Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a standard therapy have been used in EGFR-mutated adenocarcinoma of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in recent years. But in current randomized prospective clinical trials, due to few cases of non-adenocarcinoma patients having been found, the efficacy of TKIs for EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma and the relationship with clinicopathological characteristics remained debatable. The results of retrospective studies showed that the frequency of EGFR mutation was significantly associated with nationality, gender, smoking history, and histology type. Being female, never-smoker and adenocarcinoma had a higher mutation rate. Furthermore, the EGFR mutation rate and efficacies of TKIs in adenocarcinoma were higher than those in non-adenocarcinoma. And in non-adenocarcinoma, the EGFR mutation rate and efficacies of TKIs in adenosquamous cell carcinoma were higher than those in squamous cell carcinoma or in large-cell lung carcinoma. In conclusion, it may be necessary to conduct a large sample prospective study to understand the clinicopathological characteristics of non-adenocarcinomas and to evaluate the efficacy of EGFR TKI and/or chemotherapy for EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC. So we searched relevant articles between the year 2010 and 2016 through the major indexed literature database PubMed by searching the keywords such as EGFR mutation, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and Non-adenocarcinoma.
Keywords: EGFR mutation, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, non-adenocarcinoma
Introduction
The incidence and mortality of lung cancer accounted for a very large proportion in malignant tumor on a global scale. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers, and about 70% of patients with NSCLC are primarily diagnosed at late stage, which results in poor prognosis.1 In the last decade, the discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the remarkable efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with EGFR mutations made a big change in the treatment methods of adenocarcinoma and gradually opened the era of NSCLC precise molecular target therapy.2,3
EGFR mutations were significantly associated with nationality, gender, smoking history, and histology type.4 EGFR mutation rate in mainland Chinese NSCLC patients was 36.2%–50.2%, significantly higher than that of other histological types.5,6 There were seven Phase III randomized clinical study reports during 2010–2014, which compared EGFR TKIs and chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. One thousand six hundred forty-nine patients with EGFR mutations enrolled, of which adenocarcinoma patients accounted for 95.9% and non-adenocarcinoma patients accounted for 4.1%.7 Current clinical studies of EGFR mutations mainly concentrated on lung adenocarcinoma, and the clinical pathology factors of EGFR mutations and the correlation with TKI treatment research of non-adenocarcinoma were both inadequate.
Efficacy evaluation of TKIs in EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinomas
In the present retrospective reports, non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC included squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous cell carcinoma, large-cell lung carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, pleomorphic carcinoma, and some other rare types. A meta-analysis in 2014 included 5,442 patients from 21 studies.8 The overall EGFR mutation rate was 37.5% (2,039/5,442). Patients with adenocarcinoma had a higher mutation rate than those with non-adenocarcinoma (50.2% vs 17.0%, P<0.001). A retrospective analysis in 2016 tested 597 non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients,9 and the EGFR mutation rate was 12.9%. Cho et al reported 1,255 patients with advanced NSCLC who accepted gefitinib at Samsung Medical Center between January 2007 and July 2010.10 A total of 77.7% (209/269) of adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR mutation achieved complete or partial response to EGFR TKIs, and the median progress free survival (mPFS) of them was 11.27 months, while the response rate of non-adenocarcinoma patients harboring EGFR mutation was 50% (6/12), and the mPFS of them was 3.67 months. The progression-free survival (PFS) between these two groups was significantly different (P<0.001). In non-adenocarcinoma, different histology types may accept different efficacy (Table 1).
Table 1.
