Abstract
Background
Peripheral Intravenous cannula (IV) is the most common vascular access device used to administer medications with the exception of medication or fluid with high or low PH or hyperosmolarity which may cause severe damage to small veins. The insertion of a peripheral intravenous cannula in newborn infants can be difficult. Appropriate veins with sufficient capacity to insert a cannula become less available throughout the hospital stay. Once a peripheral intravenous cannula is inserted, it is desirable that its patency can be maintained as long as possible. This study was aimed to assess the lifespan and associated factors of peripheral intravenous cannula among infants admitted in public hospitals of Mekelle city, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016.
Methods
The method used was a prospective cohort study. 178 study subjects were recruited using systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected by structured questionairre and observational checklist.
Results
More than half of infants (94) had a short cannula lifespan (below 30 h). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) [AOR = 6.93; 95% CI (1.56,30.71)], clinical experience (3-5 years) [AOR = 0.168; 95% CI (0.060-0.469)], insertion site (arm) [AOR = 0.126;95% CI (0.046-0.349)], reason for removal (dislodgement and complication) [AOR = 8.15; 95% CI (2.49,26.63) [AOR = 10.48;95% CI (3.08,35.65)], medication [AOR = 0.17;95% CI (0.37,0.784)], corticosteroids [0.164; 95% CI (0.034,0.793)] and blood transfusion [AOR = 0.12; 95% CI (0.028-0.509)] were the statistically significant variables associated with the lifespan of a peripheral intravenous cannula.
Conclusions
Untimely removal of peripheral intravenous cannulas was higher in infants and demographic. Cannulation and health care factors had significant effects on the lifespan of a peripheral intravenous cannula.
Keywords: Lifespan, Associated factor, Peripheral intravenous cannula, Infant
Background
Intravenous (IV) therapy relates to the administration of therapeutic solutions directly into a vein. Compared with other approaches such as intramuscular injection, intravenous (IV) therapy is the fastest and most reliable way to deliver fluids or medications [1]. With more than 90% of hospitalized patients requiring IV therapy, the proportion of patients requiring infusion devices has increased significantly over the past 30 years. IV therapy, which has multiple indications, can maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body, infuse medications, transfuse blood or blood components and provide some nutritional support such as total parenteral nutrition [2].
The lifespan of a peripheral intravenous cannula is an important issue, and its survival depends on many variables, including the size, frequency of usage, methods of administration of medications and fluids, and others. It is noticed that when certain drugs are administered, the peripheral intravenous cannula is infiltrated faster. Factors affecting the life span of peripheral intravenous cannula have been studied in newborns and infants [3, 4]. Heparin and limb splinting have been used in an attempt to prolong duration of the peripheral intravenous cannula [5, 6].
Although peripheral intravenous cannulas are routinely used in hospital admitted infants, the risk of complications remains high. Non-elective removal of a peripheral intravenous cannula as a result of complications occurs in up to 78% of insertions and can lead to untimely removal of up to 95% of the devices [7]. It is difficult to ascertain precise complication rates due to a lack of consistent definition for complications, significant variation in reporting among different facilities, and studies focused on specific complications. Routine replacement of peripheral intravenous cannulas is not recommended in neonates given challenges associated with their small, fragile veins and limited vascular access [8, 9]. Peripheral intravenous cannulas that are left in situ when they are no longer required may predispose the patient to intravascular infection. There is also emerging evidence that the regular refitting of peripheral intravenous cannulas as a strategy to reduce intravascular infection provides no protective benefit, and if removed when clinically indicated, can avoid millions of cannula insertions which can substantially reduce health care costs and improve patient satisfaction [10].
The average lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannulas in neonates and infants reported in the literature ranges from 15 to 54 h and 12 to 274 h respectively. Cannulas can be safely maintained with adequate monitoring for up to 144 h in critically ill children [11, 12]. Accessing the vascular system necessitates penetration of the skin and stabilization of the cannula in situ. The lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula and its survival depends on many factors, including the size cannula, frequency of usage, methods of administration of medications, increased number of attempts at placement of intravenous cannulas, fluids and others [3, 4].
Insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulas is a painful procedure for infants, therefore, identifying which factors affect the lifespan of a peripheral intravenous cannula will help reduce complications and increase duration of cannula patency. Additional issues that must be considered include the potential for prolonged hospital stay as a result of cannula-associated complications, delays in therapy, and the impact on patient/family satisfaction. Thus, reducing complications will lead to a reduction in downstream activity, as well as the time associated with the reassessment of a failed peripheral intravenous cannula, reducing additional supplies for the peripheral intravenous cannula replacement, and reducing the risk of needle stick injury.
This study evaluates the lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannulas in infants and identifies factors which affect the lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula that contribute to the current knowledge regarding intravenous practices in infants.
Methods
The study was conducted in Mekelle, Ethiopia, an area with two governmental hospitals and three private hospitals. Ayder Hospital, a major referral and teaching hospital in the Tigray region, opened in 2007 with 500 beds, serving 32,000 patients. The second, Mekelle Hospital, a regional referral and teaching hospital, was established in 1962 with 162 beds and a total annual flow of 4276 patients. The study period spanned from October, 2015 to May, 2016. The study design was an institutional based cross-sectional study design.
Sample size determination and sampling procedures
A total of 178 samples were employed among the two hospitals using systematic random sampling.
Data collection procedure and tool
Data was collected by observational checklist and structured questionnaire. Continuous follow up and supervision by the supervisors and principal investigators occurred throughout the data collection period.
Data quality assurance, entry and analysis
The data was recorded, cleaned and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software statistical packages. Frequencies and proportions were used to describe the study population in relation to relevant variables. Logistic regression was computed to assess statistical association via calculating Crud Odds and Adjusted odds ratio to see the influence of independent variables on dependent variables, and significance of statistical association was assured or tested using 95% confidence interval and P-value (<0.05).
Ethical consideration
Ethical clearance was secured from the Mekelle University, College of Health Science research review committee. An official letter of permission was obtained from Tigray Regional Health Bureau, Ayder Referral Hospital, and Mekelle Hospital medical director offices. Respondents were well informed about the purpose of the study, and information was collected after oral and written consent from each nurse was obtained. Furthermore, oral consent was obtained from parents\guardians, primarily mothers which is approved by Ethical Review board (IRB) committee of mekelle university. Since no intervention was given written consent was not mandatory. The data was collected only through observation using checklist. Information was recorded anonymously and confidentially, and beneficence was assured throughout the study period.
Result
I. Demographic and clinical data of infants
A total of 178 infants with peripheral intravenous cannulas were selected. Infant ages ranged from one day to 11 months of age with a median and inter quartile range (2 ± 5.7). Weight ranged from 1 to 11.5 kgs (median 4.0 ± 3.46). One hundred six of the participants were males (59.6%). Regarding to admission of infants in pediatric units, 101 (56.7%) infants were admitted in the pediatric ward. One hundred fifty-eight (88.8%) of infants were acutely sick (Table 1).
Table 1.
Distribution of demographic and clinical data by lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula, among infants admitted in public hospitals of Mekelle city, Tigray, Ethiopia 2016
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) | Lifespan of PIVC* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short long | Lifespan lifespan | |||
| Age | Neonate | 57 (32) | 35 | 22 |
| Infant | 121 (68) | 59 | 62 | |
| Sex | Female | 72 (40.4) | 41 | 31 |
| Male | 106 (59.6) | 53 | 53 | |
| Weight (in kg) | <1.499 | 9 (5.1) | 05 | 04 |
| 1.5-2.499 | 28 (15.7) | 20 | 08 | |
| 2.5-3.499 | 29 (16.3) | 18 | 11 | |
| >3.5 | 112 (62.9) | 51 | 61 | |
| Pediatric unit | NICUa | 57 (32) | 35 | 22 |
| PICUb | 20 (11.2) | 15 | 05 | |
| PWc | 101 (56.7) | 44 | 57 | |
| Sickness | Chronic | 20 (11.2) | 10 | 10 |
| Acute | 158 (88.8) | 84 | 74 | |
a NICU Neonatal intensive care unit, b PICU Pediatric intensive care unit, c PW Pediatric ward, *PIVC Peripheral intravenous cannula
II. Cannulation characteristics
Complete data regarding cannula size was obtained for 178 peripheral intravenous cannula insertions. Insertion was accomplished for 175 infants (98.3%) by 24 gauge cannulas. More than two-thirds, 118 (66.3%) cannulas were inserted in veins which were visible but not palpable. When looking at the entire sample, 77 (43.3%) of cannulas were inserted into veins of the scalp. About 88% of the peripheral intravenous cannulas were placed for administration of medication with or without fluid and blood transfusion. The majority of peripheral intravenous cannulas 63 (35.4%) was discontinued due to dislodgement (Table 2).
