Abstract
Objective
To validate the comprehensive features of adverse outcomes after surgery for patients with myasthenia gravis.
Methods
Using reimbursement claims from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, we analyzed 2290 patients who received major surgery between 2004 and 2010 and were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis preoperatively. Surgical patients without myasthenia gravis (n = 22,900) were randomly selected by matching procedure with propensity score for comparison. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of postoperative adverse events associated with preoperative myasthenia gravis were calculated under the multiple logistic regressions.
Results
Compared with surgical patients without myasthenia gravis, surgical patients with myasthenia gravis had higher risks of postoperative pneumonia (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.65–2.65), septicemia (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05–1.64), postoperative bleeding (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.07–2.72), and overall complications (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.44–2.00). The ORs of postoperative adverse events for patients with myasthenia gravis who had symptomatic therapy, chronic immunotherapy, and short-term immunotherapy were 1.76 (95% CI 1.50–2.08), 1.70 (95% CI 1.36–2.11), and 4.36 (95% CI 2.11–9.04), respectively.
Conclusions
Patients with myasthenia gravis had increased risks of postoperative adverse events, particularly those experiencing emergency care, hospitalization, and thymectomy for care of myasthenia gravis. Our findings suggest the urgency of revising protocols for perioperative care for these populations.
Introduction
Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder, mainly presents as diplopia, ptosis, fluctuating muscle weakness, and even respiratory failure [1]. Global estimates note its incidence and prevalence between 1950 and 2007 were about 5 and 77.7 per 100,000 persons, and mortality was 0.1–0.9 per 100,000 persons [2]. Annual medical costs for myasthenia gravis in the United States were found to be as high as $15,675 per patient [3]. Mental disorders, limited physical activity, and poor quality of life are significant problems for this socially vulnerable population [4,5]. Thymectomy was considered as an invasive but definite treatment procedure for patients with myasthenia gravis [6–11]. With the increasing incidence of myasthenia gravis in elderly people due to longer life expectancy and improved diagnostic methods, myasthenia gravis patients may be receiving increasing numbers of surgeries other than thymectomy [12].
Previous studies found that patients with myasthenia gravis were more likely to have perioperative complications such as exacerbated muscle weakness, residual muscle paralysis, and cholinergic and myasthenia crises [7–13]. However, these studies were limited to single medical institutes [7–11], or focused on a specific surgical procedure [7–11], lacked a control group [8–10], had a small sample size [7,8] or inadequate adjustment for potential confounding effects [8–10]. Most available information from previous studies are focused on long-term prognosis of thymectomy or different thymectomy technique comparisons [9–11], while general features in this population undergoing regular surgical procedures were ignored [7–11].
Using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, we conducted a population-based study to investigate adverse events after major surgeries in patients with myasthenia gravis compared with the general population.
Methods
Data sources
Research data were obtained from reimbursement claims of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Program, which was implemented in March 1995 and covers more than 99% of the 22.6 million Taiwan residents. The National Health Research Institutes established the database to record all beneficiaries’ medical services for public research interest, including inpatient and outpatient demographics, primary and secondary diagnoses, procedures, prescriptions, and medical expenditures. The validity of this database has been favorably evaluated, and research articles based on it have been accepted in prominent scientific journals worldwide [14–17].
Ethical approval
Insurance reimbursement claims from the National Health Insurance Research Database are available for public access. To protect personal privacy, the electronic database with patient identifications was decoded and scrambled for further research access. Informed consent was not required because of this privacy protection. However, this study was evaluated and approved by the institutional review board of Taipei Medical University (TMU-JIRB-201505055; TMU-JIRB-201404070) [14–17].
Study design
We examined medical claims and identified 2290 patients aged ≥ 20 years with preoperative myasthenia gravis from 3,177,239 patients who underwent major inpatient major surgeries between 2004 and 2010 in Taiwan. These surgeries required general, epidural, or spinal anesthesia, and hospitalization for more than one day. To identify patients with myasthenia gravis strictly, we required at least two visits for medical services with a principal diagnosis of myasthenia gravis within the 24-month preoperative period. We matched each surgical patient with myasthenia gravis with 10 randomly selected surgical patients without myasthenia gravis by sex, age, operation in a teaching hospital or not, low-income status, mental disorders, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyperlipidemia, liver cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, renal dialysis, and types of surgery and anesthesia, and conducted the analysis with propensity score matching procedure.
