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Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP logoLink to Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP
. 2017;18(4):1031–1037. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.4.1031

Lack of Association of the Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) Gene rs9939609 Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Risk: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Case - Control Studies

Jamal Jafari Nedooshan 1, Saeed Kargar 1,*, Hossein Neamatzadeh 2,3, Fatemeh Haghighi 4, Reihaneh Dehghani Mohammad Abadi 4, Niloofar Seddighi 3
PMCID: PMC5494212  PMID: 28547937

Abstract

Background:

Previously published data on any association of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene with breast cancer risk remain inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted the present meta-analysis of links between breast cancer and the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism.

Methods:

We have conducted a systematic review of the English literature by searching PubMed, Google Scholar and ISI Web of Knowledge databases for studies on associations between the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the strength of the association using fixed- or random-effects model.

Results:

We included five studies with 1134 cases and 1453 controls. Overall, no significant association between the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer was found. On subgroup analysis by ethnicity, there was still no significant association detected.

Conclusions:

To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer. However, the present meta-analysis suggested that only there might be a significant association of the CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk.

Keywords: Breast cancer, FTO rs9939609, polymorphism, risk, meta-analysis

Introduction

Breast cancer is the third most frequent cancer in the world, which is also the most common malignancy and cause of mortality among women worldwide (Garcia et al., 2007; Shiryazdi SM et al., 2015). In the US, one out of every eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime (DeSantis et al., 2014; Yazdi et al., 2015). In 1994, breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) was discovered as the first breast cancer susceptibility gene. A year later breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) was identified (Forat-Yazdi et al., 2015; Shiryazdi SM et al., 2015). It is estimated that 30 % of hereditary breast cancer cases are due to mutations in one of these two genes (Forat-Yazdi et al., 2015; Neamatzadeh et al., 2015). However, other established environmental factors such as age, BMI, weight gain, reproductive history, menopausal status, and hormone therapy, etc., have identified to date (Stuckey 2011).

It is well known that obesity increases the risk of all-cause mortality in men and women worldwide (Aune et al 2016; Matthews et al., 2016). Obesity, a major epidemic problem, is an established risk factor and cause of poor prognosis for postmenopausal breast cancer worldwide (De Pergola et al., 2013). It is estimated that obesity increases the risks of postmenopausal breast cancer by 30-50% (La Vecchia, Negri et al. 1997). On the other hand, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the worldwide incidence of obesity has increased over the past decades (Hurt et al., 2010). In a large size cohort of 16 years of follow-up among 900,000 free of cancer male and females, Calle et al. have investigated the effects of obesity on the occurrence of 57,000 cancer deaths. Their findings indicated that increased body weight was significantly associated with increased death rates for all cancers. In addition, they found that highest BMI doubled the death rate from breast cancer when compared with women in the lowest BMI (Calle et al. 2003). However, obesity in women is a controllable risk factor for different conditions such as type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and several major cancers including breast and endometrial cancer (Rubenstein 2005; Pi-Sunyer 2009).

Like many other industrial world disease, obesity is a multifactorial disease that interplay between behavior, environment, and genetic factors (Shuldiner, 2008). To date, several studies have conducted to find variants in different genes that may contribute to obesity (Lyon et al., 2005; Herrera et al 2011). According to studies, obesity has a complicated association to both breast cancer risk and the clinical behavior of the established disease (Barone et al., 2016). Several genes associated with obesity have recently been identified by large scale genome-wide association studies, one being the FTO gene located on chromosome 16q12.2. Although the FTO gene physiology and function is still elusive (SanchezPulido and Andrade-Navarro 2007), recent studies have further shown the effects of the FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism on the risk of BMI-related outcomes such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) (Steemburgo et al., 2013), endometrial (Lurie et al., 2011) and pancreatic cancer (Lin et al., 2013). To date, a few studies investigated the association of FTO gene common variant, rs9939609, with risk of breast cancer, however, the studies revealed conflicting results. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to investigate the weight gain related FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism contribution to breast cancer patients.

