ABSTRACT
We present draft genome sequences of five Enterococcus species from patients suspected of Clostridium difficile infection. Genome completeness was confirmed by presence of bacterial orthologs (97%). Gene searches using Hidden-Markov models revealed that the isolates harbor between seven and 11 genes involved in antibiotic resistance to tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and vancomycin.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Numerous reports link microbial compositional changes (dysbiosis) in the human gut microbiota to diverse disease states ranging from inflammatory illness to psychiatric conditions (1–4). In particular, studies in human and animal models have shown the importance of the gut microbiota’s capability of providing colonization resistance against C. difficile (5, 6). Consequently, this announcement is part of a larger project aimed at characterizing the microbiota of individuals infected by C. difficile in Chile, both in terms of individual isolates and microbiota compositions.
We collected fecal samples from patients suspected of being infected by C. difficile that presented aqueous diarrhea associated with antimicrobial drug intake. We plated samples on blood agar medium (Merck; anaerobic conditions) and grew colonies in Brucella broth at 37°C without agitation (7). For DNA extraction, we used the Wizard genomic DNA purification kit (Promega) following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA was quantified in a fluorimeter (Qubit; Invitrogen) and its integrity was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. We prepared sequencing libraries as in the TruSeq nano DNA LT kit (Illumina) using an average insert size of 450 bp.
We obtained between 1.7 and 2.3 million paired-end reads that we subsequently filtered to allow no undetermined bases and an average quality score per read of > Q20. We also trimmed the 5′ and 3′ ends to remove bases with quality scores of < Q20. The resulting reads were de novo assembled using a De Bruijn graph strategy as implemented in SPAdes 3.8 (8). Genome coverage was 48 to 173× (median = 109×). We interrogated the resulting contigs for evidence of contamination using the GenomePeek web server and found no evidence of contaminating DNA (9). We annotated the assembled genome sequences using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (released 2013) (10). Information about the Pipeline can be found here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_prok/. Additionally, genome completeness was confirmed by BUSCO analysis of prokaryotic orthologs, where we found 97% of bacteria-wide orthologs present (11). Current standards suggest that genomes with > 85% orthologs present are considered high-quality genomes (reference E. faecium was 93% complete; accession no. NC_017960.1) (12).
Of the five genome sequences presented here, only two were classified as known multilocus sequence types (97-19_S17 and 97-7_S6 as ST262 and ST822, respectively) (13). However, all strains were found to carry antibiotic resistance genes including vanR and vanS genes (ARO:3000574; ARO:3000071), vanX, and vanY genes (ARO:3000011; ARO:3000077), class B beta-lactamase (ARO:3000004), antibiotic efflux pumps (ARO:0010001), and tetracycline resistance genes (ARO:3000186; ARO:3000194; ARO:3000190; ARO:3000192; ARO:3000239; ARO:0000002), among others (14). This report highlights the need for comprehensive open genomic reference databases of human gut members to better address scientific questions regarding epidemiology, virulence and pathogenicity, and drug resistance. All five genomic sequences are compliant with the MIGS package “cultured bacteria/archaea, human-associated; version 4.0” (15).
Accession number(s).
The whole-genome shotgun projects have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers provided in Table 1. The versions described in this paper are the first versions.
Table 1.
Whole-genome shotgun projects accession numbers
| Species | Strain | Source | Genome size (Mb) | No. of coding sequences | Accession no. | Assembly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterococcus faecium | 97-19_S17 | Human feces | 2.7 | 2,915 | MRYE00000000 | GCA_001990575.1 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 97-3_S3 | Human feces | 2.9 | 3,165 | MRYF00000000 | GCA_001990605.1 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 97-6_S5 | Human feces | 2.5 | 2,698 | MRYG00000000 | GCA_001990565.1 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 97-7_S6 | Human feces | 3.1 | 3,390 | MRYH00000000 | GCA_001990615.1 |
| Enterococcus mundtii | CGB1038-1_S1 | Human feces | 3.3 | 3,150 | MSTR00000000 | GCA_001990645.1 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
E.C.-N. thanks the high-performance computing facility of George Washington University, ColonialOne, for providing data storage, support, and computing power for genomic analyses (colonialone.gwu.edu).
This work was supported by funding from INNOVA CORFO 13IDL2-23309 (A.N.T.) and from “CONICYT PAI/Concurso nacional apoyo al retorno de investigadores(as) desde el extranjero, convocatoria 2014 Folio 82140008.” (E.C.-N.).
Footnotes
Citation Castro-Nallar E, Valenzuela SL, Baquedano S, Sánchez C, Fernández F, Trombert AN. 2017. Draft genome sequences of five Enterococcus species isolated from the gut of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection. Genome Announc 5:e00379-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00379-17.
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