Long non-coding RNA AB019562 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Increasing evidence has supported the prognostic and therapeutic values of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) in human tumorigenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as one of the most refractory diseases, continues to warrant investigation for novel clues to enable early diagnosis. In the present study, the role of LncRNA AB019562 in cell proliferation and metastasis was investigated in HCC. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine the expression of AB019562 in clinical HCC samples and cultured HCC cells. In addition, a specific small interfering RNA against AB019562 was designed and transfected into HCC cells. A3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and a transwell assay were used to assess the effects of AB019562 knockdown on cell proliferation and metastasis, respectively. The results revealed that the expression of AB019562 was increased 4-fold in the clinical HCC tissues, compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissue counterparts. AB019562 was differentially expressed in the HCC cell lines. The knockdown of AB019562 reduced the rate of cell proliferation by 28.6% in HepG2 cells and by 24% in SMMC-7721 cells. Cell cycle assays revealed that the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly increased, whereas those in the S and G2/M phases were decreased in the AB019562-knockdowncells. The results of the transwell assay showed that the knockdown of AB019562 inhibited cell migration abilities by up to 67% in the HepG2 cells and 63% in the SMMC-7721 cells, and significantly suppressed invasive abilities by up to 75% in the HepG2 cells and 60% in the SMMC-7721 cells. Furthermore, AB019562 knockdown increased the apoptotic rates of the two cell lines and activated the expression of caspase-3, but not caspase-8. These data demonstrated the pro-oncogenic properties of AB019562 and suggested that AB019562 may serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HCC.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-associated mortality in eastern and western countries (1,2). Each year, >700,000 patientcare diagnosed with HCC and morbidity rates of HCC continue to increase, possibly due to deterioration of environment, unhealthy dietary habits and other associated factors (3). The traditional therapeutic strategy for HCC is surgical resection, however, this is only able to cure patients at an early stage of the disease (4). For patients in the late stage, the introduction of sorafenib can improve survival rates, but remains limited (5). Despite substantial progression in therapeutics in previous decades, the prevention and treatment of HCC remains challenging. Thus, the identification of novel molecular markers to diagnose HCC at an early stage is of high priority.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are well-defined as a class of RNAs with a length of >200 nucleotides and <100,000 nucleotides, which are unable to translate proteins (6). LncRNAs can be classified into five categories by their locations at nearby genes: Sense, antisense, bidirectional, intronic and intergenic (7). LncRNAs have been demonstrated to be involved in various biological processes, including chromatin modification, transcription, translation, posttranscriptional processing and posttranslational processing (8,9). Of note, studies have shown that certain LncRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, and that aberrant expression of LncRNAs may contribute to tumorigenesis (10,11).

Emerging evidence has also linked LncRNAs with multiple physiological and pathological processes of HCC, including cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and metabolism (12). For example, LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 functions to promote cell proliferation and metastasis, and upregulates the RhoA/Rac2 signing pathway in HCC (13). LncRNA DILC has been shown to repress the self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells by inhibiting the autocrine interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 axis (14). Thus, LncRNAs have been recognized as potential markers in the progression of HCC.

In the present study, the role of LncRNA AB019562 in cell proliferation and metastasis was examined in HCC. A specific small interfering (si)RNA against AB019562 was used to decrease the expression of AB019562 in HCC cell lines. The effects of AB019562 depletion on cell proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis were examined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, transwell assay and apoptosis detection kit, respectively. The results indicated the pro-oncogenic property of AB019562 in HCC and may provide novel clues for the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

Materials and methods

Human samples

Clinical HCC tissue samples and samples of the adjacent non-cancerous tissues were obtained from 50 patients who had undergone surgical resection of HCC in the Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (Tianjin, China) between July 2012 and June 2015, in a non-identifiable manner and without additional clinical information. Prior to surgery, no chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment was administered to the patients. All patients confirmed their full intention to be involved in the study and written informed consent was obtained. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. All collected samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C until RNA isolation.