Table 2.
Cannulation Characteristics of infants by lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula admitted in public hospitals of Mekelle city, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) | Lifespan of PIVC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short lifespan | Long lifespan | |||
| Cannula size/gauge | 24 gauge | 175 (98.3) | 91 | 84 |
| 22 gauge | 3 (1.7) | 03 | 00 | |
| Site of insertion | Scalp | 77 (43.3) | 48 | 29 |
| Arm | 54 (30.3) | 13 | 41 | |
| Hand | 29 (16.3) | 21 | 08 | |
| Leg | 18 (10.1) | 12 | 06 | |
| Reason for removal | DCWCa | 42 (23.6) | 09 | 33 |
| Dislodged | 63 (35.4) | 37 | 26 | |
| Complication | 51 (28.7) | 36 | 15 | |
| Blocked | 22 (12.4) | 12 | 10 | |
| Venous condition | Visible but not palpable | 118 (66.3) | 65 | 53 |
| Not visible and palpable | 60 (33.7) | 29 | 31 | |
| Medication | No | 21 (11.8) | 16 | 05 |
| Yes | 157 (88.2) | 78 | 79 | |
| Fluid | No | 40 (22.5) | 19 | 21 |
| Yes | 138 (77.5) | 75 | 63 | |
| Blood Transfusion | No | 161 (90.4) | 89 | 72 |
| Yes | 17 (9.6) | 05 | 12 | |
a DCWC Discontinue without complication
III. Health care related factors
Based on the data received, of the total sampled infants with peripheral intravenous cannula, in 78 cases (43.8%) insertion was accomplished in 2–3 attempts, with median and inter quartile range (2 ± 1), ranges from 1 to 6 attempts. Antibiotics were among the most commonly administered medications accounting for 141 (79.2%) of peripheral intravenous cannulas. Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Metronidazole, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime and Vancomycin were among the most commonly administered antibiotics. About 100 (56.2%) nurses who insert the cannula had less than 2 years of clinical experience, with median and inter quartile range (3 ± 1), ranges from 1 to 28 years, and 143 (80.3%) held degrees. Fifty-four (30.3%) infants were resuscitated with maintenance fluid and 91 (51.1%) were infused continuously (Table 3).
Table 3.
Health care factors of lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula among infants admitted in public hospitals of Mekelle city, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) | Lifespan of PIVC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short lifespan | Long lifespan | |||
| Fluid used | Maintenance Fluid | 54 (30.3) | 30 | 24 |
| 10% dextrose | 53 (29.8) | 30 | 23 | |
| N/Sa | 21 (11.8) | 13 | 08 | |
| Otherb | 10 (5.6) | 02 | 08 | |
| Infusion type | Continuous | 91 (51.1) | 51 | 40 |
| Intermittent | 47 (26.4) | 24 | 23 | |
| Clinical experience (in yrs.) | <2 | 100 (56.2) | 61 | 39 |
| 3-5 | 46 (25.8) | 14 | 32 | |
| 6-10 | 10 (5.6) | 08 | 02 | |
| 11-15 | 11 (6.2) | 05 | 06 | |
| >15 | 11(6.2) | 06 | 05 | |
| Educational level | Diploma | 32 (18) | 21 | 11 |
| Degree | 146 (82) | 73 | 73 | |
| Attempt to insert | 1 | 73 (41) | 36 | 37 |
| 2-3 | 78 (43.8) | 40 | 38 | |
| 4-6 | 27 (15.2) | 18 | 09 | |
| Medication type | Antibiotic | 141 (79.2) | 73 | 68 |
| Diuretics | 17 (9.6) | 06 | 11 | |
| Corticosteroid | 17 (9.6) | 05 | 12 | |
a N/S Normal saline, b Other Ringer lactate and Dextrose with water
IV. Lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula
The duration of patency of peripheral intravenous cannulas (n = 178) ranges from 1 to 96 h for a median and IQR of (30 ± 28). This study revealed that the proportion of short lifespan cannula was 52.8% (94) and of this proportion, 37.6% (67) cannulas were removed within 24 h (Table 4).
