Abstract
Objective:
The cardiovascular effects of short-term high-dose steroid treatment (pulse steroid treatment) have not yet been clarified. We exa- mined the short- and long-term effects of pulse steroid treatment in demyelinating diseases on endothelial and cardiac functions.
Methods:
In this prospective study, we included 35 patients (20 females and 15 males; mean age, 32.8±9.3 years) who were not treated with steroids and who were previously diagnosed with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. Patients were evaluated before, 1 week after, and 3 months after the steroid treatment. Brachial artery flow-mediated relaxation and cardiac systolic/diastolic function were evaluated using echocardiography to assess physical examination results, carotid intima–media thickness, and endothelial function.
Results:
There was no difference between biochemical values, systolic function, left ventricular dimensions, and carotid intima–media thicknesses in the three evaluation periods. There were significant increases in the body mass index, body weight, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure measurements at 1 week and 3 months after treatment (p<0.001). There was a significant decrease in brachial artery flow-mediated relaxation at 1 week and 3 months (1 versus 2, p=0.042; 1 versus 3, p=0.003). In Doppler measurements at 1 week and 3 months, there was an increase in mitral A velocity, IVRT, and EDT values and a decrease in the E/A ratio in line with diastolic dysfunction.
Conclusion:
Pulse steroid therapy used for demyelinating diseases deteriorated endothelial and left ventricular diastolic functions in the early and late periods. Future studies are needed to evaluate the development of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients receiving this type of treatment.
Keywords: demyelinating diseases, diastolic function, endothelial dysfunction, pulse steroid
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are inflammatory and demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) diseases characterized by acute exacerbations and remissions. They frequently affect young adults, and their disability rates are high (1). The brain, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and optic nerves can be involved either individually or combined, accor- ding to the subtypes of the disease. High-dose steroid treatment is frequently preferred in the acute exacerbation periods of the diseases regardless of the subtypes (2, 3). Recently, steroids have been successfully used not only in neurological diseases but also in acute exacerbations of renal diseases, musculoskele- tal system disorders, collagen vascular diseases, and dermatological and hematological diseases (4, 5). Some early side effects are fluid retention, weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood changes (6). In long-term steroid use, cataracts, bone changes (osteoporosis or osteonecrosis), hypertension, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and adrenal suppression, and diabetes susceptibility can develop (7–9).
It is known that vascular function is deteriorated and that premature atherosclerosis is triggered after long-term steroid treatment for some chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (10, 11). Furthermore, it has also been reported that sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, and rhythm problems such as conduction system blocks or atrial fibrillation in the acute period can develop with high-dose steroid treatment (12, 13). Accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality increase in Cushing’s disease patients exposed to long-term high-dose steroid treatment. However, it has been shown that short-term high-dose steroid treatment does not lead to the deterioration of endothelial function or increase in the carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) in healthy adults (14, 15). There are a limited number of studies in which the cardiovascular effects of short-term high-dose steroid treatment have been examined. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of high-dose steroid treatment in acute demyelinating diseases on endothelial and cardiac functions in the early and late periods.
Methods
Study design
This was a single-center, prospectively designed, observational study. This study was approved by Clinical Research and Ethical Committee (project no: KA15/351).
Study group
In total, 35 consecutive patients (20 females and 15 males; mean age, 32.8±9.3 years) who did not receive any steroid treatment for MS according to the McDonald criteria (16) or for NMO according to the Wingerchuk criteria (17) were included in 6 months. Patients who had hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, chro- nic renal failure, cardiac insufficiency, collagen vascular disease, congenital heart disease, acquired valve disease, or atrial fibrillation were excluded. Furthermore, patients who smoked, who were obese [body mass index (BMI) >30], who were pregnant, who may be pregnant, who were using contraceptives, who were in the menstruation or luteal phase, who were not in the age group of 18 and 50 years, and who previously received steroids were excluded.
Study protocol
Patients were evaluated in three different periods: before high-dose steroid treatment (for 5 days, everyday; 1 g of methyl- prednisolone and 2 h of intravenous infusion in 5% dextrose solution), 1 week after the end of treatment (early phase), and 3 months after the end of treatment (late phase). In each evaluation period, physical examinations were performed, and the blood pressures of patients were recorded. Furthermore, height and weight measurements were determined, and the BMIs of patients were calculated. Venous blood samples were collected after a 12-h starving period to measure the blood glucose, li- pid, creatinine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and whole blood levels. The brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) test was performed to indirectly evaluate endothelial function. cIMT was assessed using Doppler ultrasound. The systolic and diastolic functions of the heart were echocardiographically evaluated. All these measurements were performed by the same cardiologist who was unaware of the measurement period and laboratory findings of patients. High-dose steroid treatment was given to patients after basal evaluation. This steroid treatment was not performed before the two following evaluations.