Efficacy of TKIs in EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma
| Author | Total cases | TKIs | Response rate (%) | PFS (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shukuya et al16 | 20 (ASC =2, SCC =16, LCLC =1, pleomorphic carcinoma =1) | G | 35.0 | 3.1 |
| Cho et al10 | 12 (ASC =3, SCC =8, others =1) | G, E | 50.0 | 3.67 |
| Zeng et al17 | 6 (ASC =3, SCC =3) | G, E | 100.0 | 9.2 |
| Xu et al9 | 51 (ASC=15, SCC=26, LCLC=10) | G, E, I | 39.2 | SCC =3.98, ASC =8.08, LCLC =4.40 |
Abbreviations: ASC, adenosquamous cell carcinoma; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; E, erlotinib; G, gefitinib; I, icotinibwen; LCLC, large-cell lung carcinoma; PFS, progression-free survival; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
As we know, exon 19 deletion (del19) and an exon 21 L858R (L858R) mutation are the two most common EGRF mutations occurring in NSCLC. Liu et al reported a meta-analysis in 2016, according to which advanced NSCLC patients, who had a del19, may acquire higher overall response rate, PFS, and overall survival after using TKIs compared with the one who had an L858R mutation.11 However, up to now, there is no literature that has reported the difference between del19 and L858R after EGFR-TKIs treatment in non-adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients. Hence, in our review, we just discussed the EGRF mutation as an overall concept rather than separating it as del19 and L858R.
Efficacy evaluation of TKIs in EGFR-mutated squamous carcinomas
In four retrospective literature where the baseline data of patients were relatively intact, we could see that the mutation rate of squamous carcinoma was 4.31%–17.20% (Table 2). When testing a total of 1,084 squamous carcinoma patients using ARMS method, 104 of them had EGFR mutation, and the mutation rate was 9.59%.8 In squamous carcinomas, the frequency of EGFR mutation was also associated with gender and smoking history. Zhang et al reported that the EGFR mutation rate of squamous carcinoma was 12.3% in men and 28.6% in women (P=0.022).14 The EGFR mutation rate of squamous carcinoma was 26.2% in never-smokers and was 11.5% in smokers (P=0.049). The efficacy of TKIs in EGFR-mutated squamous carcinoma was not very good, the response rate was 26.7%–38.0%, and the mPFS was 3.1–3.98 months (Table 3). Xu et al tested EGFR mutation in 597 non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients,9 and the squamous carcinomas among them were 457. The number of patients harboring EGFR mutation was 47, and 26 patients among them accepted TKIs (including gefitinib, erlotinib, and icotinib); the response rate was 30.8% and the mPFS was 3.98 months. Fang et al treated 63 patients with squamous carcinoma using gefitinib or erlotinib.12 The number of patients harboring EGFR mutation was 15. The response rate of 15 patients was 26.7% and the mPFS was 3.9 months.
Table 2.
The mutation rate of lung squamous carcinoma
| Author | All patients screened for EGFR mutations | Patients with EGFR mutations | Proportion (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fang et al12 | 209 | 18 | 8.61 |
| Zhang et al14 | 163 | 28 | 17.2 |
| Xu et al9 | 457 | 47 | 10.28 |
| Wen et al13 | 255 | 11 | 4.31 |
Abbreviation: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.
Table 3.
Efficacy of TKIs in EGFR-mutated squamous carcinoma
| Author | Total cases | TKIs | Response rate (%) | PFS (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shukuya et al16 | 16 | G | 38.0 | 3.1 |
| Cho et al10 | 8 | G, E | 37.5 | 4.1 |
| Fang et al12 | 15 | G, E | 26.7 | 3.9 |
| Xu et al9 | 26 | G, E, I | 30.8 | 3.98 |
Abbreviations: E, erlotinib; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; G, gefitinib; I, cotinibwen; PFS, progression-free survival; TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Efficacy evaluation of TKIs in EGFR-mutated adenosquamous carcinomas
Most reports about EGFR-mutated adenosquamous carcinoma were from subgroup analysis of retrospective study, and the sample size was less. Wen et al tested postoperative fresh specimens of 694 NSCLC patients using ARMS method;13 68 among them were adenosquamous carcinoma, and 17 adenosquamous carcinoma patients had EGFR mutation and the mutation rate was 25%. Xu et al tested the EGFR status of 597 non-adenocarcinoma patients;9 43 among them were adenosquamous carcinoma, and 18 patients had EGFR mutation and the mutation rate was 41.86% (Table 4). Shukuya et al made a pooling analysis of the published literature in 2005–2009,16 including five prospective and 10 retrospective studies. Among 33 non-adenocarcinoma patients harboring EGFR mutation, only two patients had EGFR-mutated adenosquamous carcinoma and only one patient accepted response to TKIs, and the mPFS was 5.3 months. Cho et al treated three patients with EGFR-mutated adenosquamous carcinoma using gefitinib or erlotinib as second-line therapy,10 all of them accepted partial response, and the mPFS was 4.53, 8.23, and 13.53 months, respectively. Xu et al published a retrospective analysis in 2016;9 totally, 15 patients with EGFR-mutated adenosquamous carcinoma were reported, nine patients among them accepted partial response, and the response rate was 60% (9/15) and the mPFS was 8.08 months (Table 5).