Materials and Methods

Search Strategy

We have conducted a comprehensive literature research using PubMed, google scholar and Web of Science data bases up to 20 January 2017. The relevant publications were identified using the following keyword strings: “fat mass and obesity-associated gene”, “FTO”, “breast cancer”, “polymorphism”, “mutation”, “variant”, “gene”, “genotype”, “SNP”, and “allele”. Reference list from published original articles and previous reviews were scanned for more relevant studies not identified in the database search. The search was restricted to the English language and humans. In addition, we have identified additional studies by a hand search of references of the original publications on the topic.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

We have considered the studies to the meta-analysis that met the following predetermined inclusion criteria: (1) studies investigating the between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and breast cancer risk, (2) Studies with cohort and case–control design, (3) Studies provided sufficient data for estimating an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and (4) only conducted on the female breast cancer. The major exclusion criteria were as follow: (1) not conducted on human, (2) not breast cancer research, (3) investigated male breast cancer, (4) Only included cases, (5) duplicate of previous publications and (6) have not sufficient data for genotypes.

Data Extraction

We have extracted the following data about the eligible studies: first author name, year of publication, country of study, ethnicity of studied subjects, frequencies of genotypes in both case and control groups, and HWE. In this study the diverse ethnicity populations were categorized as Asian, Caucasian, African and Mixed. However, in the studies where the ethnicity of the case and controls was not clearly stated, we have inferred ethnicity on the basis of the largest ethnic group inhabiting the country of study. The data was extracted and confirmed by two authors; however, any disagreement was resolved by discussion among the three investigators.

Statistical Analysis

All analyses were performed with the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) V2.0 software (Biostat, USA). Two-sided P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with breast cancer risk. The meta-analysis examined the association of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism for five genetic contrast including allele (A vs. T), heterozygote (AT vs. TT), homozygote (AA vs. TT), dominant (AA+AT vs. TT) and recessive (AA vs. AT+TT) contrasts.

The heterogeneity between studies was evaluated by applying a chi square-based Q-test and I2, which a lack of statistical heterogeneity (p>0.05 or I2>25%) suggesting the variability in effect sizes is larger than that expected from chance alone (Higgins et al., 2003). Moreover, a random effects model using the DerSimonian was utilized to calculate the OR and 95% CI for comparisons with moderate to high heterogeneity (P-value > 0.1 and I2 > 25%) (DerSimonian et al., 1986). Otherwise, a fixed-effects model using the Mantel–Haenszel method was used. We have performed the sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of each individual study by sequential omission of individual studies for various genetic models in the overall population and also for subgroup analysis by ethnicity. Then, publication bias was estimated graphically by Begg’s funnel plot test and statistically Egger’s linear regression test (Egger et al., 1997); P<0.05 indicated that the result was statistically significant.

Results

Characteristics of Eligible Studies

The characteristics of the included studies were summarized in Table 1. We have identified a total of 16 publication after an initial search. Of these studies, the first screening 11 studies were excluded based on established criteria, which of these excluded studies, 6 articles were redundant studies, 1 was review and 4 were not involved with the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with breast cancer. Here, we have analyzed five studies with a total of 1134 cases and 1453 controls for the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (Kaklamani et al. 2011; Kusinska et al. 2012; da Cunha et al. 2013; Mojaver et al. 2015; Zeng et al. 2015). The included studies were published between 2011 and 2015. There were 3 studies of Caucasian descendants (USA, Poland, and Brazil) and 2 studies of Asian descendants communities (Iran and China). Genotype distributions in the controls of all studies were in agreement with HWE (p < 0.05).

Table 1.

Characteristics of Studies Included In the Meta-Analysis of FTO Rs9939609 Polymorphism and Breast Cancer

First author Country (Ethnicity) Case/Control Cases Controls HWE
Genotype Allele Genotype Allele
TT AT AA T A TT AT AA T A
Kaklamani et al. 2011 USA (Caucasian) 302/349 49 124 129 222 382 52 161 136 265 433 0.7
Kusinska et al. 2012 Poland (Caucasian) 134/357 40 65 29 145 123 110 180 67 400 314 0.66
da Cunha et al. 2013 Brazil (Caucasian) 100/148 37 50 13 124 76 48 78 22 174 122 0.286
Mojaver et al. 2015 Iran (Asian) 62/62 26 25 11 77 47 20 32 10 72 52 0.637
Zeng et al. 2015 China (Asian) 536/537 389 130 17 908 164 408 119 10 935 139 0.7
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Meta-Analysis