Measures and definition
We identified income status by defining low-income patients as those qualifying for waived medical co-payment, because this status is verified by the Bureau of National Health Insurance. Also recorded were whether the surgery was performed in a teaching hospital and the types of surgery and anesthesia. We used the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) to define preoperative coexisting medical conditions and postoperative complications. Preoperative myasthenia gravis (ICD-9-CM 358.0) was defined as the major exposure. Coexisting medical conditions were determined from medical claims for the 24-month preoperative period. These included mental disorders (ICD-9-CM 290–319), hypertension (ICD-9-CM 401–405), diabetes, (ICD-9-CM 250), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-9-CM 490–496), hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM 272.0, 272.1, and 272.2), liver cirrhosis (ICD-9-CM 571), and renal dialysis (administration code D8, D9).
In-hospital 30-day mortality after the index surgery was considered the study’s primary outcome. Eight major surgical postoperative complications were analyzed as secondary outcomes after the index surgery, including pneumonia (ICD-9-CM 480–486), septicemia (ICD-9-CM 038 and 998.5), stroke (ICD-9-CM 430–438), postoperative bleeding (ICD-9-CM 998.0, 998.1 and 998.2), deep wound infection (ICD-9-CM 958.3), acute myocardial infarction (ICD-9-CM 410), pulmonary embolism (ICD-9-CM 415), and acute renal failure (ICD-9-CM 584). Prolonged hospital stay, intensive care unit stay, and in-hospital medical expenditures (including claims for prescriptions/medications, physician fees, ward fees, laboratory examinations, radiologic images, medical treatments. surgical procedures, and postoperative care) were also considered secondary outcomes. These outcomes were compared between patients with and without preoperative myasthenia gravis. Postoperative length of stay was categorized into quartiles, with prolonged stay defined as the highest quartile. Postoperative medical expenditure also was similarly categorized into quartiles. Types of treatment for patients with myasthenia gravis were also considered including symptomatic therapy, chronic immunotherapy, and short-term immunotherapy (such as plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin).
Statistical analysis
We developed a non-parsimonious multivariable logistic regression model to estimate a propensity score for preoperative myasthenia gravis, irrespective of outcome. Clinical significance guided the initial choice of covariates in this model: sex, age, types of surgery and anesthesia, operation in teaching hospital or not, low-income status, mental disorders, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyperlipidemia, liver cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and renal dialysis. We used a structured iterative approach to refine this model with the goal of achieving covariate balance within the matched pairs. The chi-square tests were used to measure covariate balance and P < 0.05 was suggested to represent meaningful covariate imbalance. We matched patients with myasthenia gravis to patients without myasthenia gravis using a greedy-matching algorithm with a calliper width of 0.2 standard deviation of the log odds of the estimated propensity score. This method has been estimated to remove 98% of the bias from measured covariates [18,19].
Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for 30-day postoperative complications and mortality between patients with and without myasthenia gravis were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression. We controlled for sex, age, low-income status, operation in a teaching hospital or not, preoperative coexisting medical conditions, and types of surgery and anesthesia. Multivariate logistic regressions were also used to assess the impact of preoperative myasthenia gravis-related emergency care and hospitalization on 30-day postoperative pneumonia, intensive care unit or prolonged stay, and increased medical expenditure. SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) statistical software was used; two-sided P < 0.05 indicated significant differences between groups.
Results
After matching procedure by propensity score (Table 1), the baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between surgical patients with and without myasthenia gravis in terms of age, sex, low income, operation in teaching hospital or not, type of surgery or of anesthesia, or preoperative coexisting mental disorders, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, hyperlipidemia, liver cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and renal dialysis.
