Abstract
Background/Aims
It is difficult to confirm the accurate cutoff value to diagnose Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection using commercial serology kits. It is reported that there were many cases with present/past infection that even the serum Hp-IgG antibody (HpAb) titers were below the cutoff value (e.g., 10 U/mL for E-Plate®), suggesting that we might overlook many gastric cancer (GC). We investigated an association between gastric cancer risk and serum Helicobacter pylori antibody titers.
Methods
We conducted a primary screening between 2014 and 2015. We performed gastroendoscopy if HpAb titers were ≥3.0 U/mL (i.e., more than measurable limit, E-Plate). These patients were divided into two groups: HpAb = 3.0–9.9 U/mL (“negative-high” group) and HpAb ≥ 10 U/mL; cutoff value (“over-10 U/mL” group). Hp infection status was investigated, and the number of GC patients was counted.
Results
Among the 3321 subjects in the primary screening, 56.9% (1891/3321) showed HpAb titers ≥3.0 U/mL; 1314 patients underwent gastroendoscopy. Ten were GC. 421 patients were “negative-high” group; two were GC. After evaluating 381 patients for Hp infection, 22.6%/60.6% was with present/past infection among the “negative-high” group.
Conclusion
We also found a correlation between HpAb titers and Hp infection status. “Negative-high” group has a risk of GC.
1. Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and Hp-related atrophic gastritis are regarded as risk factors for gastric cancer (GC) [1–8]. It has been reported that the risk of GC is very low in Hp-uninfected patients, but is high in patients with a present or past Hp infection [2]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC Working Group) of the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that as of September 2014, about 80% of GC throughout the world was associated with Hp infection and that Hp eradication therapy could reduce the incidence of GC by 30–40% [1].
Testing to diagnose Hp infection includes the rapid urease test, histological analysis using microscopy, and cultures, which reflect Hp infection at the biopsy site, and the urea breath test, serum Hp-IgG antibody (HpAb) titers, and stool antigen tests, which reflect Hp infection in the entire stomach [9, 10]. Serum HpAb testing is an indirect method for diagnosing Hp infection by measuring antibodies as a localized immune reaction in the gastric mucosa to Hp infection. However, HpAb titers decrease after a successful eradication therapy [11–14], and because the rate of the decrease and the amount of change in titers vary among individual patients, these titers are unsuitable to evaluate the cure of infection and not useful in management of Hp infection [15–18]. Moreover, HpAb titers may not be positive just after Hp infection or with immune dysfunction; spontaneous clearance of Hp with severe atrophic gastritis or unexpected eradication of Hp due to antibiotics also can lead to negative results [12, 19]. Several recent studies have reported an association between serum HpAb titers and GC risk [20–24].
Interestingly, Tatemichi et al. [21] performed a prospective study and reported that the risk for developing GC was even higher in atrophic gastritis patients with low serum HpAb titers close to 10 U/mL than those with high HpAb titers.
In Japan E-Plate, a commercial serology kit, produced by Eiken Chemical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, is the most commonly used. This kit is a direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, and the cutoff value instructed by the kit is 10 U/mL, and the value has been widely applied to large studies analyzing Japanese participants [19–21]. However, there are increasing evidence that some patients have a present or past Hp infection and GC risk despite HpAb titers <10 U/mL [25]. Patients recently infected with Hp, who have had Hp eradication therapy, or who have had spontaneous clearance of Hp, may have a false negative diagnosis of infection, and thus the risk of GC may be overlooked. Therefore, recently, the Japanese Society for Helicobacter Research (JSHR) stated that “a considerable number of patients with serum HpAb titers below the cut-off value have a present or past Hp infection; therefore we caution against assuming there is no GC risk” [25].
It will be difficult to establish an optimal cutoff value of HpAb titers, and we hypothesized that patients with any measurable HpAb titers (≥3.0 U/mL in a case of E-Plate) might have a risk of GC. Therefore, we investigated an association between gastric cancer risk and serum Helicobacter pylori antibody titers.
