Convenient and General Zinc‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Diazonium Salts and Aryltriazenes under Mild Conditions

Abstract

A convenient and general zinc‐catalyzed borylation of aryl diazonium salts and aryltriazenes has been developed. With bis‐ (pinacolato)diboron as the borylation reagent, aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts and aryltriazenes were transformed into the corresponding arylboronates in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. As a convenient and practical methodology, no additional ligands, base, or any other additives are required here.

Arylboronates are very important intermediates in transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbon−carbon and carbon−heteroatom bond construction,1 and have also found widespread applications in medicinal chemistry.2 Owing to the low toxicity and high stability of arylboronates, increasing attention has been focused on their preparation. Classical synthetic methods for arylboronates mainly rely on the reaction of aryl Grignard or aryllithium reagents with trialkyl borates.3 However; these methods usually suffer from several drawbacks, such as narrow substrate scope and rigorous anhydrous conditions. As a result, a series of strategies based on the transition‐metal‐catalyzed borylation reaction have been established and have emerged as a general and efficient approach for the synthesis of arylboronates over the past decades. In particular, noble‐metal palladium,4 iridium,5 rhodium,6 and nickel7 catalysts have shown a predominant performance in these borylation reactions. Additionally, copper,8 iron,9 and cobalt10 salts have also been applied in borylation reactions, and metal‐free systems based on aryldiazonium salts (preformed or in situ generation) have been developed as well.11 However, strong bases and expensive ligands are demanded and a decreased reaction efficiency has been observed with these aforementioned catalysts. Thus, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic systems for arylboronate synthesis is still being pursued.

Zinc salt is a promising alternative to commonly used expensive metal catalysts, owing to advantages such as low cost, low toxicity, abundance, and because it is environmental benign.12 Compared with noble‐metal catalysts, zinc catalysts are rarely studied in borylation reactions. In 2008, Nozaki and co‐workers developed a stoichiometric Zn‐mediated C−B bond formation reaction through a zinc boryl complex.13 Knochel's group developed procedures for the preparation of stereochemically pure organozinc species via boron zinc transmetalation reactions.14 Uchiyama and co‐workers developed an interesting and general borylzincate‐complex‐mediated procedure for the borylation of aryl halides and borylzincation of benzynes/terminal alkynes.15 A zinc catalyst has also been applied in the dehydrogenative coupling of terminal alkynes with 1,8‐naphthalenediaminatoborane.16 Alkynylboranes were produced in good yields. Notably, in 2014, Marder and co‐workers reported an efficient Zn‐catalyzed borylation of alkyl halides; good yields of alkyl boronates can be prepared with ZnCl₂ and IMes [1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] as the catalytic system in the presence of KOtBu at room temperature.17 Soon, they succeeded in extending their procedure to aryl halides by using KOMe as the base.18 Herein, we wish to report our new results on the Zn‐catalyzed borylation of aryl diazonium salts and aryltriazenes. Various arylboronates can be isolated in good yields under mild conditions and no ligand or additive is required.

Initially, we selected phenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate as the model substrate to react with B₂pin₂ in CH₃OH at 40 °C, and various zinc salts were tested (Table 1, entries 1–7). To our delight, a 23 % yield of phenylboronate was obtained with Zn(OTf)₂ as the catalyst (Table 1, entry 1). Zn(ClO₄)₂ provided the best results among all of the tested zinc salts (Table 1, entry 6). Other catalysts, including AgOTf, Mg(OTf)₂, and Cu(OTf)₂, were also investigated; the desired product can be obtained, but with lower efficiency (Table 1, entries 8–10). In the case of reaction temperature variation, the yields decreased in both cases (Table 1, entries 11–12). The yield of phenylboronate can be dramatically improved to 82 % when 1.2 equivalents of B₂pin₂ are added (Table 1, entry 13). Notably, 43 % of the desired product can still be obtained in the absence of catalyst. Then, several solvents were tested. To our surprise, the yield of 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane dropped to 5–11 % when using DMF or DMSO as the reaction medium (Table 1, entries 14,15). A moderate yield can be obtained in EtOH, whereas no product can be detected in toluene, MeCN, or THF (Table 1, entries 16–20). These results imply that an alcoholic solvent might react with the substrate during the reaction.

Table 1.

Zn‐catalyzed borylation: screening of reaction conditions.^[a]

Entry	Catalyst	Solvent	Temp. [°C]	Yield[b] [%]
1	Zn(OTf)2	CH3OH	40	23
2	ZnO	CH3OH	40	24
3	Zn(acac)2	CH3OH	40	33
4	Zn(OAc)2	CH3OH	40	33
5	ZnCl2	CH3OH	40	31
6	Zn(ClO4)2	CH3OH	40	37
7	Zn(NO3)2	CH3OH	40	34
8	AgOTf	CH3OH	40	33
9	Mg(OTf)2	CH3OH	40	28
10	Cu(OTf)2	CH3OH	40	33
11	Zn(ClO4)2	CH3OH	30	28
12	Zn(ClO4)2	CH3OH	50	24
13[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	CH3OH	40	82
14[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	DMF	40	11
15[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	DMSO	40	5
16[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	C2H5OH	40	55
17[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	H2O	40	30
18[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	Toluene	40	0
19[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	CH3CN	40	0
20[c]	Zn(ClO4)2	THF	40	0

[a] Reaction conditions: PhN₂BF₄ (1.0 mmol), B₂pin₂ (0.5 mmol), catalyst (5 mol %), solvent (4 mL), 12 h. [b] Yields were determined by GC using dodecane as an internal standard. [c] B₂pin₂ (1.2 mmol).

