Table 4.
Multivariable 1 comparisons of nutrient intakes in patients and their healthy controls, NutriNet-Santé Cohort, France, 2009–2016.
| Nutrients Intakes | Hypertension | Diabetes | Dyslipidemia | |||||||||||||||
| Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | |||||||||||||
| Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | RD | p 2 | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | RD | p 2 | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | RD | p 2 | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1985.2 | 5.49 | 1950.3 | 5.52 | −1.8 | <0.0001 | 1991.9 | 12.23 | 1939.4 | 12.48 | −2.7 | 0.0016 | 1993.2 | 5.76 | 1948.3 | 5.76 | −2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Proteins (g/day) | 80.3 | 0.18 | 84.3 | 0.18 | 4.8 | <0.0001 | 81.6 | 0.39 | 89.6 | 0.4 | 9.0 | <0.0001 | 80.5 | 0.19 | 83.8 | 0.19 | 4 | <0.0001 |
| Lipids (g/day) | 78.9 | 0.15 | 78.7 | 0.15 | −0.3 | 0.1986 | 80.2 | 0.32 | 83.4 | 0.33 | 3.8 | <0.0001 | 79.7 | 0.16 | 78.6 | 0.16 | −1.3 | <0.0001 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 31.7 | 0.09 | 31.8 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.4972 | 32.4 | 0.18 | 33.5 | 0.19 | 3.4 | <0.0001 | 32.1 | 0.09 | 31.1 | 0.09 | −3.1 | <0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 29.7 | 0.08 | 29.4 | 0.08 | −1.1 | 0.0025 | 30.1 | 0.17 | 31.1 | 0.17 | 3.4 | <0.0001 | 29.9 | 0.09 | 29.6 | 0.09 | −1 | 0.0081 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 11.6 | 0.05 | 11.5 | 0.05 | −0.8 | 0.1477 | 11.7 | 0.11 | 12.4 | 0.11 | 5.6 | <0.0001 | 11.6 | 0.05 | 11.9 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.0009 |
| Added fats (g/day) | 23.6 | 0.13 | 23.8 | 0.13 | 0.7 | 0.3399 | 24.0 | 0.28 | 25.7 | 0.29 | 6.6 | <0.0001 | 23.8 | 0.14 | 23.4 | 0.14 | −2 | 0.0099 |
| Added plant fats (g/day) | 15.2 | 0.12 | 15.4 | 0.12 | 1.2 | 0.2457 | 15.3 | 0.24 | 16.5 | 0.25 | 7.4 | 0.0002 | 15.3 | 0.12 | 16.0 | 0.12 | 4.2 | <0.0001 |
| Added animal fats (g/day) | 8.4 | 0.09 | 8.3 | 0.09 | −0.1 | 0.9366 | 8.7 | 0.19 | 9.2 | 0.19 | 5.2 | 0.0602 | 8.6 | 0.09 | 7.2 | 0.09 | −16.0 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 316.7 | 1.38 | 330.9 | 1.38 | 4.3 | <0.0001 | 325.4 | 2.97 | 347.8 | 3.02 | 6.5 | <0.0001 | 318.8 | 1.42 | 314.1 | 1.4 | −1.5 | 0.0131 |
| Total carbohydrates (g/day) | 193.1 | 0.41 | 188.5 | 0.41 | −2.4 | <0.0001 | 198.6 | 0.86 | 183.8 | 0.88 | −8.1 | <0.0001 | 194.7 | 0.44 | 192.5 | 0.44 | −1.1 | 0.0002 |
| Complex carbohydrates (g/day) | 89.1 | 0.31 | 83.7 | 0.31 | −6.5 | <0.0001 | 91.9 | 0.65 | 75.8 | 0.67 | −21.0 | <0.0001 | 89.9 | 0.33 | 85.8 | 0.33 | −4.8 | <0.0001 |
| Sugars (g/day) | 103.5 | 0.32 | 104.3 | 0.32 | 0.8 | 0.0608 | 106.2 | 0.69 | 107.4 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.1739 | 104.3 | 0.34 | 106.3 | 0.34 | 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Included added simple sugars (g/day) | 32.5 | 0.21 | 29.3 | 0.21 | −11.0 | <0.0001 | 33.7 | 0.45 | 21.9 | 0.45 | −54.0 | <0.0001 | 33.3 | 0.23 | 30.8 | 0.23 | −8 | <0.0001 |