Table 4.
Lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula among infants admitted in public hospitals of Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Lifespan of PIVCa | ||
| Up to 24 h | 67 (37.6) | |
| Between 24 and 48 h | 80 (44.9) | |
| Between 48 and 72 h | 21(11.8) | |
| Between 72 and 96 h | 10 (5.6) | |
a PIVC Peripheral intravenous cannula
IV. Factors affecting the lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula
As noted from the result of bivariate and multivariate analysis (Table 5), blood transfusion, pediatric unit, insertion site, reason for removal, clinical experience and corticosteroid were variables which showed significant association with a lifespan of a peripheral intravenous cannula (Table 5).
Table 5.
Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis result of lifespan and associated factors of peripheral intravenous cannula in Mekelle City Public Hospitals, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016
| Variable | Category | Frequency (%) | Lifespan of PIVC | COR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short lifespan | Long lifespan | |||||
| Age | Neonate | 57 (32) | 35 | 22 | 1.67 [0.88,3.175] | |
| Infant | 121 (68) | 59 | 62 | 1 | ||
| Sex | Female | 72 (40.4) | 41 | 31 | 1.323 [0.72,2.415] | |
| Male | 106 (59.6) | 53 | 53 | 1 | ||
| Pediatric unit | NICU | 57 (32) | 35 | 22 | 2.06 [1.06,3.998] * | 1.89 [0.689,5.23] |
| PICU | 20 (11.2) | 15 | 05 | 3.89 [1.31,11.51] * | 6.93 [1.56,30.71] ** | |
| PW | 101 (56.7) | 44 | 57 | 1 | 1 | |
| Weight | <1.499 | 9 (5.1) | 05 | 04 | 1.495 [0.38,5.862] | 0.825 [0.089,7.624] |
| 1.5-2.499 | 28 (15.7) | 20 | 08 | 2.99 [1.215,7.36] * | 3.011 [0.597,15.192] | |
| 2.5-3.499 | 29 (16.3) | 18 | 11 | 1.96 [0.847,4.521] | ||
| >3.5 | 112 (62.9) | 51 | 61 | 1 | 1.785 [0.478,6.664] | |
| Sickness | Chronic | 20 (11.2) | 10 | 10 | 0.88 [0.347,2.234] | |
| Acute | 158 (88.8) | 84 | 74 | 1 | ||
| Removal reason | DCWC | 42 (23.6) | 09 | 33 | 1 | 1 |
| Dislodge | 63 (35.4) | 37 | 26 | 5.22 [2.14,12.73] * | 8.15 [2.49,26.63] ** | |
| Complication | 51 (28.7) | 36 | 15 | 8.8 [3.39,22.797] * | 10.48 [3.08,35.65]** | |
| Blockage | 22 (12.4) | 12 | 10 | 4.4 [1.44,13.44] * | 3.91 [0.889,17.158] | |
| Site of insertion | Scalp | 77 (43.3) | 48 | 29 | 1 | 1 |
| Arm | 54 (30.3) | 13 | 41 | 0.192 [0.09,0.42] * | 0.126 [0.046,0.349]** | |
| Hand | 29 (16.3) | 21 | 08 | 1.59 [0.622,4.043] | 2.16 [0.662,7.075] | |
| Leg | 18 (10.1) | 12 | 06 | 1.208 [0.41,3.569] | 1.263 [0.312,5.113] | |
| Fluid | No | 40 (22.5) | 19 | 21 | 1 | |
| Yes | 138 (77.5) | 75 | 63 | 1.316 [0.65,2.663] | ||
| Infusion type | Continuous | 91 (51.1) | 51 | 40 | 1.222 [0.60,2.475] | |
| Intermittent | 47 (26.4) | 24 | 23 | 1 | ||
| Type of fluid | M/F | 54 (30.3) | 30 | 24 | 1 | |
| 10% | 53 (29.8) | 30 | 23 | 1.043 [0.49,2.239] | ||
| N/S | 21 (11.8) | 13 | 08 | 1.30 [0.463,3.646] | ||
| Other* | 10 (5.6) | 02 | 08 | 0.20 [0.039,1.031] | ||
| Medication | No | 21 (11.8) | 16 | 05 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 157 (88.2) | 78 | 79 | 0.309 [0.108,0.883] * | 0.17 [0.37,0.784] ** | |
| Blood transfusion | No | 161 (90.4) | 89 | 72 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 17 (9.6) | 05 | 12 | 0.337 [1.113,1.00] | 0.120 [0.028,0.509] ** | |
| Venous condition | Visible but not palpable | 118 (66.3) | 65 | 53 | 1 | |
| Not visible and palpable | 60 (33.7) | 29 | 31 | 0.763 [0.409,1.422] | ||
| Educational level | Diploma | 32 (18) | 21 | 11 | 1.91 [0.859,4.242] | 1.322 [0.392,4.463] |
| Degree | 146 (82) | 73 | 73 | 1 | 1 | |
| Clinical experience | ≤2 | 100 (56.2) | 61 | 39 | 1 | 1 |