Overall Findings

After pooling all of the selected studies into the meta-analysis, we not found a significant association between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer under all 5 genetics contrasts (Allele: A vs. T, OR= 1.062, 95% CI: 0.934-1.208, p= 0.360, Figure 1A; heterozygote: AT vs. TT: OR= 0.972, 95% CI: 0.801-1.180, p= 0.775; homozygote : AA vs. TT, OR= 1.081, 95% CI: 0.809-1.444, p= 0.597; dominant: AA+AT vs. TT, OR= 1,019, 95% CI: 0.848-1.225, p= 0.838, Figure 1B; and recessive: AA vs. AT+TT, OR= 1.174, 95% CI: 0.934-1.478, p= 0.170; Table 2).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Forest Plot for the Association of FTO rs9939609 Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Risk. A: allelic contrast (A vs. T), B: dominant contrast (AA+AT vs. TT)

Table 2.

Meta-Analysis of the Association of FTO rs9939609 Polymorphism and Breast Cancer

Genetic model Type of model Heterogeneity Odds ratio Publication Bias
I2(%) PH OR 95% CI POR PBeggs PEggers
Overall
A vs. T Fixed 0 0.551 1.062 0.934-1.208 0.36 0.462 0.126
AT vs. TT Fixed 0 0.463 0.972 0.801-1.180 0.775 0.22 0.015
AA vs. TT Fixed 0 0.62 1.081 0.809-1.444 0.597 0.806 0.956
AA+AT vs. TT Fixed 0 0.458 1,019 0.848-1.225 0.838 0.086 0.009
AA vs. AT+TT Fixed 0 0.803 1.174 0.934-1.478 0.17 1 0.939
Caucasian
A vs. T Fixed 0 0.634 1.025 0.875-1.202 0.756 1 0.405
AT vs. TT Fixed 0 0.816 0.882 0.667-1.167 0.38 1 0.783
AA vs. TT Fixed 0 0.681 1.018 0.735-1.411 0.915 1 0.599
AA+AT vs. TT Fixed 0 0.768 0.931 0.715-1.212 0.595 1 0.501
AA vs. AT+TT Fixed 0 0.727 1.134 0.885-1.454 0.321 0.296 0.423
Asian
A vs. T Fixed 37.1 0.207 1.135 0.911-1.414 0.258 NA NA
AT vs. TT Fixed 56.57 0.129 1.063 0.813-1.389 0.657 NA NA
AA vs. TT Fixed 20.22 0.263 1.354 0.721-2.541 0.346 NA NA
AA+AT vs. TT Fixed 54.88 0.137 1.111 0.859-1.437 0.421 NA NA
AA vs. AT+TT Fixed 0 0.491 1.444 0.788-2.643 0.234 NA NA
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Subgroup Analysis

Subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity also not suggested a significant association between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in Caucasian (Allele: A vs. T, OR= 1.025, 95% CI: 0.875-1.202, p= 0.756; heterozygote: AT vs. TT: OR= 0.882, 95% CI 0.667-1.167, p= 0.380; homozygote : AA vs. TT, OR= 1.018, 95% CI: 0.735-1.411, p= 0.915; dominant: AA+AT vs. TT, OR= 0.931, 95% CI: 0.715-1.212, p= 0.595 and recessive: AA vs. AT+TT, OR= 1.134, 95% CI: 0.885-1.454, p= 0.321) and Asian (Allele: A vs. T, OR= 1.135, 95% CI: 0.911-1.414, p= 0.258; heterozygote: AT vs. TT: OR= 1.063, 95% CI: 0.813-1.389, p= 0.657; homozygote : AA vs. TT, OR= 1.354, 95% CI: 0.721-2.541, p= 0.346; dominant: AA+AT vs. TT, OR= 1,111, 95% CI: 0.859-1.437, p= 0.421 and recessive: AA vs. AT+TT, OR= 1.444, 95% CI: 0.788-2.643, p= 0.234; Table 2).

Sensitivity Analysis

We have conducted the sensitivity analysis to evaluation the stability of this meta-analysis results through removing each study sequentially. However, no obvious changes were found in the results, which confirmed our results were stable under the five genetic contrasts for FTO rs9939609 polymorphism.

Publication Bias

Egger’s test and Begg’s funnel plot were used to evaluate publication bias quantitatively and qualitatively respectively. Slight asymmetry was found in heterozygote and dominant plots for FTO rs9939609 polymorphism association (Figure). The Egger’s test also showed obvious publication bias under heterozygote (PEggers=0.015) and dominant (PEggers=0.009) contrasts (Table 2, Figure 2A, 2B). Moreover, the examination of publication bias after stratified by ethnicity for Asians was not conducted because only two studies were included.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Begg’s Funnel Plots of FTO rs9939609 Polymorphism Association with Breast Cancer Risk for Publication Bias Test. A: Heterozygote contrast (AT vs. TT), B: Dominant contrast (AA+AT vs. TT). Each point represents a separate study for the indicated association.