| Fibre (g/day) | 21.0 | 0.08 | 20.0 | 0.07 | −4.7 | <0.0001 | 21.3 | 0.16 | 21.0 | 0.16 | −1.4 | 0.1635 | 20.9 | 0.08 | 20.5 | 0.08 | −2 | 0.0001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 11.0 | 0.16 | 11.6 | 0.16 | 5.6 | 0.0018 | 11.1 | 0.34 | 10.9 | 0.35 | −2.0 | 0.6369 | 10.8 | 0.16 | 11.4 | 0.16 | 5.9 | 0.0015 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 912.6 | 3.02 | 919.7 | 3.02 | 0.8 | 0.0742 | 934.9 | 6.52 | 970.6 | 6.63 | 3.7 | 0.0001 | 917.0 | 3.14 | 919.5 | 3.11 | 0.3 | 0.5464 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 3106.0 | 7.86 | 3107.3 | 7.84 | 0.0 | 0.8962 | 3154.6 | 17.05 | 3251.9 | 17.33 | 3.0 | <0.0001 | 3105.1 | 8.16 | 3134.4 | 8.1 | 0.9 | 0.0064 |
| B-carotène (ug/day) | 3693.0 | 28.8 | 3558.1 | 28.8 | −3.8 | 0.0004 | 3750.5 | 63.17 | 3790.5 | 64.21 | 1.1 | 0.6387 | 3687.4 | 30.6 | 3605.3 | 30.37 | −2.3 | 0.0416 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg/day) | 5.8 | 0.06 | 6.2 | 0.06 | 5.8 | <0.0001 | 6.1 | 0.13 | 6.3 | 0.13 | 4.4 | 0.1121 | 5.8 | 0.06 | 6.1 | 0.06 | 4.3 | 0.0016 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 117.2 | 0.75 | 113.7 | 0.75 | −3.0 | 0.0005 | 118.5 | 1.5 | 113.5 | 1.53 | −4.4 | 0.0136 | 116.6 | 0.78 | 113.9 | 0.77 | −2.4 | 0.0078 |
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | 2.9 | 0.03 | 2.9 | 0.03 | 1.4 | 0.1791 | 2.9 | 0.05 | 3.0 | 0.05 | 2.7 | 0.2562 | 2.9 | 0.03 | 2.9 | 0.03 | 2.7 | 0.0173 |
| Salt (g/day) | 8.8 | 0.03 | 9.2 | 0.03 | 4.3 | <0.0001 | 8.9 | 0.06 | 9.9 | 0.06 | 10.0 | <0.0001 | 8.8 | 0.03 | 9.1 | 0.03 | 3.5 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2764.4 | 8.41 | 2888.9 | 8.4 | 4.3 | <0.0001 | 2813.6 | 18.64 | 3127.1 | 18.95 | 10.0 | <0.0001 | 2775.9 | 8.74 | 2876.8 | 8.68 | 3.5 | <0.0001 |
| Nutrients Intakes | CVD | Cardiometabolic Disorders | ||||||||||||||||
| Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | |||||||||||||||
| Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | RD | p 2 | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | RD | p 2 | |||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1985.9 | 15.46 | 1871.1 | 15.55 | −6.1 | <0.0001 | 1989.1 | 4.24 | 1954.0 | 4.25 | −1.8 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Proteins (g/day) | 82.3 | 0.48 | 84.5 | 0.48 | 2.7 | 0.0005 | 80.2 | 0.14 | 83.5 | 0.14 | 3.9 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Lipids (g/day) | 80.5 | 0.41 | 79.9 | 0.41 | −0.8 | 0.2813 | 78.6 | 0.12 | 78.4 | 0.12 | −0.2 | 0.2390 | ||||||
| Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 32.6 | 0.24 | 32.0 | 0.24 | −1.8 | 0.0791 | 31.6 | 0.07 | 31.4 | 0.07 | −0.8 | 0.0042 | ||||||
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 30.1 | 0.21 | 29.9 | 0.22 | −0.7 | 0.4625 | 29.5 | 0.06 | 29.4 | 0.06 | −0.4 | 0.1725 | ||||||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 11.7 | 0.13 | 12.0 | 0.14 | 2 | 0.1966 | 11.5 | 0.04 | 11.6 | 0.04 | 1.1 | 0.0125 | ||||||
| Added fats (g/day) | 24.2 | 0.36 | 24.3 | 0.36 | 0.7 | 0.7516 | 23.3 | 0.1 | 23.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5206 | ||||||