Brachial artery FMD and cIMT measurement
Dilatation after transient ischemia of the brachial artery was ensured as it was previously defined (18). Measurements were performed using a 12-MHz linear vascular probe of a General Electric Vivid S6 (GE Healthcare, Chicago, USA) model echocardiography device. The brachial artery was longitudinally visualized 3–5 cm above the antecubital fossa. The mean of three separate measurements of the basal systolic and diastolic diameters of the inner vessel were recorded. Then, a sphygmomanometer cuff was placed proximal to the section of the brachial artery and was inflated to 50 mm Hg higher than the systolic blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic diameters of the brachial artery were measured again 30 and 60 s after remo- ving the cuff at the end of the 5 min of ischemia. The difference between the baseline and hyperemic values were calculated as a percentage change.
Carotid Doppler ultrasound was performed as it was pre- viously described (19). Measurements were performed from the posterior wall and 10 mm proximal to the left and right carotid bifurcation. Both carotid measurements were repeated three times. The mean of the measurements was recorded as IMT.
Echocardiographic examination
All patients were examined using 3V2c transthoracic probe of a Sequoia C256 (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Germany) echocardiography device. Measurements were performed from apical parasternal windows in the lateral decubitus position. Two-dimensional, M-mode, pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler and tissue Doppler methods were used. Systolic and diastolic interventricular septum (IVS) thicknesses, posterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, aortic systolic and diastolic diameters, and diastolic diameter of the left atrium were measured from the parasternal long axis using the M-mode. Ejection fraction (EF) was calculated u- sing the Teicholz method (20), and the left ventricular mass was calculated using the Devereux formula (21). The left ventricular mass index was calculated by dividing the left ventricular mass with the body surface area. The early diastolic flow velocity (E), late diastolic flow velocity (A), E/A ratio, E wave deceleration time (EDT), and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were measured by placing the pulse Doppler sample volume on the tip of the mitral valve. We switched to the tissue Doppler mode to measure the regional myocardial velocity, and the gain was reduced to a minimum optimal level. The Doppler velocity range was set within the range of –30 and 30cm/s. The PW sample volume was placed at the level of the lateral wall mitral annulus and in the basal IVS in the apical four-chamber window. Early (Em) and late (Am) diastolic flow velocities and IVRT of both areas were calculated.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 15.0 (SPSS for Windows 15.0, Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical analyses. According to the power analysis, the minimum patient number was 15 (with 95% power). The variables were shown as mean±standard deviation. Pairwise comparisons of basal, 1-week, and 3-month findings were performed using a paired t-test. p<0.05 was accepted to be statistically significant.
Results
The general characteristics and laboratory findings of patients during the evaluation periods can be seen in Table 1. There was no difference between the heart rate; glucose, creatinine, hs-CRP, and serum lipid levels; and complete blood counts of patients. The basal body weight and mean BMI of patients were 69.26±12.56 and 24.91±3.75, respectively. However, these values were 70.17±12.44 kg and 25.24±3.73, kg/m2 respectively, at 1 week after treatment and 70.60±12.63 and 25.39±3.73, respectively, at 3 months after. The increase in the basal body weight and mean BMI at 1 week and 3 months after was significant (p<0.001) (Fig. 1a). Basal systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 116.86±14.25 mm Hg and 72.43±8.94. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures at 1 week after treatment were 122.34±14.01 and 78.66±10.27 mm Hg, respectively, and the corresponding pressures at 3 months after treatment were 124.57±12.74 and 78.43±10.20. According to the systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, there was a significant increase in the values at 1 week and 3 months after treatment compared to the basal values (for the systolic blood pressure: 1 versus 2, p=0.003 and 1 versus 3, p<0.001, respectively; for diastolic blood pressure, for both measurements, p<0.001) (Fig. 1b).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and laboratory results
| After steroid treatment | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal (1) | 1 week (2) | 3 months (3) | 1 versus 2 | 1 versus 3 | |
| Body weight, kg | 69.26±12.56 | 70.17±12.44 | 70.60±12.63 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.91±3.75 | 25.24±3.73 | 25.39±3.73 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 116.86±14.25 | 122.34±14.01 | 124.57±12.74 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 72.43±8.94 | 78.66±10.27 | 78.43±10.20 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, beat/min | 76.43±13.09 | 77.77±9.92 | 79.60±9.44 | 0.286 | 0.086 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 89.31±11.09 | 91.63±10.31 | 90.06±10.48 | 0.131 | 0.648 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.74±0.13 | 0.78±0.16 | 0.75±0.16 | 0.085 | 0.526 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.11±3.06 | 3.76±2.91 | 3.21±2.21 | 0.233 | 0.820 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 128.91±55.70 | 135.86±72.04 | 135.91±56.20 | 0.160 | 0.111 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 50.34±12.64 | 49.46±12.44 | 50.23±12.32 | 0.212 | 0.886 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 98.77±25.60 | 98.43±29.00 | 102.43±32.85 | 0.850 | 0.147 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.96±1.63 | 13.80±1.49 | 13.96±1.42 | 0.196 | 0.134 |
| Hematocrit, % | 42.17±4.49 | 41.77±4.49 | 41.91±4.40 | 0.689 | 0.503 |
| Leukocyte, 1000/µL | 7.48±2.23 | 7.74±2.31 | 7.34±1.70 | 0.503 | 0.629 |
| Lymphocyte, % | 28.54±10.58 | 27.84±9.99 | 28.95±9.09 | 0.720 | 0.867 |
| Neutrophil, % | 62.18±12.88 | 61.58±12.13 | 60.15±10.98 | 0.816 | 0.471 |
BP - blood pressure; HDL - high-density lipoprotein; LDL - low-density lipoprotein. A paired t-test was used for statistical analyses
Figure 1.