Cell culture

The SMMC-7721, PLC/PRF/5 and C3AHCC cell lines, and the normal THLE-3 liver cell line were all commercially obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The HepG2 HCC cell line was purchased from Shanghai Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All cells were cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM; American Type Culture Collection) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). During the experiments, the cells were maintained in an incubator containing 5% CO₂ at 37°C.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis

RNAs from the human samples and cultured cells were extracted using TRIzol reagent (Takara Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The isolated RNAs were eluted with ribonuclease-free water and quantified using a Nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) by detecting the optical density (OD)₂₆₀ and OD₂₈₀. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was reverse transcribed from a total of 1ug RNAs using PrimeScript Reverse Transcriptase (Takara Biotechnology, Co., Ltd.) with a volume of 20 µl, as per the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was performed using SYBR Green reagent (Takara Biotechnology, Inc.) in an ABI 7900 machine (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and a total of 1 µl cDNA was added into each well. The thermocycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 30 sec. The following primers were used in the reaction, as described previously (15): AB019562, forward 5′-GGATGTCAGGTCTGCGAAACT-3′ and reverse 5′-GATAGTGTGGTTTATGGACTGAGGT-3′; GAPDH, forward 5′-GGGAAACTGTGGCGTGAT-3′ and reverse 5′-GAGTGGGTGTCGCTGTTGA-3′. The RT-qPCR analysis was performed as previously described (15).

siRNA interference

The specific siRNA against LncRNA AB019562 (siAB019562) was designed and synthesized by GenePharm Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The siRNAs were dissolved in ddH₂O at a concentration of 20 µM. The negative control siRNA and the specific siAB019562 were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, the cells were washed with pre-warmed PBS and replaced with serum-free medium. The mixture of Lipofectamine 2000 and siRNAs was incubated for 20 min and then added to each well containing cells at a confluence of 60%. Cells were incubated at 37°C for 72 h post-transfection, and then used for subsequent analyses.

Cell viability assay

An MTT assay (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) was used to measure cell proliferative abilities, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, at an initial concentration of 2×10³/well, were seeded into 96-well plates in EMEM supplemented with 10% FBS in a 37°C humidified incubator with 5% CO₂. Each experimental group of cells was divided into six wells and the cultural medium was refreshed every other day. At each time point (days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 post-transfection), the cell numbers were determined by detecting the absorbance at 450 nm on a Tecan microplate reader (Tecan Group, Ltd., Männedorf, Switzerland). Proliferation rate was plotted as a ratio relative to day 1.

Cell cycle analysis

The cells were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h, following which the siRNAs were transfected into the corresponding group. At 72 h post-treatment, the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were harvested and co-incubated with pre-cooled ethanol overnight. On the subsequent day, the cells (3×10⁴ cells) were treated with 50 µg/ml of RNase in a 37°C incubator for 1 h, following which 20 µg/ml of propidium iodide (PI) was added to the cells. The mixture was maintained at 4°C for an additional 30 min in the absence of light. The DNA content was detected using flow cytometry.

Transwell assay

The HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were cultured in 24-well plates and transfected with siRNAs. At 48 h post-transfection, the cells were harvested with serum-free EMEM, following which 150 µl of cell suspension (3×10⁴ cells) was added to the upper chamber (Corning Incorporated, New York, NY, USA), and the lower chamber was filled with 600 µl culture medium containing 10% FBS. For the invasion assay, the membrane was pre-coated with Matrigel (Corning Incorporated) for 6 h at 37°C prior to the experiments. Following incubation for 12 h at 37°C, the cells in each group were fixed with ice-cold methanol for 10 min and stained with crystal violet for 5 min. Images were captured under an inverted light microscope (TS100; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

Detection of apoptosis

Flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptotic rates of cells following siAB019562 treatment. Briefly, the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were harvested with low-speed centrifugation (850 g, 4°C, 5 min) and washed three times with PBS. The cells were then suspended in 100 µl staining buffer with 5 µl of Annexin V-APC (20 µg/ml) and 5 µl PI (50 µg/ml; BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA). The cells found to be Annexin V-APC-positive and PI-negative were identified as early apoptotic cells, and those positive for Annexin V-APC and PI were identified as late apoptotic cells. Each experiment was repeated at least 3 times in triplicate.

