Table 4.
Univariable Cox Regression Analysis for Predicting Stroke After LAA Closure
| Covariates | Unmatched Cohort | Propensity-Matched Cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.76 |
| Female, sex | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 0.06 | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | 0.23 |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.02 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.89 |
| Creatinine | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | 0.005 | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 0.37 |
| LVEF | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.21 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.11 |
| History variables | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.41 (1.24–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) | 0.40 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.21 (1.07–1.38) | 0.003 | 0.93 (0.54–1.60) | 0.78 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.22 (1.06–1.40) | 0.005 | 1.05 (0.70–1.56) | 0.82 |
| History of AF | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | 0.09 | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 0.27 |
| Prior stroke | 3.51 (3.01–4.08) | <0.001 | 3.91 (2.37–6.44) | <0.001 |
| Previous MI | 1.31 (1.16–1.48) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.49–1.71) | 0.78 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 0.32 | 0.69 (0.43–1.12) | 0.13 |
| Smoker | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.98 | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 0.73 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1.58 (1.37–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.65–2.55) | 0.47 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.90 | 0.60 (0.30–1.19) | 0.14 |
| Prior surgery | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 0.06 | 0.88 (0.41–1.91) | 0.75 |
| Preoperative medications | ||||
| β-Blocker | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 0.04 | 0.73 (0.49–109) | 0.12 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 0.91 | 0.88 (0.44–1.73) | 0.70 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.32 (0.83–2.11) | 0.24 |
| Statin | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.83–1.80) | 0.31 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 0.003 | 1.37 (0.91–2.04) | 0.13 |
| Digoxin | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) | 0.17 | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 0.93 |
| Surgical data | ||||
| LAA closure | 0.99 (0.75–1.29) | 0.93 | 1.08 (0.74–1.60) | 0.69 |
| Isolated CABG | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 0.08 | 1.95 (0.85–4.47) | 0.12 |
| Aortic valve surgery | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 0.61 | 0.83 (0.45–1.51) | 0.54 |
| Mitral valve surgery | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.27 | 1.18 (0.78–1.77) | 0.43 |
| Tricuspid valve surgery | 0.30 (0.13–0.73) | 0.008 | 0.33 (0.05–2.34) | 0.27 |
| Pulmonary valve surgery | 0.36 (0.12–1.10) | 0.07 | – | – |
| Combined CABG+valve or other | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 0.33 | 0.67 (0.37–1.19) | 0.17 |
| Perfusion time, min | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.81 | 0.999 (0.994–1.004) | 0.64 |
ACE-I indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; LAA, left atrial appendage; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; and MI, myocardial infarction.