Table 1. Characteristics of surgical patients with and without myasthenia gravis.
| No MG (N = 22900) | MG (N = 2290) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | P | |
| Sex | 0.7208 | ||||
| Female | 14247 | (62.2) | 1416 | (61.8) | |
| Male | 8653 | (37.8) | 874 | (38.2) | |
| Age, years | 0.9894 | ||||
| 20–29 | 2435 | (10.6) | 248 | (10.8) | |
| 30–39 | 3370 | (14.7) | 339 | (14.8) | |
| 40–49 | 4882 | (21.3) | 493 | (21.5) | |
| 50–59 | 4811 | (21.0) | 485 | (21.2) | |
| 60–69 | 3400 | (14.9) | 328 | (14.3) | |
| ≥70 | 4002 | (17.5) | 397 | (17.3) | |
| Operation in teaching hospital | 21539 | (94.1) | 2157 | (94.2) | 0.7937 |
| Low income | 575 | (2.5) | 65 | (2.8) | 0.3423 |
| Coexisting medical conditions | |||||
| Mental disorders | 4890 | (21.4) | 497 | (21.7) | 0.6975 |
| Hypertension | 4950 | (21.6) | 493 | (21.5) | 0.9229 |
| Diabetes | 2559 | (11.2) | 251 | (11.0) | 0.7565 |
| COPD | 2509 | (11.0) | 252 | (11.0) | 0.9441 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1287 | (5.6) | 139 | (6.1) | 0.3745 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 371 | (1.6) | 41 | (1.8) | 0.5401 |
| Congestive heart failure | 334 | (1.5) | 34 | (1.5) | 0.9206 |
| Renal dialysis | 96 | (0.4) | 13 | (0.6) | 0.3020 |
| Type of surgery | 0.9996 | ||||
| Skin | 429 | (1.9) | 43 | (1.9) | |
| Breast | 435 | (1.9) | 45 | (2.0) | |
| Musculoskeletal | 3666 | (16.0) | 362 | (15.8) | |
| Respiratory | 3596 | (15.7) | 363 | (15.9) | |
| Cardiovascular | 1432 | (6.3) | 144 | (6.3) | |
| Digestive | 3063 | (13.4) | 308 | (13.5) | |
| Kidney, ureter, bladder | 1377 | (6.0) | 132 | (5.8) | |
| Delivery, CS, abortion | 1186 | (5.2) | 123 | (5.4) | |
| Neurosurgery | 1820 | (8.0) | 179 | (7.8) | |
| Eye | 502 | (2.2) | 56 | (2.5) | |
| Other | 5394 | (23.6) | 535 | (23.4) | |
| Type of anesthesia | 0.7590 | ||||
| General | 17595 | (76.8) | 1753 | (76.6) | |
| Epidural or spinal | 5305 | (23.2) | 537 | (23.4) | |
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MG = myasthenia gravis.
Compared with non-myasthenia gravis surgical patients (Table 2), patients with myasthenia gravis showed higher risks of postoperative complications, including pneumonia (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.65–2.65), septicemia (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05–1.64), postoperative bleeding (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.07–2.72), and overall complications (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.44–2.00). Postoperative stay in intensive care unit (OR = 5.86; 95% CI: 5.23–6.57), prolonged stay, and increased medical expenditure were all significantly associated with preoperative myasthenia gravis.
Table 2. Risk of postoperative adverse events in association with myasthenia gravis in the multiple logistic regression models.
| No MG, % | MG, % | OR | (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative complications | ||||
| Pneumonia | 2.1 | 4.1 | 2.09 | (1.65–2.65) |
| Postoperative bleeding | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.71 | (1.07–2.72) |
| Septicemia | 3.2 | 4.0 | 1.31 | (1.05–1.64) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.18 | (0.36–3.91) |
| Urinary tract infection | 3.5 | 3.5 | 1.02 | (0.80–1.30) |
| Stroke | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.80 | (0.58–1.11) |
| Deep wound infection | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.73 | (0.32–1.67) |
| Acute renal failure | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.58 | (0.32–1.05) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.35 | (0.11–1.12) |
| Any adverse eventsc | 5.3 | 8.3 | 1.70 | (1.44–2.00) |
| 30-day in-hospital mortality | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.60 | (0.29–1.24) |
| Intensive care unit stay | 13.8 | 36.3 | 5.86 | (5.23–6.57) |
| Length of hospital stay, daysb | 9.1±13.6 | 13.3±16.2 | p<0.0001 | |
| Medical expenditure, US$b | 2060±3922 | 3338±5529 | p<0.0001 | |
CI = confidence interval; ICU = intensive care unit; MG = myasthenia gravis; OR = odds ratio.
