Nuclear staining (DAPI, blue) is used in the merged pictures. (B) Quantitative results for the trigeminal ganglion. Data are shown as the mean ± SD, and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. **P < 0.01, vs. control group; ##P < 0.01, vs. model group; ††P < 0.01, vs. EA group. Control group: Only electrode implantation surgery; model group: electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus; EA group: EA at Fengchi (GB20) after electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus; NA group: EA at a distant non-acupuncture point (approximately 10 mm above the iliac crest) after electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus. EA: Electroacupuncture; NA: non-acupuncture; CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; Ctrl: control; M: model.

Discussion

The current findings show that EA at GB20 alleviates cutaneous allodynia in a recurrent migraine model and reduces CGRP levels in the trigeminovascular system ascending pathway. CGRP has been considered a potential new therapeutic target for migraine. Our findings suggest that EA relieves migraine pain and cutaneous allodynia by reducing CGRP levels.

GB20 and migraine

In this study, we chose GB20 to treat migraine and cutaneous allodynia. According to traditional acupuncture theory, migraine is related to dysfunction of the Gallbladder Meridian (Wu, 2009). GB20 is a point in the Gallbladder Meridian located near the region of migraine headache (World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2008). Therefore, stimulation of GB20 should modulate the function of the Gallbladder Meridian and relieve migraine headache. Indeed, GB20 is one of the most commonly used acupuncture points for migraine in clinical practice and clinical trials (Zheng et al., 2010; Linde et al., 2016).

Trigeminovascular neurons and migraine

Activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular pain pathway are implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and cutaneous allodynia (Pietrobon and Moskowitz, 2013). In the present study, we focused on three groups of trigeminovascular neurons in the trigeminovascular system ascending pathway (trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus) (Noseda and Burstein, 2013). The trigeminal ganglion neurons have sensory fibers that innervate meningeal vessels and afferent projections which synapse with the trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons. The trigeminal nucleus caudalis conveys signals from the trigeminal ganglion, while sensory signals from the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and extracephalic skin converge onto ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus neurons. The nociceptive input is transmitted to cortical areas where the perception of the migraine headache and cutaneous allodynia is recognized (Pietrobon and Moskowitz, 2013).

EA at GB20 significantly alleviated dural electrical stimulation-induced cutaneous allodynia

Approximately two-thirds of migraineurs suffer from cutaneous allodynia after migraine attacks, which is characterized by a decreased threshold for the perception of pain induced by non-noxious stimuli (Burstein et al., 2000; Lipton et al., 2008; Louter et al., 2013). Studies have shown that sensitization of the trigeminovascular system can lead to cephalic and extracephalic allodynia (Burstein et al., 1998, 2010). Facial and hind paw withdrawal threshold is a commonly used indicator of mechanical allodynia in migraine research (Romero-Reyes and Ye, 2013). In this study, the decreased withdrawal thresholds in the face and hind paw mimicked cutaneous allodynia.

Central sensitization of trigeminovascular neurons is thought to be the main mechanism of cutaneous allodynia (Bernstein and Burstein, 2012). Accumulating evidence indicates that cephalic cutaneous allodynia results from sensitization of trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons, while extracephalic cutaneous allodynia represents sensitization of ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus neurons (Pietrobon and Moskowitz, 2013). In this study, dural electrical stimulation decreased the facial and hind paw withdrawal thresholds, which mimic cephalic and extracephalic cutaneous allodynia, respectively. After sensitization, these neurons exhibited hypersensitivity to cephalic or extracephalic stimuli. EA at GB20 significantly ameliorated these reductions in withdrawal threshold, whereas EA at a distant, non-acupuncture point (NA group) failed to do so, indicating that improvement of these behavioral measures was specific to EA treatment at GB20.

EA at GB20 decreased CGRP levels in the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus

In the peripheral trigeminovascular system, CGRP is involved in the activation of meningeal nociceptors during migraine attacks. Neurogenic inflammation is thought to be a key mechanism in the activation and sensitization of perivascular meningeal afferents (Uddman et al., 1985). Accumulating evidence indicates that CGRP plays an important role in this inflammatory response. CGRP directly dilates the meningeal arteries (Brain and Grant, 2004), triggers the release of pro-inflammatory substances from mast cells, and increases substance P release to promote inflammation (Zhang et al., 2007; Lennerz et al., 2008). In the trigeminovascular system, cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion are the main source of CGRP (Uddman et al., 1985; Durham, 2006). Our results suggest that repeated dural electrical stimulation significantly increases CGRP levels and the number of CGRP-positive cells in the trigeminal ganglion. EA at GB20, but not at the NA point, led to a decrease in CGRP expression and the number of CGRP-positive cells within the trigeminal ganglion, suggesting that it inhibits CGRP-mediated inflammation.

