Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a multisystem disorder that affects many organs and systems, including the brain. The objective is to analyze personality patterns in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) compared to DM1 control group. The study comprised 27 consecutive genetically confirmed DM2 patients and control group of 44 DM1 patients. Personality traits were assessed with the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory III (MMCI III). In DM2 group there were no scale with pathological scores, although compulsive and paranoid traits were the most prominent. DM2 patients had lower scores compared to DM1 patients in almost all scales. Pathological scores on clinical symptom scales were not observed, although anxiety scale almost approached this value. Patients with higher compulsive score had higher level of education (rho = +0.53, p < 0.01). On the other hand, higher paranoid score correlated with younger age at onset (rho = -0.34, p < 0.01) and lower educational level (rho = -0.26, p < 0.05). Our results did not show significant personality impairments in patients with DM2. However, following personality traits were predominant: compulsive (in patients with higher education) and paranoid (in patients with lower education and earlier age at onset). The most common clinical symptoms were anxiety and somatization.
Key words: myotonic dystrophy type 2, personality, quality of life, compulsive, paranoid
Introduction
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a multisystemic disorder that affects many organs and systems, including the brain (1).
One study showed similar histopathological findings in the brain of patients with DM2 and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) (2), magnetic resonance imaging revealed similar white matter impairments in both diseases (3-5), and in both diseases dysexecutive impairment has been described, although less severe in DM2 (4-7). On the other hand, previous studies showed less pronounced grey matter loss in DM2 brain (3, 8).
Reported frequencies of personality disorders in DM1 patients are between 20% and 64%, but some authors did not find significant personality changes (6, 9-12) which is far above the prevalence in the general population. However, there is a single previous study that specifically assessed personality pattern in DM2 subjects (6). Although none of the patients in this study fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of personality disorder, significant avoidant behavioural trait was observed in both DM2 and DM1 compared to controls.
The aim of this study was to analyze personality patterns in a cohort of DM2 patients compared to DM1 subjects.
Materials and methods
The cross-sectional study comprised 25 DM2 patients consecutively recruited during their first hospitalization at the Inpatient Unit of the Neurology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia in the period from March 2013 until January 2014. Genetic diagnosis of CCTG repeats expansion using repeat primed polymerase chain reaction (RP-PCR) was obtained for all patients in addition to typical clinical and electromyographic data (13). Patients with any other associated somatic and neurological diseases not related to DM2 were excluded. Control group consisted of 44 genetically confirmed DM1 patients examined at the Clinic in the same period. Patients with congenital and childhood-onset DM1 were excluded from the study. During this period no DM1 patients with mild, late-onset phenotype were hospitalized, thus they also were not included in the research. All participants gave informed consent to participate in the study and the study was approved by the Ethical Board of the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade.
Manual muscle testing (0 to 5 scale according to Medical Research Council (MRC) scale) was performed in DM2 patients by experienced clinicians (VRS, SP). We added strength of the weakest muscle of the proximal arms, distal arms, proximal legs and distal legs, with maximum score being 20. Global cognitive status of DM2 and DM1 subjects was assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R) (14). Values below 82 were considered indicative of cognitive impairment and these patients were excluded from the study.
Personality traits and psychopathology in our subjects were assessed with the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MMCI III) (15). The scores were converted directly into base rate (BR) scores, which take into account the prevalence of a particular characteristic. According to Millon's criteria, BR punctuations > 75 signify the presence of a trait and BR punctuations > 85 are considered as an impairment.
Student t test and Mann Whitney U test were used for group comparisons, as appropriate. Spearman's coefficient was applied for correlation analyses. Significant testing was two-sided, with alpha set at 0.05 for statistical significance and 0.01 for high statistical significance.