2. Materials and Methods
The Bungotakada city had carried out GC examination program using X-ray contrast studies based on the guidance of the Japanese government; however, the consultation rate was extremely low. Since the top cause of death among male with late middle age at the city was GC, we conducted the GC risk screening program focused on the Hp as the most important risk factor of GC in cooperation with the city.
The HpAb titers were measured at 80 venues prepared for health checkup or any hospitals/clinics in the city, and the examination fees were completely covered by budgets of the city. We also performed an open lecture for citizen to teach the knowledge of GC, especially focused on the importance of Hp examination (280 citizens were participated). There are 145 community associations in the city, and we also explained the importance of the study to the association members. Furthermore, we used the local cable TV twice to make an overture for participating the study.
This study was conducted as a primary screening in cooperation with Bungotakada city in residents age ≥ 20 years between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2015. Among a total population of 23,244 (as of August 11, 2016), 3321 subjects (14.3%) participated the study. Among subjects aged 65 to 74 years old, 35.1% of population participated, followed by 31% for those aged 75 years or older, and 30.8% for those aged 40 to 64 years old. In contrast, only 3.1% of the population aged 20 to 39 years old could participate the study. Primary screening included blood tests for measurement of HpAb. Measurements were performed using an E-Plate (Eiken Chemical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
The cutoff value instructed by the kit is 10 U/mL; however, in this study, HpAb titers of 3.0 U/mL (i.e., more than the measurable limit) were used as the cutoff value for primary screening, with HpAb ≥ 3.0 U/mL considered positive. Positive patients who could obtain the informed consent underwent gastroendoscopy as a secondary screening at a medical service under the coverage of national health insurance (inclusion criteria). In addition to detailed examination by gastroendoscopy for GC, mucosal atrophy, an important finding in Hp-related gastritis, and Hp infection status were evaluated.
Gastric mucosal atrophy was assessed by the Kimura-Takemoto classification system [26] for patients who underwent gastroendoscopy at Takada-Chuo Hospital. Mucosal atrophy is classified as C-1: limited to the antrum, C-2: limited to the angle, or C-3: extending into the upper corpus. Further classification includes O-1: atrophy reaching to the cardia, but with preservation of the greater curvature fold, O-3: atrophy of the entire stomach, and O-2: intermediate between O-1 and O-3. In this study, gastric atrophy was defined as C-2 or greater.
Hp infection status was evaluated at Takada-Chuo Hospital with at least one of the following: rapid urease test, urea breath test, or stool antigen test. A PyloriTek® Test Kit (Sakura Finetek Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the rapid urease test, POCone™ (Otsuka Electronics Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the urea breath test, and Testmate Pylori Antigen EIA (Kyowa Medex Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the stool antigen test. PPI were discontinued at least two weeks before testing for Hp infection.
Positive results with the above tests were regarded as a “present infection.” Negative results with the above tests, but those with the presence of endoscopic atrophy, were regarded as a “past infection.” Negative results with the above tests and the absence of endoscopic atrophy were regarded as “uninfected.”
Patients with HpAb 3.0–9.9 U/mL were defined as a “negative-high” group. Secondary screening patients were divided into two groups, the “negative-high” group (HpAb 3.0–9.9 U/mL) and the “over-10 U/mL” group (HpAb ≥ 10 U/mL). Mean age, sex, number of patients with GC, severity of endoscopic atrophy, and Hp infection status were compared.
Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. The level of statistical significance was p < 0.05.
3. Results
Among the 3321 primary screening subjects, 56.9% (1891/3321) showed HpAb ≥ 3.0 U/mL and 69.5% of these patients (1314/1891) could participate in the secondary screening and underwent gastroendoscopy (Figure 1). GC was detected in 10 patients (10/3321, incidence: 0.30%).
Figure 1.