In the central trigeminovascular system, CGRP is a neuromodulator at second- and third-order trigeminovascular neurons that are involved in central sensitization (Raddant and Russo, 2011). In the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, CGRP is released from the central terminals of trigeminal ganglion neurons (Jenkins et al., 2004; Fischer, 2010). Expression studies have shown CGRP immunoreactivity in presynaptic afferent terminals, but not in the neuronal bodies, and CGRP receptor components (RAMP1 and CLR) have been detected in the spinal trigeminal tract region (Eftekhari and Edvinsson, 2011). Furthermore, microiontophoresis of α-CGRP excites some trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons, and CGRP receptor antagonists block the enhanced nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Storer et al., 2004; Summ et al., 2010). In the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus, the presence of CGRP receptors has been demonstrated, and microiontophoresis of CGRP increases the spontaneous firing of ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus neurons, which can be suppressed by the CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP 8–37 (Summ et al., 2010).

In present study, repeated dural electrical stimulation significantly increased CGRP levels in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus, as shown by western blot assay. These increases were largely blocked by EA at GB20. Consistent with previous studies, we did not detect CGRP-positive cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis or ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus using immunofluorescence.

CGRP in the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus may come from the trigeminal ganglion

It has been demonstrated that some CGRP in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis is released from the trigeminal ganglion; however, the origin of CGRP in the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus is unclear (Eftekhari and Edvinsson, 2011). A previous study showed that inflammatory soup-induced CGRP release into the jugular vein and cerebrospinal fluid is mainly derived from primary trigeminal afferents (Hoffmann et al., 2012). Plasma CGRP is unlikely to reach the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus because of poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier (Edvinsson, 2015a). Therefore, it is likely that ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus neurons are modulated by CGRP in the cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, the majority of CGRP mRNA is synthesized in the trigeminal ganglion, which is the major source of CGRP in the trigeminovascular system (Durham, 2006; Bhatt et al., 2014).

CGRP is a potential new therapeutic target for migraine treatment (Edvinsson, 2015a). Previous studies have shown that pain relief is accompanied by normalization of CGRP levels, and CGRP-targeting drugs are effective in clinical trials, although the sites of action are still unclear (Edvinsson, 2015b). In this study, EA at GB20 significantly reduced CGRP levels in the trigeminovascular system ascending pathway and reversed the hypersensitivity caused by dural electrical stimulation. EA at a non-acupuncture point failed to normalize CGRP levels and the withdrawal threshold. Thus, the anti-migraine effect of EA appears to be specific to GB20.

Here, we observed an inhibitory effect of EA at GB20 on CGRP expression in the trigeminal ganglion. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that CGRP expression within the trigeminal ganglion is involved in the activation of MAPK signaling pathways (Durham and Russo, 2003; Bellamy et al., 2006; Bowen et al., 2006; Dieterle et al., 2011). Furthermore, the MAPK signaling pathway has been shown to play a role in acupuncture-induced analgesia (Fang et al., 2013; Du et al., 2014; Park et al., 2014). Therefore, it is possible that the inhibition by EA of CGRP expression in the trigeminal ganglion modulates the MAPK signaling pathway. Uncovering the cell and molecular mechanisms within the trigeminal ganglia that underlie the EA-induced analgesic effect will require additional research.

In conclusion, EA treatment ameliorates migraine pain and the associated cutaneous allodynia by inhibiting CGRP expression in the trigeminal ganglion to modulate the trigeminovascular system ascending pathway. A limitation of our study is that we used withdrawal thresholds to evaluate sensitization of trigeminovascular system neurons without direct evidence of sensitization. Additional CGRP receptor and signaling pathway studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of EA on migraine.

Footnotes

Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81603683; a grant from the National Basic Research Program of China, No. 2014CB543203; a grant from the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission of China, No. Z171100001017033.

Conflicts of interest: None declared.

Plagiarism check: This paper was screened twice using CrossCheck to verify originality before publication.

Peer review: This paper was double-blinded and stringently reviewed by international expert reviewers.

Copyedited by Patel B, Yajima W, Yu J, Li CH, Qiu Y, Song LP, Zhao M

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