Determination of relative caspase activity

The activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were determined using a Caspase-3 activity kit and a Caspase-8 activity kit, respectively, according to the manufacturer's protocol (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Nantong, China). Briefly, following siRNA transfection, 2×10⁶ cells in 6-well plates were lysed using lysis buffer (as provided in the kit) at 4°C for 15 min, centrifuged at 600 × g at 4°C for 15 min, and the resulting cell lysates were analyzed for protein concentration by bicinchoninic assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). An aliquot of 10 µl proteins from the cell lysates were added to 96-well plates and mixed with 80 µl reaction buffer containing caspase substrate (2 mM). Following incubation for 4 h at 37°C, caspase activities were determined using a Tecan microplate reader at an absorbance of 405 nm.

Statistical analysis

All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Each experiment was repeated at least 3 times in triplicate unless otherwise stated. Statistical differences between two groups were evaluated by Student's t-test using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

LncRNA AB019652 is upregulated in HCC tissues and cultured HCC cells

To examine the expression of LncRNA AB019562 in HCC, tissue samples from 50 patients with HCC, including cancerous tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues, were obtained. As shown in Fig. 1A, the transcription level of AB019562 was 4-fold higher in the HCC samples, compared with that in the adjacent the non-cancerous samples (P<0.05). The four HCC cell lines and a normal liver cell line were examined to determine the transcription of AB019562 in vitro. The results showed that, compared with the THLE-3 normal liver cells, HepG2 cells exhibited the highest level of AB019562 (6-fold increase), followed by the SMMC-7721 cells (5-fold increase). The transcription of AB019562 was also significantly increased in the PLC/PRF/5 and C3A cells (Fig. 1B). The HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were selected for subsequent analyses. These data suggested that AB019562 was significantly overexpressed in HCC in vivo and in vitro.

Figure 1.

LncRNA AB019652 is upregulated in HCC tissues and cultured HCC cells. (A) Tissue samples from 50patients with HCC were collected and RT-qPCR analysis was performed to examine the expression of LncRNA AB019562 in the HCC tissues and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues. (B) Four HCC cell lines and a normal liver cell line were examined using RT-qPCR analysis. The expression of AB019562 was significantly upregulated in HCC cells, compared with normal liver (THLE-3) cells. *P<0.05 vs. THLE-3 cells. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LnRNA, long non-coding RNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Knockdown of AB019562 inhibits cell proliferation in HCC cells

To evaluate the role of AB019562 in HCC cell proliferation, specific siRNA against AB019562 (siAB019562) was designed and transfected into the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. The transcription levels of AB019562 were decreased by 58% in HepG2 cells (Fig. 2A) and 51% in SMMC-7721 cells (Fig. 2B) following transfection with siAB019562, which suggested the high efficiency of the synthesized siRNA. With this effective siRNA, cell proliferative rates were examined following siRNA transfection using MTT assays. For the first 3 days post-siRNA treatment, no significant changes in the viability of the two cell lines were observed, compared with the control cells. However, on day 4 post-AB019562 knockdown, the proliferation rates were decreased by 28.6% in the HepG2 cells and 24%in the SMMC-7721. This inhibitory effect was more pronounced on day 5 following AB019562 knockdown in the HCC cells (Fig. 2C and D). These results suggested that AB019562 promoted cell proliferation in the HCC cells in vitro.

Figure 2.