Results
Main sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive features of DM2 and control DM1 patients are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive features of investigated patients.
| Features | DM2 patients | DM1 patients |
|---|---|---|
| Gender (% of males) | 32 | 43 |
| Age (mean years ± SD) * | 52.1 ± 10.5 | 46.2 ± 8.6 |
| Education (mean years ± SD) | 11.9 ± 3.1 | 10.7 ± 2.1 |
|
Profession (%)
Physical work Intellectual work Unemployed Retired |
24
24 12 40 |
34
20 14 32 |
|
Marital status (%) ** Married Never married Divorced |
84
8 8 |
61
39 0 |
| Age at onset (mean years ± SD) ** | 37.2 ± 10.5 | 27.8 ± 6.7 |
| Duration of disease (mean years ± SD) | 15.3 ± 13.5 | 18.4 ± 8.2 |
| MRC sum score (mean ± SD) * | 17.4 ± 2.0 | 15.1 ± 1.7 |
|
ACE-R (mean ± SD) ACE-R Attention and Orientation ** ACE-R Memory ACE-R Fluency ** ACE-R Language ACE-R Visuospatial |
86.4 ± 11.6
17.3 ± 1.3 22.6 ± 4.3 9.4 ± 2.6 23.0 ± 3.2 14.0 ± 2.1 |
78.6 ± 11.0
16.0 ± 1.8 22.3 ± 3.0 6.6 ± 4.4 21.9 ± 2.9 13.3 ± 2.2 |
MRC - Medical Research Council Scale; ACE-R - Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised; N.A. - not applicable;
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01
Mean scores on personality scales are presented in Table II. In DM2 group there were no scale with mean score above 75 although compulsive and paranoid traits were the most prominent. DM2 patients had lower scores compared to DM1 patients in all scales, except for narcissistic and antisocial ones where significant differences were not registered between groups (scores were normal in both groups). Mean score above 75 was not observed in DM2 patients on clinical symptom scales, although anxiety scale almost approached this value. The second highest score was somatization. All scores were lower in DM2 compared to DM1 control group.
Table 2.
Results on MMCI scales.
| Scales | DM2 | DM1 |
|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 25 | 44 |
| Personality traits | ||
| Schizoid ** % * |
49.2 ± 24.5 0.0% |
70.2 ± 20.4 22.7% |
| Avoidant ** % * |
40.7 ± 25.1 0.0% |
63.2 ± 25.6 18.2% |
| Dependent ** % ** |
47.0 ± 27.3 12.0% |
83.2 ± 20.7 52.3% |
| Histrionic * % |
48.3 ± 21.4 0.0% |
59.7 ± 22.2 4.5% |
| Narcissistic % |
59.8 ± 19.6 8.2% |
66.4 ± 17.2 9.1% |
| Antisocial % |
61.4 ± 15.7 0.0% |
63.5 ± 15.9 6.8% |
| Compulsive ** % |
68.8 ± 16.8 4.0% |
55.7 ± 17.0 0.0% |
| Negativistic ** % |
33.2 ± 28.2 8.0% |
66.0 ± 28.5 27.3% |
| Schizotypal ** % |
49.6 ± 15.3 0.0% |
60.8 ± 11.7 2.3% |
| Borderline ** % |
46.0 ± 21.4 0.0% |
66.3 ± 17.6 13.6% |
| Paranoid ** % ** |
64.2 ± 15.5 0.0% |
82.2 ± 17.3 40.9% |
| Clinical syndromes | ||
| Anxiety ** % * Somatization ** % Hypomania ** % Dysthymia * % Drug abuse ** % * Alcohol abuse ** % Psychotic thoughts ** % * Major depression ** % Psychotic delusions ** % |
71.4 ± 21.7 32.0% 64.9 ± 17.0 16.0% 27.6 ± 27.6 0.0% 57.9 ± 23.6 12.0% 44.6 ± 24.6 0.0% 40.2 ± 21.0 0.0% 51.9 ± 18.0 0.0% 42.0 ± 17.4 0.0% 59.6 ± 21.0 12.0% |
86.6 ± 22.7 61.4% 76.4 ± 17.0 27.3% 59.3 ± 26.8 6.8% 71.1 ± 26.7 27.3% 73.1 ± 18.0 18.2% 62.6 ± 18.4 2.3% 70.5 ± 16.7 15.9% 60.2 ± 13.1 2.3% 75.1 ± 18.9 29.5 |
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01
We further correlated personality scales with the highest score (compulsive and paranoid) with sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive findings (ACE-R subscores and total score). Patients with higher compulsive score had higher level of education (rho = +0.53, p < 0.01). On the other hand, higher paranoid score correlated with younger age at onset (rho = -0.34, p < 0.01) and lower educational level (rho = -0.26, p < 0.05). Other correlations were not established.