Body mass index (a), systolic blood pressure (BP) (b), flow-mediated dilatation (c), carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) (d), and basal, first week, and third month values
As a result of the comparison of the echocardiographic and Doppler findings at 1 week and 3 months after treatment with the basal values, we found that there was no significant decrease in the hyperemic brachial artery diameter at 1 week, whereas the reduction in the values at 3 months was significant (1 versus 2, p=0.576; 1 versus 3, p=0.003, respectively). On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the FMD in both values at 1 week and 3 months after treatment compared to basal values (1 versus 2, p=0.042; 1 versus 3, p=0.003, respectively) (Fig. 1c). There was no difference among the three measurements in terms of the cIMT (Fig. 1d), left ventricular mass, left ventricular mass index, EF, cardiac chamber size, and wall thickness. According to the conventional and tissue Doppler evaluations, there was a significant increase in the mitral A velocities values at 1 week and 3 months after treatment (1 versus 2, p=0.007; 1 versus 3, p=0.003) (Fig. 2a), whereas there was a significant dec- rease in the mitral E/A ratio (Fig. 2b). There was a significant increase in the mitral E deceleration time and IVRT at 3 months after treatment (Fig. 2c, Fig. 2d). Similarly, we observed an increase in lateral Am and septal Am wave velocities. There was a significant prolongation particularly in the IVRT of both walls at 3 months (Table 2).
Figure 2.
Mitral A velocity (a), mitral E/A ratio (b), mitral E deceleration time (c), mitral isovolumetric relaxation time (d), and basal, first week, and third month values
Table 2.
Echocardiographic and Doppler measurement results
| After steroid treatment | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal (1) | 1 week (2) | 3 months (3) | 1 versus 2 | 1 versus 3 | |
| Brachial artery diameter (basal), mm | 3.04±0.56 | 3.06±0.51 | 3.06±0.47 | 0.576 | 0.475 |
| Brachial artery diameter (hyperemia), mm | 3.67±0.54 | 3.54±0.49 | 3.47±0.51 | 0.053 | 0.003 |
| FMD change, % | 20.58±9.20 | 16.76±10.49 | 13.82±10.63 | 0.042 | 0.003 |
| cIMT, mm | 0.55±0.19 | 0.55±0.12 | 0.56±0.12 | 0.865 | 0.186 |
| Left ventricular mass, g | 212.66±73.57 | 213.89±64.28 | 220.26±67.81 | 0.757 | 0.089 |
| Left ventricular mass index, g/m2 | 125.63±41.48 | 127.40±35.75 | 130.03±40.04 | 0.549 | 0.208 |
| Ejection fraction,% | 68.57±6.12 | 69.40±5.20 | 68.94±4.83 | 0.192 | 0.563 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 32.7±4.4 | 33.0±4.0 | 33.1±3.9 | 0.138 | 0.112 |
| Interventricular septum thickness, mm | 10.1±1.30 | 10.2±1.2 | 10.0±2.5 | 0.103 | 0.993 |
| Posterior wall thickness, mm | 9.9±1.6 | 10.1±1.3 | 10.1±2.1 | 0.314 | 0.792 |
| LV (systole), mm | 28.6±3.9 | 28.4±3.1 | 28.9±3.4 | 0.592 | 0.295 |
| LV (diastole), mm | 44.7±5.27 | 44.7±4.8 | 44.8±4.8 | 0.991 | 0.594 |
| Mitral E, cm/s | 91.20±25.81 | 90.54±25.80 | 91.94±26.18 | 0.654 | 0.675 |
| Mitral A, cm/s | 56.86±12.49 | 64.51±18.42 | 67.20±21.30 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Mitral E/A | 1.67±0.56 | 1.47±0.48 | 1.43±0.38 | 0.013 | 0.006 |
| Mitral EDT, ms | 168.09±37.57 | 175.40±36.05 | 188.83±41.36 | 0.104 | <0.001 |
| IVRT, ms | 96.83±19.25 | 100.89±24.85 | 107.34±25.77 | 0.244 | 0.005 |
| Lateral Em, cm/s | 21.17±5.49 | 20.23±5.99 | 19.57±6.02 | 0.100 | 0.052 |
| Lateral Am, cm/s | 14.77±5.56 | 16.28±5.38 | 17.66±5.68 | 0.045 | 0.007 |
| Lateral IVRT, ms | 84.94±15.16 | 85.37±14.07 | 90.20±12.84 | 0.851 | 0.021 |
| Septal Em, cm/s | 18.29±4.919 | 18.15±4.34 | 17.86±4.45 | 0.825 | 0.505 |
| Septal Am, cm/s | 13.43±4.10 | 15.80±4.96 | 14.91±3.70 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Septal IVRT, ms | 89.26±15.71 | 90.34±17.06 | 93.91±17.87 | 0.605 | 0.037 |
EDT - E wave deceleration time; FMD - flow-mediated dilatation; cIMT - carotid intima–media thickness; IVRT - isovolumetric relaxation time; LV - left ventricle. A paired t-test was used for statistical analyses
Discussion
To our knowledge, this study is the first in which the effects of high-dose steroid treatment on endothelial and cardiac functions were examined in demyelinating CNS diseases. In this study, we observed that high-dose steroid treatment negatively affected endothelial function and left ventricular diastolic function in the early and late periods. However, there was no diffe- rence in the cIMT.