| Added plant fats (g/day) | 15.2 | 0.31 | 16.1 | 0.31 | 5.9 | 0.0254 | 15.0 | 0.09 | 15.5 | 0.09 | 3.5 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Added animal fats (g/day) | 9.0 | 0.23 | 8.2 | 0.24 | −9.6 | 0.0137 | 8.3 | 0.07 | 7.9 | 0.07 | −5.9 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 325.9 | 3.75 | 323.1 | 3.77 | −0.9 | 0.5845 | 315.1 | 1.06 | 321.1 | 1.06 | 1.9 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Total carbohydrates (g/day) | 198.3 | 1.11 | 196.7 | 1.11 | −0.8 | 0.2904 | 193.5 | 0.32 | 189.9 | 0.32 | −1.9 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Complex carbohydrates (g/day) | 91.5 | 0.85 | 86.5 | 0.86 | −5.7 | <0.0001 | 89.0 | 0.24 | 84.5 | 0.24 | −5.3 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Sugars (g/day) | 106.3 | 0.9 | 109.6 | 0.91 | 3.0 | 0.0071 | 104.0 | 0.25 | 104.9 | 0.25 | 0.8 | 0.0090 | ||||||
| Included added simple sugars (g/day) | 33.5 | 0.59 | 31.3 | 0.59 | −7.0 | 0.0067 | 32.8 | 0.17 | 30.1 | 0.17 | −9.2 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Fibre (g/day) | 21.4 | 0.21 | 21.0 | 0.21 | −1.8 | 0.1925 | 20.8 | 0.06 | 20.2 | 0.06 | −3.1 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Alcohol (g/day) | 10.8 | 0.41 | 11.3 | 0.41 | 3.8 | 0.4548 | 10.7 | 0.12 | 11.1 | 0.12 | 4.1 | 0.0043 | ||||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 936.7 | 8.06 | 934.4 | 8.1 | −0.2 | 0.8376 | 912.8 | 2.33 | 916.6 | 2.33 | 0.4 | 0.2112 | ||||||
| Potassium (mg/day) | 3156.5 | 21.11 | 3148.6 | 21.23 | −0.3 | 0.7855 | 3085.2 | 6.04 | 3103.2 | 6.02 | 0.6 | 0.0222 | ||||||
| B-carotène (ug/day) | 3690.8 | 77.72 | 3540.3 | 78.16 | −4.3 | 0.1581 | 3680.8 | 22.53 | 3560.4 | 22.5 | −3.4 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Vitamin B12 (mg/day) | 6.0 | 0.17 | 6.0 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 0.9440 | 5.8 | 0.05 | 6.0 | 0.05 | 4.3 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 118.2 | 1.99 | 113.5 | 2.01 | −4.2 | 0.0847 | 115.8 | 0.58 | 113.1 | 0.58 | −2.4 | 0.0004 | ||||||
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | 3.0 | 0.07 | 3.0 | 0.07 | 0.7 | 0.8101 | 2.8 | 0.02 | 2.9 | 0.02 | 2.1 | 0.0071 | ||||||
| Salt (g/day) | 9.0 | 0.07 | 9.4 | 0.07 | 4.6 | <0.0001 | 8.8 | 0.02 | 9.1 | 0.02 | 3.6 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2824.3 | 22.91 | 2960.1 | 23.04 | 4.6 | <0.0001 | 2758.8 | 6.4 | 2863.2 | 6.38 | 3.6 | <0.0001 | ||||||
1 Models were adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, number of dietary records and season of dietary assessment (spring/summer or autumn/winter). 2 p values are from the comparison between cases and controls using multivariable mixed linear regressions (taking into account the matching). Bold p-values are < 0.01 with a relative difference above 5%. RD: Relative difference in intakes between cases and controls. A positive relative difference shows higher intake of nutrients in cases and a negative relative difference shows lower intakes in controls. SEM: Standard error of the mean, CVD: Cardiovascular diseases.