Patient flow. Among the 3321 primary screening subjects, 56.9% (1891/3321) showed HpAb ≥ 3.0 U/mL and 69.5% of these patients (1314/1891) could participate in secondary screening and underwent gastroendoscopy. On the other hand, 30.5% (577/1891) patients did not consult a hospital. Among 1314 patients who underwent gastroendoscopy, 386 patients consulted at Takada Chuo Hospital and underwent gastroendoscopy and 381 patients were able to evaluate severity of endoscopic atrophy and Hp infection status. On the other hand, 5 patients with past history of gastric surgery were excluded. In addition, 39 patients with past history of eradication therapy for H. pylori infection were included.
Table 1 shows the characteristics of patients in the groups divided based on the HpAb 10 U/mL cutoff. This division included 421 patients (32.0%) in the “negative-high” group and 893 patients (68.0%) in the “over-10 U/mL” group. Mean age and sex did not significantly differ between the two groups. GC was detected in 8 patients (0.9%) in the “over-10 U/mL” group; however, importantly, it was also detected in 2 patients (0.5%) in the “negative-high” group.
Table 1.
| “Negative high” group
n = 421 (HpAb 3.0–9.9 U/mL) |
“Over 10 U/mL” group
n = 893 (HpAb ≧ 10 U/mL) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age | 72 ± 9.7 | 70 ± 9.7 | n.s. |
| Sex (male ratio) | 36.0% (150) | 36.0% (320) | n.s. |
| Gastric cancer | 0.5% (2) | 0.9% (8) | n.s. |
p values were calculated by chi-square test. GC was detected in 8 patients in the “over-10 U/mL” group, but also in 2 patients in the “negative-high” group.
Table 2 shows details about the 10 patients in whom GC was detected. Both patients in the “negative-high” group with GC had O-3 atrophy. Overall, 8 (80%) had open-type atrophy. Nine (90%) of the patients had early GC.
Table 2.
Details about the 10 patients in whom GC was detected.
| Age | Sex | Titers (U/mL) | Endoscopic atrophy | Therapy | Depth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 78 | M | 5 | O-3 | Operation | SM |
| 65 | M | 8 | O-3 | ESD | M |
| 64 | F | 10 | O-3 | Operation | M |
| 79 | F | 19 | O-3 | Operation | SE |
| 71 | M | 22 | O-2 | ESD | M |
| 77 | M | 24 | O-3 | Operation | SM |
| 77 | M | 29 | C-2 | Operation | SM |
| 75 | F | 30 | O-2 | Operation | M |
| 64 | M | 58 | O-1 | Operation | M |
| 46 | M | ≥100 | C-3 | ESD | M |
Among the 1314 patients who underwent gastroendoscopy as a secondary screening, 381 patients who underwent gastroendoscopy at Takada Chuo Hospital were evaluated for severity of endoscopic atrophy and Hp infection status (Figure 1).
Table 3 shows the characteristics of the 381 patients evaluated for severity of endoscopic atrophy and Hp infection status. Among the 381 patients, 137 were in the “negative-high” group and 244 were in the “over-10 U/mL” group. Even in the “negative-high” group, 75.2% (103/137) of the patients had gastric atrophy.
Table 3.
The characteristics of the 381 patients evaluated for severity of endoscopic atrophy and Hp infection status.
| “Negative high” group
n = 137 (HpAb 3.0–9.9 U/mL) |
“Over-10 U/mL” group
n = 244 (HpAb ≧ 10 U/mL) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Endoscopic atrophy (≧C-2)※1 | 75.2% (103) | 96.3% (235) | p < 0.0001 |
| Present infection | 22.6% (31) | 94.7% (231) | p < 0.0001 |
| Past infection | 60.6% (83) | 5.3% (13) | p < 0.0001 |
| Uninfected | 16.8% (23) | 0% (0) | p < 0.0001 |
p values were calculated by chi-square test. ※1The Kimura-Takemoto classification system even in the “negative-high” group, 75.2% (103/137) of the patients had ≥C-2 gastric atrophy. 22.6% of patients in the “negative-high” group had a present infection. The rate of past infection was significantly higher in the “negative-high” group (60.6%) than in the “over-10 U/mL” group (p < 0.0001). The combined rate of present and past infection was 83.2% in the “negative-high” group.