aAdjusted for all covariates listed in Table 1.
bMean±SD
cAdverse events include with pneumonia, septicemia, postoperative bleeding.
Table 3 shows that the specific associations between myasthenia gravis and postoperative adverse events were significant in males (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.18–1.97), females (OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.50–2.31), and every age group. These included 20–39 years (OR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.48–3.25), 40–49 years (OR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.29–2.97), 50–59 years (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.47–2.92), and ≥60 years (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.06–1.74). Myasthenia gravis was also associated with postoperative adverse events in people with no medical conditions (OR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.67–2.78), 1 (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.03–1.85) or more than two (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.13–2.16). Compared with surgical patients without myasthenia gravis (Table 4), those with significant increased risk of postoperative adverse events included those with preoperative emergency care visits (OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.99–4.21), hospitalization (OR = 2.79; 95% CI: 2.20–3.52), thymectomy (OR = 3.71; 95% CI: 1.23–11.2), and high medical expenditure (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 2.08–3.67). The highest risk of postoperative adverse events was found in low-income patients with myasthenia gravis (OR = 5.98; 95% CI: 3.12–11.5). Compared with patients without myasthenia gravis, the ORs of postoperative adverse events for patients with myasthenia gravis who had symptomatic therapy, chronic immunotherapy, and short-term immunotherapy were 1.76 (95% CI 1.50–2.08), 1.70 (95% CI 1.36–2.11), and 4.36 (95% CI 2.11–9.04), respectively.
Table 3. Stratification analysis of postoperative adverse events between myasthenia gravis patients and control by age, sex, and coexisting medical conditions.
| Postoperative adverse eventsa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Events | Incidence, % | OR | (95% CI)b | ||
| Female | No MG | 14247 | 654 | 4.6 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 1416 | 111 | 7.8 | 1.86 | (1.50–2.31) | |
| Male | No MG | 8653 | 561 | 6.5 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 874 | 79 | 9.0 | 1.53 | (1.18–1.97) | |
| 20–39 years | No MG | 5805 | 154 | 2.7 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 587 | 33 | 5.6 | 2.19 | (1.48–3.25) | |
| 40–49 years | No MG | 4882 | 155 | 3.2 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 493 | 29 | 5.9 | 1.95 | (1.29–2.97) | |
| 50–59 years | No MG | 4811 | 227 | 4.7 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 485 | 44 | 9.1 | 2.07 | (1.47–2.92) | |
| ≥60 years | No MG | 7402 | 679 | 9.2 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 725 | 84 | 11.6 | 1.36 | (1.06–1.74) | |
| 0 medical conditions | No MG | 11426 | 403 | 3.5 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 1143 | 80 | 7.0 | 2.15 | (1.67–2.78) | |
| 1 medical conditions | No MG | 7285 | 455 | 6.3 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 721 | 59 | 8.2 | 1.38 | (1.03–1.85) | |
| ≥2 medical conditions | No MG | 4189 | 357 | 8.5 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG | 426 | 51 | 12.0 | 1.56 | (1.13–2.16) | |
CI = confidence interval; MG = myasthenia gravis; OR = odds ratio.
aPostoperative adverse events included with pneumonia, septicemia, postoperative bleeding.
bAdjusted for all covariates listed in Table 1.