Knockdown of AB019562 inhibits proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (A) Relative transcript levels of AB019562 in HepG2 cells transfected with specific siRNA against AB019562 (siAB019562). (B) Relative transcription levels of AB019562 in SMMC-7721 cells transfected with siAB019562. (C) Effects of AB019562 knockdown on cell proliferation were assessed over a 5-day period. In HepG2 cells, the proliferation rate was significantly decreased, whereas the level of AB019562 was reduced. (D) Proliferation rate of SMMC-7721 cells was significantly decreased, particularly on days 4 and 5 post-siAB019562 treatment. *P<0.05 vs. control.si/siRNA, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control.

Knockdown of AB019562 arrests cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase in HCC cells

The present study subsequently analyzed cell cycle progression. As shown in Fig. 3A, when AB019562 was knocked down in the HepG2 cells, the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase increased by 22%, whereas the proportions of cells in the S phase and G2/M phase decreased by 14 and 8%, respectively. Similarly, in the siAB019562-transfected SMMC-7721 cells, the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was elevated by 18%, whereas the percentages of cells in the S phase and G2/M phase decreased 12 and 9%, respectively (Fig. 3B). These data suggested that the knockdown of LncRNA AB019562 arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase in HCC cell lines. The cell cycle arrest following AB019562 knockdown provided further support that AB019562 promoted the proliferation of HCC cells.

Figure 3.

Knockdown of AB019562 arrests cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (A) Percentages of siAB019562-treated HepG2 cells in the G0/G1, S and G2/M phases were determined using flow cytometry. *P<0.05 vs. control. (B) Knockdown of AB019562 increased the percentage of SMMC-7721 cells at the G0/G1 phase, but decreased the percentages of cells at the S and G2/M phases. ^#P<0.05 vs. control. si, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control.

Knockdown of AB019562 suppresses the metastasis of HCC cells

Subsequently, a transwell assay was performed to examine the effects of AB019562 knockdown on cell migration (Fig. 4A) and invasive abilities (Fig. 4B) in the HCC cell lines. The results showed that transmigrated cells were visually decreased when the cells were transfected with siAB019562 (Fig. 4A and B). Quantification of the transmigrated cells further supported that migration abilities were reduced by siAB019562 transfection, with decreases by up to 67% in HepG2 cells and 63% in SMMC-7721 cells (Fig. 4C). Similarly, it was also shown that 75% of HepG2 cells and 60% of SMMC-7721 cells were inhibited from invading through the Matrigel upon siAB019562 treatment in the invasion assay (Fig. 4D). These data suggested that AB019562 promoted cell migration and invasion in the HCC cells in vitro.

Figure 4.

Knockdown of AB019562 suppresses the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (A) Representative images of cell migration assays off HepG2 and SMMC-7721 following transfection with the specific siRNA against AB019562 (siAB019562). Original magnification, ×200. (B) Representative images of cell invasion assays of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells treated with siAB019562. Original magnification, ×200. (C) Numbers of transmigrated cells in five fields of each image were counted. Quantification of the migrated HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. (D) Quantification of the invaded HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. *P<0.05 vs. control in HepG2 cells; ^#P<0.05 vs. control in SMMC-7721 cells. si/siRNA, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control.

Knockdown of AB019562 induces cell apoptosis and affects the activity of caspase-3 in HCC

Cell apoptosis has been demonstrated to be important in the tumorigenesis of HCC (16). Therefore, the present study examined the effects of AB019562 knockdown on the apoptosis of HCC cells. It was shown that, compared with the control cells, the percentages of apoptotic HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were increased by 8 and 7%, respectively, following AB019562 knockdown (Fig. 5A). The activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 in the HCC cells were also examined. As shown in Fig. 5B, AB019562 knockdown increased the activity of caspase-3 by 60% in the HepG2 cells and 50% in the SMMC-7721 cells. However, the activity of caspase-8 remained unchanged, even when cells were transfected with siAB019562 (Fig. 5C). Taken together, these results confirmed that the knockdown of AB019562 induced cell apoptosis and promoted the activity of caspase-3, but not caspase-8.