Table 4.
The mutation rate of lung adenosquamous carcinoma
| Author | All patients screened for EGFR mutations | Patients with EGFR mutations | Proportion (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xu et al9 | 43 | 18 | 41.86 |
| Shukuya et al16 | 33 | 2 | 6.1 |
| Wen et al13 | 68 | 17 | 25 |
Abbreviation: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.
Table 5.
Efficacy of TKIs in EGFR-mutated adenosquamous carcinoma
| Author | Total cases | TKIs | Response rate (%) | mPFS (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shukuya et al16 | 2 | G | 50.0 | 5.3 |
| Cho et al10 | 3 | G, E | 100.0 | 8.23 |
| Xu et al9 | 15 | – | 60.0 | 8.08 |
Abbreviations: E, erlotinib; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; G, gefitinib; TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors; mPFS, median progress free survival.
Efficacy evaluation of TKIs in other non-adenocarcinoma types harboring EGFR mutation
Other non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC types included large-cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and so on, but the relevant reports were rare. Enewol and Thomas reported the actual state of EGFR test among 1,358 NSCLC patients in America,15 and the large-cell carcinoma accounted for only 1.3%. When testing the gene from postoperative fresh specimens of 694 NSCLC patients using ARMS method,13 large-cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma were only 56 cases (8.07%), and the EGFR mutation rate among them was 8.93%. Shukuya et al reported one large-cell carcinoma case, one pleomorphic carcinoma case, and one spindle cell carcinoma case;16 they both accepted the therapy of gefitinib, but none of them accepted the response. Xu et al reported the EGFR testing outcome of 597 non-adenocarcinoma patients,9 97 patients were large-cell carcinoma, 12 patients among them harbored EGFR mutation, and the mutation rate was 12.37%. Ten patients among them accepted the therapy of TKIs as first or second line, and only three patients accepted partial response; the response rate was 30% and mPFS was 4.4 months. Above all, the efficacy of TKIs in other non-adenocarcinoma types harboring EGFR mutation was not very good.
Conclusion
The above comparison and analysis illustrated that the EGFR mutation rate of non-adenocarcinoma was lower than that of adenocarcinoma. In non-adenocarcinoma, the efficacy of TIKs in adenosquamous carcinoma was better than that of large-cell carcinoma or sarcomatoid carcinoma. Now the present problems in current studies of EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma are mainly concentrated on the following: 1) the determination of pathological histology and EGFR testing standards. How to determine or exclude adenocarcinoma ingredients, which may be mixed in some non-adenocarcinoma types, especially when the tissue sample size decreased, which is hard to avoid in the clinical practice. 2) The sample of retrospective studies is generally small, and the EGFR testing method is not entirely consistent. 3) Lack of research evidence about the efficacy of TKIs to non-adenocarcinoma harboring different exons mutation. 4) Lack of efficacy analysis of chemotherapy in these patients. Although the study of EGFR mutation of adenocarcinoma NSCLC still exist some problems, but the existing research results that the incidence of EGFR mutations in non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC was not very low in a Chinese population. Thus, EGFR TKIs could be an option for the treatment of EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC. It is necessary to conduct a large sample prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of EGFR TKIs in EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC, so that we could get more supporting data on TKI treatment in non-adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR mutations.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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