Table 4. Risks of postoperative adverse events associated with preoperative characteristics of myasthenia gravis.
| Postoperative adverse eventsa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative characteristics | n | Events | Incidence, % | OR | (95% CI)b |
| No MG | 22900 | 1215 | 5.3 | 1.00 | (reference) |
| MG with symptomatic therapy | 1658 | 141 | 8.5 | 1.76 | (1.50–2.08) |
| MG with chronic immunotherapy | 1333 | 117 | 8.8 | 1.70 | (1.36–2.11) |
| MG with short-term immunotherapy | 77 | 16 | 20.8 | 4.36 | (2.11–9.04) |
| Emergency care for MG | |||||
| MG without emergency | 2042 | 153 | 7.5 | 1.55 | (1.29–1.85) |
| MG with emergency | 248 | 37 | 14.9 | 2.89 | (1.99–4.21) |
| Hospitalization for MG | |||||
| MG without hospitalization | 1561 | 94 | 6.0 | 1.21 | (0.97–1.51) |
| MG with hospitalization | 729 | 96 | 13.2 | 2.79 | (2.20–3.52) |
| Thymectomy | |||||
| MG without thymectomy | 2259 | 186 | 8.2 | 1.68 | (1.42–1.98) |
| MG with thymectomy | 31 | 4 | 12.9 | 3.71 | (1.23–11.2) |
| Low income | |||||
| MG without low income | 2225 | 177 | 8.0 | 1.61 | (1.36–1.91) |
| MG with low income | 65 | 13 | 20.0 | 5.98 | (3.12–11.5) |
| Medical expenditure of MGc | |||||
| Low | 856 | 54 | 6.3 | 1.24 | (0.93–1.66) |
| Moderate | 956 | 71 | 7.4 | 1.58 | (1.22–2.04) |
| High | 478 | 65 | 13.6 | 2.77 | (2.08–3.67) |
CI = confidence interval; MG = myasthenia gravis; OR = odds ratio.
aAdverse events include pneumonia, septicemia, postoperative bleeding.
bAdjusted for all covariates listed in Table 1.
cDollars/days
Discussion
This nationwide retrospective population-based study shows myasthenia gravis as an independent risk factor increasing postoperative adverse outcomes after major surgery. Risks of pneumonia, septicemia, postoperative bleeding, and intensive care unit admission were found higher in those with myasthenia gravis, although 30-day in-hospital mortality did not increase. Prolonged length of stay and increased medical expenditure after surgery were also noted in patients with myasthenia gravis. Women, patients under age 60, and those without other medical conditions had higher incidences of postoperative adverse events. We also provided some parameters which could be easily obtained from personal history that could be helpful in predicting risks of postoperative adverse events. Unlike other investigations [7–11], this study is unique in its large sample size, selection of control group by matching procedure with propensity score and multivariate adjustment for potential confounding factors.
As with other systemic autoimmune diseases, myasthenia gravis often appears with other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiomyositis, subclinical heart dysfunction, and cancer [20,21,22]. Although these comorbidities increase the complexity of medical treatment, advances in medical science have reduced mortality from myasthenia gravis [20,23].
Some previous studies suggested that surgical patients’ postoperative adverse events could be influenced by age, sex, low income, hospital type, types of surgery and of anesthesia, and coexisting medical conditions (mental disorders, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and renal dialysis) [14–17]. These sociodemographics, coexisting medical conditions, and operational characteristics were considered as potential confounding factors when investigating associations between myasthenia gravis and postoperative adverse events. In order to reduce such confounding effects, we used propensity score-matching procedure to adjust the preoperative difference between patients with and without myasthenia gravis. The further multiple logistic regressions were used to adjust residual confounding bias. The increased risk of postoperative adverse events in patients with myasthenia gravis was significant in males, females, every age group, and people with and without medical conditions. From an epidemiological viewpoint, this strengthens the association between myasthenia gravis and postoperative adverse events.