22.6% of patients in the “negative-high” group also had a present infection. The rate of the past infection was significantly higher in the “negative-high” group (60.6%) than in the “over-10 U/mL” group (p < 0.0001). The combined rate of the present and past infection was 83.2% in the “negative-high” group.
Figure 2 shows the relationship between HpAb titers and Hp infection status. As the HpAb titers increased, the rate of the present infection tended to increase, but conversely, the rate of past infection tended to decrease.
Figure 2.
Relationship between HpAb titers and Hp infection status (n = 381). As the HpAb titers increased, the rate of present infection tended to increase, but conversely, the rate of past infection tended to decrease. Uninfected patients all had titers <6.0 U/mL.
4. Discussion
This study was the first prospective GC screening in residents of a rural city where HpAb titers ≥3.0 U/mL (i.e., more than the measurable limit) were defined as positive, and positive patients underwent endoscopy for a more detailed examination. In this GC screening study combining HpAb measurement and endoscopy, endoscopy in positive patients with HpAb ≥ 3.0 U/mL detected multiple GC cases. A total of 10 patients had GC (10/3321, incidence: 0.30%). Moreover, 90% (9/10) was early GCs, thus leading to be able to perform earlier treatment (Table 2).
In population-based GC screening in Japan, barium X-ray contrast studies are generally performed in asymptomatic persons age ≥ 40 years old; in those with suspected positive findings, endoscopy is recommended. However, the screening rates are very low, reaching only about 20% [27, 28] including Bungotakada city (11.1%: the mean screening rates of the previous 5-year period).
In this study, a participation rate could be improved probably due to our advertisement (including cable TV) and charge-free for the measurements.
As a result, we were able to discover GC cases more than the number by our previous X-ray contrast studies. The incidence of patients with GC that we could detect by population-based screening with X-ray contrast studies was 1.4 patients per year (i.e., 7 patients during the 5-year period in Bungotakada city) (our unpublished data). In contrast, we could detect 10 GC cases with only a one-year period of this study.
Endoscopy in positive patients with HpAb ≥ 3.0 U/mL enabled evaluation of GC risk factors such as endoscopic atrophy [2–7, 26] and diagnosis of Hp infection [9, 10]. During secondary screening, 63.4% (833/1314) of patients had atrophic gastritis and many patients with a present infection received eradication therapy. Of particular note is the fact that many patients in the “negative-high” group had a present or past Hp infection as a risk factor for GC (Figure 2) (Table 3). Endoscopy was required in these patients.
Uninfected persons in our study all had HpAb titers <6.0 U/mL, thus making it difficult to conclude that a cutoff value of 10 U/mL is optimal to assess Hp infection status or GC risk. Among the “negative-high” group, we found that the “negative-high” patients had GC risk. Therefore, if we used the cutoff value of 10 U/mL, the GC risk of these patients would be overlooked. In addition, these patients will not be able to follow up gastroendoscopy for the GC risk.
In addition, the overall mean age in our study was high, with a low screening rate among younger persons. If the screening rate in young generation increases, the eradication at an early stage is possible, and Hp-related GC may decrease later.
In the future, with an increase in the Hp-uninfected rate and further increase in eradication therapy, the definition of the “negative-high” group and interpretation of HpAb titers may need to be reconsidered.
In conclusion, using our screening criterion whereby HpAb titers ≥3.0 U/mL is defined as positive, endoscopy detected two cases of GC in a “negative-high” group that otherwise would be considered at low risk for GC. We could not deny the possibility that GC cases were included in subjects with serum HpAb titers less than 3 U/mL. We also could not determine the rates of the past or present infection among subjects with serum HpAb titers less than 3 U/mL. However, there are currently no ideal tests to accurately detect the infection status; therefore, we believe that our current screening system should be useful to detect GC cases effectively, and may decrease the number of Hp-related GC, followed by the decrease of the rate of GC death in the future.
We also found a correlation between HpAb titers and Hp infection status. “Negative-high” group has a risk of GC. Therefore, gastroendoscopy should be considered at least in patients with HpAb titers ≥3.0 U/mL on GC screening.
Ethical Approval
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.
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