| 3-5 | 46 (25.8) | 14 | 32 | 0.28 [0.13,0.590]* | 0.168 [0.060,0.469] ** | |
| 6-10 | 10 (5.6) | 08 | 02 | 2.56 [0.52,12.68] | 1.41 [0.214,9.312] | |
| 11-15 | 11 (6.2) | 05 | 06 | 0.533 [0.152,1.87] | 1.27 [0.263,6.131] | |
| >15 | 11 (6.2) | 06 | 05 | 0.767 [0.219,2.69] | 0.313 [0.049,1.99] | |
| Antibiotics | No | 37 | 21 | 16 | 1 | |
| Yes | 141 (79.2) | 73 | 68 | 0.818 [0.394,1.69] | ||
| Diuretics | No | 161 (90.4) | 88 | 73 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 17 (9.6) | 06 | 11 | 0.452 [0.16,1.283] | 2.36 [0.554,10.046] | |
| Corticosteroid | No | 161 (90.4) | 89 | 72 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 17 (9.6) | 05 | 12 | 0.337 [0.113,1.00] | 0.164 [0.034,0.793] ** | |
| Attempt to insert | 1 | 73 (41) | 36 | 37 | 0.924 [0.488,1.75] | |
| 2-3 | 78 (43.8) | 40 | 38 | 1 | ||
| 4-6 | 27 (15.2) | 18 | 09 | 1.90 [0.761,4.744] | ||
*P value <0.05 in the bivariate analysis, **P value <0.05 in the multivariable analysis
Discussion
In this study, ninety-four (52.8%) of the infants were with a short cannula lifespan (<30 h), and 37.6% of cannulas failed within 24 h. This is lower than the study finding of Rio de Janeiro and California which was 50 and 45.8% respectively [13, 14]. This difference may be related to smaller sample size, different study setup and background of the patients. A majority (168) of cannulas failed within 72 h. This is inline with the study conducted in Gold Coast Hospital, Australia [15].
In this study, the median lifespan of cannulas was 30 h, comparable with the studies conducted previously in the United States in which lifespan was 33 h [4], but less comparable with the study conducted in India which was 40 and 51 h respectively [3, 16]. Smaller sample size might influence the result along with health service related factors and study design.
Pediatric units showed significant association with the lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula. Infants admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit had a shorter cannula lifespan compared to those who were admitted in the pediatric ward. Similar findings were also observed in an earlier study conducted in the southwestern United States [17]. This might be due to the reason that infants admitted to pediatric intensive care units were critically ill and were more likely to concurrently require more medications.
The lifespan of the peripheral intravenous cannula was significantly reduced by dislodgement and complication. This finding may be supported due to the reason that as the cannula is foreign to the human body, the presence of a foreign body in the vein stimulates an inflammatory response which disposes the development of thrombus and complication.
The survival time of peripheral intravenous cannula was prolonged with the administration of medication as compared to the survival time of peripheral intravenous cannula in those not receiving medication. Specifically, the administration of corticosteroids was found to prolong the cannula lifespan, possibly due to the corticosteroid associated broad anti-inflammatory effect.
This study showed that the site of peripheral intravenous cannula placement in the arm, in comparison to the scalp, significantly increased the longevity of peripheral intravenous cannula. This is consistent with the study conducted previously in West Coast City, United States (best to match the previous reference by naming a region such as Northeast or Southwest as earlier in the document) and Australia [7, 18]. This may be partly a result of the size of the vein into which it is placed, as also demonstrated in this study.