The findings of increased postoperative pneumonia, bleeding, and infection in patients with myasthenia gravis may have several possible reasons. First, the pharmacologic effects of immunosuppressant medications such as steroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil put myasthenia gravis patients into immunocompromised status so they suffer from more opportunistic infections [24]. Steroids have been linked to increased reintervention rates for post-tonsillectomy bleeding [25]. Azathioprine and cyclophosphamide may also play a role in bleeding episodes due to myelotoxicity [26,27]. Second, empirical delay in extubation after surgery may cause unavoidable atelectasis [28,29], delay ambulation, and prolong intensive care unit stay, which might increase the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and embolism [30]. Third, the systemic inflammatory course of myasthenia gravis with other autoimmune comorbidities might directly contribute to systemic adverse events [21,22]. Fourth, poor communication between intubated patients and staff as well as mental illness-related communication issues might slow detection of adverse events.
Age and gender impacts on myasthenia gravis mortality have been controversial [22,23,31,32]. In our study, we found the incidence of postoperative complications lower in male and elderly patients than in females and other age groups. Similarly, a 2015 nationwide population-based study in Denmark enrolled 702 AChR-Ab-seropositive myasthenia gravis patients and found myasthenia gravis mortality rates were higher in women and early-onset myasthenia gravis, perhaps due to increased frequency of combined autoimmune disorders and thymoma in these patients [22,31,32]. Although mortality and postoperative complications differ, these groups of patients could be followed with greater care after surgery. Interestingly, the incidence of postoperative adverse events was higher in patients without medical conditions than in the other two groups. This could be because fewer comorbidities in early-onset myasthenia gravis patients still yield higher mortality [31], or other coexisting medical conditions’ impacts being eliminated by propensity score-matching procedure.
Another striking finding of our study is that myasthenia gravis patients had positive correlation with postoperative adverse events after most coexisting medical conditions were adjusted in the areas of low income, preoperative emergency care visit, hospitalization, and thymectomy. The myasthenia crisis could be provoked by other systemic issues that require emergency medical assistance [33]. Although patients with MG have a greater morbidity then general population, thymectomy was found to be a safe procedure [7]. As the condition worsens toward acute exacerbation, a treatment course with immunoglobulin G or plasmaphoresis and other intensive supportive care usually takes 2 to 5 days in hospital [32]. Based on this sequence, the severity of patient disease could be deduced from patient receiving emergency care or being hospitalized. Two recent studies found that unstable myasthenia gravis before surgery, preoperative plasmapheresis, and patients with a history of myasthenic crisis have increased incidence of myasthenic crisis after surgery [34,35]. Patients with these histories might be considered more vulnerable, and this might explain the significant increase in postoperative adverse events. Thymoma has been found in 10–15% of myasthenia gravis patients, mostly in early-onset and generalized forms of the disease [36,37]. Thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis has been associated with haematological autoimmune disorder, severe cardiomyositis, heart conduction abnormalities, and cancers [32]; it should be considered a paraneoplastic disease whose complex comorbidity interactions can contribute to postoperative adverse effects.
Our study has several limitations, starting with the lack of detailed patient lifestyle information (smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity) as well as lack of physical, medical, and laboratory examinations in the retrospective medical claims data we used. Second, we used ICD-9-CM codes claimed by physicians for myasthenia gravis without clarifying the severity of disease. Future researchers can use means such as Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinical Classification to assure comparability of investigations [38]. The influence of disease severity on postoperative complications can be only evaluated by indirect parameters such as history of emergency care and hospital admission. In addition, the coexisting medical conditions and postoperative complications identified using insurance claims data might represent an underestimate, because some patients with very minor illness might not seek medical treatment. However, this condition may distribute equally between surgical patients with and without myasthenia gravis. Finally, although we used propensity score matching procedure and multivariate logistic regressions to eliminate bias from confounders, residual confounding is always possible.
Conclusion
Our study found increased postoperative pneumonia, septicemia, bleeding, stay in intensive care unit, prolonged stay, and increased medical expenditure for patients with myasthenia gravis receiving major surgery compared with control. In particular, postoperative adverse events significantly increased in myasthenia gravis patients with preoperative history of hospitalization, emergency visit, thymectomy, low income and high medical expenditure. These findings have important clinical implications, both for their predictive value and for showing the urgent need to improve management of surgical patients with myasthenia gravis.