Figure 5.

Knockdown of AB019562 induces apoptosis and affects the activity of caspase-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. (A) Cell apoptosis was increased when HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were transfected with siAB019562. (B) Relative activities of caspase-3 were evaluated upon siAB019562 treatment in the two cell lines. (C) Relative activities of caspase-8 remained unchanged, even following siAB019562 transfection. *P<0.05 vs. control in HepG2 cells; ^#P<0.05 vs. control in SMMC-7721 cells. si, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control.

Discussion

HCC is frequently one of the top five causes of liver cirrhosis. However, the early diagnosis of HCC remains challenging (17,18). The primary treatment for HCC is surgery, which accounts for a five-year survival rate of 30–70% (19,20). However, <20% of patients with HCC are eligible for surgery following confirmation of diagnosis (21), indicating the necessity of diagnosing HCC at an early stage. The most refractory limitation in the early detection and prevention of HCC is the absence of symptoms (22). Therefore, an increasing number of studies have focused on identifying novel biomarkers, which can be used to diagnose and prevent HCC in the early stage (23,24).

LncRNAs are distinct from housekeeping RNAs, including tRNAs, rRNAs and siRNAs (25). They are important in various aspects of cell biology. The aberrant expression of LncRNAs is a basic feature of several types of cancer, and has been shown to affect cell proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis in human cancer (26,27). The LncRNA AB019562 was first identified by Zhou et al using gene microarray analysis (28). In this pioneer study, AB019562 was shown to be upregulated in human hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role of AB019562 in HCC and the detailed mechanisms underlying how AB019562 regulates the tumorigenesis of HCC remain to be fully elucidated.

In the present study, the transcription levels of AB019562 were determined in HCC tissues and in a series of HCC cell lines. It was shown that the expression of AB019562 was markedly upregulated in HCC. Furthermore, it was observed that the knockdown of AB019562 significantly reduced the rate of cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, suggesting the promotion of proliferation by AB019562. The induction of cell apoptosis by AB019562 knockdown further confirmed that AB019562 functioned to promote cell proliferation in HCC, as the induction of apoptosis is a sound basis for the inhibition of proliferation (16). In addition, the knockdown of AB019562 impaired cell migration and invasion abilities in the HCC cell lines. These data demonstrated that AB019562 promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC.

However, whether the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic signal pathway predominantly contributes to the AB019562-mediated biological changes remains to be elucidated. The induction of apoptosis usually has two signaling pathways, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways (29). The initiation of the intrinsic pathway is associated with the pro-apoptotic factors, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein and Bcl-2-associated death promoter, which leads to increased permeability of the mitochondria membrane, loss of membrane potential and the release of cytochrome C into the cytosol. The intrinsic pathway is associated with activated caspase-3, whereas the extrinsic pathway is associated with the activation of caspase-8 (30). As shown in Fig. 5C, the activities of caspase-8 were stable upon siAB019562 administration, which indicated that the extrinsic pathway may not be critically involved. Instead, the relative activities of caspase-3 were markedly increased following AB019562 knockdown in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. This observation indicated that the intrinsic pathway maybe involved in the induction of apoptosis by siAB019562 transfection. However, further investigations are required to systemically reveal the detailed mechanisms.

In conclusion, the present study examined the role of LncRNA AB019562 in human HCC in vivo and in vitro. AB019562 was expressed at high levels in patients with HCC and cultured HCC cells. The knockdown of AB019562 caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, leading to eventual cell apoptosis and thereby inhibiting the proliferation of HCC cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of AB019562 impaired cell migration and invasion of the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. These data suggested that AB019562 may promote cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC, and provided evidence that AB019562 may serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for the diagnosis and clinical treatment of HCC.