With the best reaction conditions in hand, we subsequently started testing the substrates generality. A variety of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts were tested and, in general, good to excellent yields of the target products can be isolated under standard reaction conditions. Substrates with electron‐donating groups, such as methyl, tert‐butyl, methoxy, methylthio, and hydroxyl groups, resulted in the desired products in very good yields (Table 2, entries 2–8). Those alkyl groups located at the para‐position worked better than ortho‐ and meta‐substitution (Table 2, entries 2 and 3 vs. 4). Electron‐withdrawing groups, including nitro, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, ketone, and ester groups, can give the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields as well (Table 2, entries 9–13). Aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with halogen substitutions can be tolerated well and provide the desired arylboronate products in moderate‐to‐high yields (Table 2, entries 14–17). Notably, double substitution on the phenyl ring resulted in a lower yield compared with mono‐substitution (Table 2, entries 18–19). Additionally, naphthyl and biphenyl groups were also studied; 61 and 90 % yields of the desired boronates were obtained, respectively, without further optimizations (Table 2, entries 20 and 21).

Table 2.

Zn‐catalyzed borylation of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates.^[a]

Entry	Substrate	Product	Yield[b] [%]
1			80
2			52
3			65
4			83
5			78
6			73
7			87
8			80
9			94
10			85
11			67
12			82
13			58
14			84
15			87
16			70
17			61
18			46
19			51
20			61
21			90

[a] Reaction conditions: ArN₂BF₄ (1.0 mmol), B₂pin₂ (1.2 mmol), Zn(ClO₄)₂ (5 mol %), CH₃OH (4 mL), 8–15 h, 40 °C. [b] Isolated yields.

Considering that aryltriazenes have been applied as stable diazonium salt precursors, and can readily be transformed into the corresponding diazonium salt in the presence of acid, we tested aryltriazenes as substrates under our conditions. Under the same catalytic system and with the addition of 1 equivalent of CF₃SO₃H, good yields of the desired products can be obtained (Table 3). Both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents are well tolerated.

Table 3.

Zn‐catalyzed borylation of aryltriazenes.^[a]

Entry	Substrate	Product	Yield[b] [%]
1			88
2			91
3			71
4			76
5			83
6			84
7			72

[a] Reaction conditions: aryltriazene (1.0 mmol), B₂pin₂ (1.2 mmol), Zn(ClO₄)₂ (5 mol %), CF₃SO₃H (1 equiv), CH₃OH (4 mL), 10–15 h, 60 °C. [b] Isolated yields.

To gain more information about the mechanism of the reaction, a series of control experiments were set up under different conditions. When 1 equivalent of TEMPO was added to the reaction mixture, the borylation process was suppressed and the yield dropped from 82 to 47 % [Scheme 1, Eq. (1)]. Whereas, when 4 equivalents of TEMPO were applied, no desired product could be observed and 76 % yield of the TEMPO‐trapped compound was isolated [Scheme 1, Eq. (2)]. These results suggest that this borylation procedure is a radical‐involved pathway. As visible light is known to activate the aryldiazonium salt to give the corresponding aryl radical, we performed the reaction in the dark and protected the reaction tube with aluminum paper; 71 % yield of the target product can still be produced [Scheme 1, Eq. (3)].

Scheme 1.

Control experiments.

With these results in hand, the most possible reaction pathway is proposed (Scheme 2). Firstly, aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate reacts with MeOH to give 1‐methoxy‐2‐aryldiazene as the intermediate. Aryldiazene is not stable; it immediately decomposes to aryl radical with the assistance of the of zinc catalyst, which can then be trapped by TEMPO. Finally, the aryl radical reacts with bis(pinacolato)diboron to give the final arylboronates.

Scheme 2.

Proposed reaction pathway.

In summary, a general and convenient zinc‐catalyzed borylation of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with B₂pin₂ as the boron source has been developed. With environmental benign and abundant zinc salt as the catalyst, moderate‐to‐excellent yields of the desired arylboronates can be isolated. A wide range of functional groups can be tolerated under these mild conditions.

Experimental Section

Aryldiazonium salts (1.0 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.2 mmol), and Zn(ClO₄)₂ (5 mol %) were added to a 15 mL Schlenk tube under a nitrogen atmosphere. Then, CH₃OH (4 mL) was added through a syringe. The mixture was stirred for 8–15 h at 40 °C. After the reaction was complete, the reaction was stopped. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and purified by using column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate 50:1) to give the pure product.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supporting information

As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.

Supplementary

X. Qi, L.-B. Jiang, C. Zhou, J.-B. Peng, X.-F. Wu, ChemistryOpen 2017, 6, 345.