Steroids lead to an increase in angiotensin II type 1 receptors and a-1 receptors and a decrease in prostacyclin E2 synthesis in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells in experimental models. Consequently, the blood pressure increases (22). It has also been observed that steroids lead to the in vitro production of superoxide radicals in endothelial cells in addition to their well-known metabolic effects (23). Further, in our study, significant early and late weight gains and increased BMIs and blood pressures were observed after high-dose steroid treatment. All these mechanisms may be related to the prominent deterioration of brachial artery FMD, which is an important indicator of endothelial dysfunction detected after high-dose steroid treatment. Nevertheless, an improvement in FMD has been reported with steroid treatment in patients with inflammatory vascular diseases as giant cell arteritis (24).
Vascular endothelium homeostasis changes are observed in the development of atherosclerosis, which is a complex and multi-factorial process. It is accepted that the FMD of the deteriorated brachial artery is an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. It is also an early sign of atherosclerosis because they have common pathophysiological processes (25, 26). In our study, we examined the cIMT to evaluate atherosclerosis development. However, we did not detect any changes in the early or late periods. We believe that this was because our study was performed in a relatively short time period. There should be long-term studies where we can evaluate these patients in terms of atherosclerosis development.
It has been shown that there was deterioration in diastolic function and an increase in the left ventricular mass depending on increased blood steroid levels in Cushing’s disease patients. Furthermore, it was related to increased cardiovascular morta- lity (27). In this study, there were findings in line with diastolic dysfunction in mitral flow and tissue Doppler velocities. Diastolic dysfunction is accepted as the earliest finding in heart failure, and the myocardial response depends on the coronary artery disease. Heart failure with preserved EF and deteriorated dias- tolic function is similar to heart failure with low EF. A diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction is very important because it is difficult to diagnose and is very easy to be ignored (28). In line with these findings, it can be stated that undesirable major cardiovascular events can develop in patients after high-dose steroid treatment.
Study limitations
The most important limitation of this study is the low number of patients. It was difficult to find a greater number of patients who complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Patients were evaluated for a period of 3 months. However, more time may be required to examine the cIMT and left ventri- cular mass increase. Additional radiological examinations such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging could provide more accurate results. Furthermore, studies with long follow-up periods of pulse steroid treatment might show no adverse effect on ED and diastolic dysfunction due to spontaneous remission.
Conclusion
In our study, we detected significant weight gain, increase in blood pressure, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and endothelial dysfunction as a result of pulse steroid treatment in patients who did not have cardiovascular risk factors. However, we did not detect an increase in the left ventricular mass and an increase in the cIMT that is accepted as an early indicator of atherosclerosis.
Consequently, patients who required pulse steroid administration should be closely monitored in terms of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, and further investigations are required.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Authorship contributions: Concept – M.V.Ç.; Design – M.V.Ç., G.K.Ç., Ö.Ç.; Supervision – İ.H.M.; Fundings – G.K.Ç.; Materials – M.V.Ç., G.K.Ç.; Data collection &/or processing – M.V.Ç., G.K.Ç., Ö.Ç.; Analysis and/or interpretation – M.V.Ç.; Literature review – M.V.Ç.; Writing- M.V.Ç., G.K.Ç.; Critical review – İ.H.M., Ö.Ç.
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