Discussion
Our results did not show significant personality impairments in patients with DM2 and these patients scored better on personality scales compared to DM1 patients. Our DM1 and DM2 groups were well matched regarding gender and education, while difference in age of six years seems to be not relevant regarding personality since they all were in the mature adulthood period. Our results are in line with the study by Meola et al. who reported that although significant avoidant behavioural trait was observed in DM2 patients, no one fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of personality disorder (6). On the other hand, reported frequencies of personality disorders in DM1 patients are between 20% and 64% (9-12) which is far above the prevalence in the general population. Bertrand et al reported that 30% of the adult onset DM1 patients were at risk of developing a psychiatric disorder, had high score in paranoid ideation, delusional ideation, psychoticism and phobic-anxiety, lower score in self-esteem, as well as higher score in avoidant behaviour and social withdrawal (16). Moreover, low self-esteem and anxiety found in the more severe phenotype correlated with a low cognitive profile and with difficulties in executive tasks'Although DM2 affects the brain and although reaction on such a chronic disease is expected, it seems that neither of these two factors is strong enough to cause personality impairment. Possible explanations are that brain seems to be less affected in DM2 compared to DM1 (3-8). Our results also suggest that DM2 patients may adapt and realize themselves better in relation with partners since they were married more frequently compared to DM1 subjects.
In our DM2 group the highest score was observed on compulsive scale, although not reaching a pathological level. This finding is in accordance with Meola's study that also showed the highest score for the same scale but without compulsive personality disorder (6). Compulsive personality is characterized by a general pattern of concern with orderliness, organization, preoccupation with details, mental and interpersonal control and the control of one's environment (17-19). They have a tendency to keep control on everything in order to compensate for unpredictable consequences of a chronic disease. These symptoms may cause distress and interfere with a person's occupational and social functioning, but they also might have positive consequences since workaholism is often seen in those with this personality disorder (17). Accordingly, our results showed higher compulsive score in patients with higher level of education. Conscientiousness, conformation to rules, and wish to confirm himself/ herself are the main features of compulsive personality that might explain its association with educational achievement (20).
Second highest score was observed on paranoid scale. Similarly, this was the highest personality score in our DM1 cohort (11). Fear of being abandoned is the core feature of paranoid personality. It is expressed as an attachment anxiety, so these patients are suspicious and mistrustful of others, think they are in danger and may be hypersensitive and hostile in relations to other people (18). It is also of note that our DM2 patients and also DM1 patients from our previous study had higher paranoid scores if they were less educated (11). Lower educational level means less ability to consider all life circumstances and less flexibility of thoughts. Association between paranoid traits and earlier age at onset of DM2 might be explained with the fact that younger people are more hypersensitive and more vulnerable (21).
Previous studies showed correlation between personality disorders and cognitive findings in general population (22). Also, Meola et al. reported low scores on cognitive tests of frontal lobe function in parallel with avoidant trait personality in both DM1 and DM2 patients. We have also previously reported significant dysexecutive syndrome and certain impairment of episodic verbal memory, while dysexecutive and visuospatial/visuoconstructional deficits predominated in DM1 (7). However, we did not confirm association between cognitive deficit and personality traits when directly comparing neuropsychological and psychological results in the temporary study.
The most prominent clinical symptoms in our DM2 patients was anxiety. Similar was observed in our research on DM1 subjects (11). This comorbidity worsens all aspects of patients' life-biological, psychological and mental (23). This was previously confirmed in DM1 patients (24, 25). Thus, adequate psychiatric and psychological treatment of anxiety should be considered in these patients.
This study has few limitations. Number of investigated patients is small, but this is a rare disease. Furthermore, correlation with neuroimaging findings would be of interest.
Conclusions
Our results did not show significant personality impairments in patients with DM2. However, following personality traits were predominant: compulsive (in patients with higher education) and paranoid (in patients with lower education and earlier age at onset). The most common clinical symptoms were anxiety and somatization.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia-Grant #175083.
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