The lifespan of the peripheral intravenous cannula was also prolonged with the transfusion of blood. Similar findings were observed in earlier studies conducted in India and the Southwestern United States [16, 17]. It was hypothesized that the acidic solutions being infused in the peripheral intravenous cannula may be buffered by the pH of the blood.
In this study, the clinical experience of a nurse who insert the cannula was shown to have a significant effect on the lifespan of peripheral intravenous cannula. Cannulas secured by more experienced nurses stayed secure longer as compared to less experienced nurses.
Conclusion
In conclusion, untimely removal of peripheral intravenous cannulas was higher in infants. This study also found that the pediatric intensive care unit, clinical experience (35 years), insertion site (arm), reason for removal (dislodge and complication), medications, corticosteroids and blood transfusion were identified as variables that showed a statistical significant association with the lifespan of a peripheral intravenous cannula.
Acknowledgments
Our deepest gratitude goes to Mekelle University, Department of Nursing for financial support. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the data collectors, supervisors and the study participants for being involved in the study.
Funding
There is no funding for this research. All cost of data collection and analysis were covered by the authors.
Availability of data and materials
The data and materials used for analysis and conclusions are available at the supplementary data on BMC Nursing.
Authors’ contributions
EB conceived and designed the study, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. KK and MK Data analysis, drafting of the manuscript and advising the whole research paper. DG, LT, BW GK were involved in the interpretation of the data and contributed to manuscript preparation. HG involve in title selection, data analysis, drafting of the manuscript. Similarly all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Authors information
EB holds MSc in Pediatric and Child Health Nursing. EB has 6 years’ experience in Nursing Teaching and health research with particular emphasis on Child health and Maternal. EB is currently serving as the Lecturer at School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Axum University, Ethiopia. eskedar23natidav@gmail.com
KK holds Ass. Professor in Adult Health Nursing with more than 10 years’ experience in Teaching and research. KK has authored and co-authored a number of scientific articles in reputable journals and is currently serving as Lecturer and Co-ordinator of Post-Graduate at Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia. research2016@gmail.com
HG holds MSc in Pediatric and Child Health Nursing. HG has 8 years’ experience in Nursing health research with particular emphasis on Child health. HG has authored and co-authored over 10 scientific articles in reputable journals and is currently serving as Lecturer and Department Head of Neonatal Nursing at School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Axum University, Ethiopia. hadguellen1@gmail.com
MK holds MSc in Pediatric and Child Health Nursing and has over 5 years’ experience in research and teaching. MK is currently serving as Lecturer at Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia. ashebrresesearch@gmail.com
DG holds BSc and Master fellow have well teaching and research experience. DG is currently instructor at School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Axum University, Ethiopia. dawit23natieku@gmail.com
LT holds MSc in Adult Health Nursing with more than 4 years’ experience in Teaching and research. Currently LT is Lecturer and young researcher at School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Axum University, Ethiopia. tsegay.lidya2006@gmail.com
BW is pediatrician (MD). BW is currently Lecturer and specialist at School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Axum University, Ethiopia. brehanu.weldu@yahoo.com
GK holds MPH in RH. GK is currently Student at Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia. genetkidane971@yahoo.com
Competing interests
This manuscript maintains no competing financial interest declaration from any person or organization, or non-financial competing interests such as political, personal, religious, ideological, academic, intellectual, commercial or any other.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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Abbreviation
- AOR
Adjusted odd ratio
- CI
Confidence interval
- IV
Intravenous
- PICU
Pediatric intensive care unit
- PW
Pediatric ward
- SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Contributor Information
Eskedar Birhane, Email: eskedar23natidav@gmail.com.
Kalayou Kidanu, Email: research2016@gmail.com.
Mekuria Kassa, Email: ashebrresesearch@gmail.com.
Dawit Gerezgiher, Email: dawit23natieku@gmail.com.
Lidia Tsegay, Email: tsegay.lidya2006@gmail.com.
Brhanu Weldu, Email: brehanu.weldu@yahoo.com.
Genet Kidane, Email: genetkidane971@yahoo.com.
Hadgu Gerensea, Email: hadguellen1@gmail.com.
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Data Availability Statement
The data and materials used for analysis and conclusions are available at the supplementary data on BMC Nursing.