We suggest comprehensive perioperative assessment and greater understanding of the complex issues of care for patients with myasthenia gravis who undergo major surgery.
Acknowledgments
This study is based on data provided by the Bureau of National Health Insurance of Taiwan’s Ministry of Health and Welfare and managed by the National Health Research Institutes. The authors’ interpretations and conclusions do not represent those of the Bureau of National Health Insurance, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, or the National Health Research Institutes.
Abbreviations
- CI
confidence interval
- ICD-9-CM
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
- OR
odds ratio
Data Availability
The data underlying this study are owned by and from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Interested researchers can obtain the data through formal application to the National Health Research Institute (NHRI), Taiwan (Email address: nhird@nhri.org.tw).
Funding Statement
This research was supported in part by Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University (104TMU-SHH-23), Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST105-2629-B-038-001; MOST105-2314-B-038-025; MOST104-2314-B-038-027-MY2; NSC102-2314-B-038-021-MY3), and Taiwan's Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW106-TDUB-212-113004).
References
- 1.Spillane J, Higham E, Kullmann DM. Myasthenia gravis. BMJ. 2012;345: e8497 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8497 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Carr AS, Cardwell CR, McCarron PO, McConville J. A systematic review of population-based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol. 2010;10: 46 doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-46 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Guptill JT, Sharma BK, Marano A, Soucy A, Krueger A, Sanders DB. Estimated cost of treating myasthenia gravis in an insured U.S. population. Muscle Nerve. 2012;45: 363–366. doi: 10.1002/mus.22327 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Kulaksizoglu IB. Mood and anxiety disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2007;21: 473–481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Erro ME, Ayuso T, Jericó I. Myasthenia gravis: sleep quality, quality of life, and disease severity. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46: 174–180. doi: 10.1002/mus.23296 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Harvey AM, Lilienthal JL, Talbot SA. Observations on the nature of myasthenia gravis: the effect of thymectomy on neuro-muscular transmission. J Clin Invest. 1942;21: 579–588. doi: 10.1172/JCI101336 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Alshaikh JT, Amdur R, Sidawy A, Trachiotis G, Kaminski HJ. Thymectomy is safe for myasthenia gravis patients: Analysis of the NSQIP database. Muscle Nerve. 2016;53: 370–374. doi: 10.1002/mus.24904 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Cheng C, Liu Z, Xu F, Deng Z, Feng H, Lei Y, et al. Clinical outcome of juvenile myasthenia gravis after extended transsternal thymectomy in a Chinese cohort. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95: 1035–1041. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.11.074 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Marulli G, Schiavon M, Perissinotto E, Bugana A, Di Chiara F, Rebusso A, et al. Surgical and neurologic outcomes after robotic thymectomy in 100 consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145: 730–735. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.12.031 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Tomulescu V, Sgarbura O, Stanescu C, Valciu C, Campeanu A, Herlea V, et al. Ten-year results of thoracoscopic unilateral extended thymectomy performed in nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. Ann Surg. 2011;254: 761–765. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31823686f6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Keijzers M, de Baets M, Hochstenbag M, Abdul-Hamid M, Zur Hausen A, van der Linden M, et al. Robotic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis: neurological and surgical outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48: 40–45. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu352 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Pakzad Z, Aziz T, Oger J. Increasing incidence of myasthenia gravis among elderly in British Columbia, Canada. Neurology. 2011;76: 1526–1528. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318217e735 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Buzello W, Noeldge G, Krieg N, Brobmann GF. Vecuronium for muscle relaxation in patients with myasthenia gravis. Anesthesiology. 1986;64: 507–509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Yeh CC, Liao CC, Chang YC, Jeng LB, Yang HR, Shih CC, et al. Adverse outcomes after noncardiac surgery in patients with diabetes: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36: 3216–3221. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0770 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Liao CC, Shen WW, Chang CC, Chang H, Chen TL. Surgical adverse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based study. Ann Surg. 2013;257: 433–438. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31827b9b25 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Ke CC, Lin CS, Yeh CC, Chung CL, Hung CJ, Liao CC, et al. Adverse outcomes after non-chest surgeries in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a nationwide study. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0133064 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133064 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Chou CL, Lee WR, Yeh CC, Shih CC, Chen TL, Liao CC. Adverse outcomes after major surgery in patients with pressure ulcer: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0127731 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127731 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. Am Stat. 1985;39: 33–38. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-high-risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2008;372: 562–569. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61121-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Andersen JB, Owe JF, Engeland A, Gilhus NE. Total drug treatment and comorbidity in myasthenia gravis: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21: 948–955. doi: 10.1111/ene.12439 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Gilhus NE, Nacu A, Andersen JB, Owe JF. Myasthenia gravis and risks for comorbidity. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22: 17–23. doi: 10.1111/ene.12599 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Fang F, Sveinsson O, Thormar G, Granqvist M, Askling J, Lundberg IE, et al. The autoimmune spectrum of myasthenia gravis: a Swedish population-based study. J Intern Med. 2015;277: 594–604. doi: 10.1111/joim.12310 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Alshekhlee A, Miles JD, Katirji B, Preston DC, Kaminski HJ. Incidence and mortality rates of myasthenia gravis and myasthenic crisis in US hospitals. Neurology. 2009;72: 1548–1554. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a41211 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Termsarasab P, Katirji B. Opportunistic infections in myasthenia gravis treated with mycophenolate mofetil. J Neuroimmunol. 2012;249: 83–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.04.016 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Plante J, Turgeon AF, Zarychanski R, Lauzier F, Vigneault L, Moore L, et al. Effect of systemic steroids on post-tonsillectomy bleeding and reinterventions: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;345: e5389 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5389 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Connell WR, Kamm MA, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE. Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: 27 years of experience. Gut. 1993;34: 1081–1085. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Fraiser LH, Kanekal S, Kehrer JP. Cyclophosphamide toxicity: characterising and avoiding the problem. Drugs. 1991;42: 781–795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Duggan M, Kavanagh BP. Pulmonary atelectasis: a pathogenic perioperative entity. Anesthesiology. 2005;102: 838–854. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Seneviratne J, Mandrekar J, Wijdicks EF, Rabinstein AA. Predictors of extubation failure in myasthenic crisis. Arch Neurol. 2008;65: 929–933. doi: 10.1001/archneur.65.7.929 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Ramagopalan SV, Wotton CJ, Handel AE, Yeates D, Goldacre MJ. Risk of venous thromboembolism in people admitted to hospital with selected immune-mediated diseases: record-linkage study. BMC Med. 2011;9: 1 doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Hansen JS, Danielsen DH, Somnier FE, Frøslev T, Jakobsen J, Johnsen SP, et al. Mortality in myasthenia gravis: a nationwide population-based follow-up study in Denmark. Muscle Nerve. 2016;53: 73–77. doi: 10.1002/mus.24697 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ. Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14: 1023–1036. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00145-3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Ramos-Fransi A, Rojas-García R, Segovia S, Márquez-Infante C, Pardo J, Coll-Cantí J, et al. Myasthenia gravis: descriptive analysis of life-threatening events in a recent nationwide registry. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22: 1056–1061. doi: 10.1111/ene.12703 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Ando T, Omasa M, Kondo T, Yamada T, Sato M, Menju T, et al. Predictive factors of myasthenic crisis after extended thymectomy for patients with myasthenia gravis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48: 705–709. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu530 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Leuzzi G, Meacci E, Cusumano G, Cesario A, Chiappetta M, Dall'armi V, et al. Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: proposal for a predictive score of postoperative myasthenic crisis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45: e76–e88. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt641 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Marx A, Pfister P, Schalke B, et al. The different roles of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the various myasthenia gravis subtypes. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12: 875–884. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.03.007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Harms L, et al. Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17: 893–902. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03019.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Jaretzki A 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS, Sanders DB. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology. 2000;55: 16–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data underlying this study are owned by and from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Interested researchers can obtain the data through formal application to the National Health Research Institute (NHRI), Taiwan (Email address: nhird@nhri.org.tw).