Discussion

The FTO is a large gene with nine exons spanning more than 400 kb on chromosome 16 in humans (Mojaver et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2016). FTO gene also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO is a nuclear protein of the AlkB related non-haem iron and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase superfamily which is the first mRNA demethylase that has been identified (Fedeles et al., 2015; Celis-Morales et al., 2016). However, the FTO gene exact physiological function of this gene is not known, the studies indicate a role in nervous and cardiovascular systems and a strong association with body mass index, obesity, and T2D (Fawcett et al., 2010; Manco et al., 2012). To date, several polymorphisms have been identified in the FTO gene such as rs9939609, rs17817449, rs8050136, rs1477196, rs6499640, rs16953002, rs11075995 and rs1121980, which associated with the risk of developing cancer (Hernández-Caballero et al., 2015). All the SNPs identified so far are located in the first and largest intron of the gene, a region where the sequence is strongly conserved across species (Loos et al. 2014). Of these SNPs, rs9939609 polymorphism, which is caused by A to T transition in the intron region of the FTO gene, is the most commonly studied polymorphism due to its various biology (Feng et al., 2014). On the other hand, it seems FTO rs9939609 may not be the true causal variant. Recent genome-wide association studies have showed that FTO rs9939609 was marginally associated with increased weight, raised BMI and several related traits (Wojciechowski et al., 2012). However, other studies suggested that this polymorphism may be involved in the development of other conditions such as T2D, metabolic syndrome (MetS) (Zhou et al., 2012), pancreatic cancer (Li et al., 2012), polycystic ovary syndrome (Li et al., 2013), major depressive disorder (Yao et al., 2016), etc.

The identification of the FTO gene and its potential role in obesity has provoked a series of studies to finds its association and also obesity with different malignancies, especially breast cancer, a multi-factorial and multi genic health problem. Recent studies have shown that FTO expression may have a vital role in the development of breast cancer (Tan et al., 2015). To date, a few studies investigated the association of FTO gene common variant, rs9939609, with risk of breast cancer, however, the studies revealed conflicting results. In this meta-analysis, we have surveyed the association of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with breast cancer in the five studies with a total of 1,134 cases and 1,453 controls. However, there was no a significant association between this polymorphism and risk of breast cancer. Similarly, Mojaver et al. have reported that rs9939609 and rs1477196 polymorphisms not confer with risk of breast cancer in the studied Iranian population (Mojaver et al. 2014). In the other in a case control study of 354 cases and 364 controls at Northwestern University, USA, Kaklamani et al., have examined the role of 4 different FTO SNPs including rs7206790, rs8047395, rs9939609 and rs1477196 in development of breast cancer. They have found that all those SNPs were significantly associated with breast cancer risk (Kaklamani et al., 2011). This inconsistence was not reasonable among our results, Mojaver et al., and Kaklamani et al., findings, because our meta-analysis like to the Kaklamani et al., study was focused on Caucasians (Kaklamani et al. 2011). Similarly, Huang et al. in a meta-analysis of 15 studies with 17,403 cases and 34,465 controls have reported a significant association of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with endometrial cancer and pancreatic cancer, but not breast cancer. In addition, they found that FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was associated with cancer risk in the Asians (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01–1.32) (Huang et al., 2016). However, Delahanty et al. in a case control study comprised 832 endometrial cancer cases and 2,049 controls have not reported such association (Delahanty et al., 2011). Huang et al. suggested that this inconsistence between their findings and Delahanty et al. may be due to the ethnicity backgrounds (Huang et al., 2016). Because the subgroup of endometrial cancer in Huang et al. meta-analysis was focused on Caucasians while Delahanty et al.’s study was based on Chinese patients (Delahanty et al., 2011). Although, we thought Huang et al. suggestion was wrong due to our inconsistence with previous two case controls study findings in the Iran and USA (Huang et al., 2016).

This is the first meta-analysis that particularly estimated the associations between two FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer. However, some limitations should be taken into consideration when explaining the results as follow: Firstly, most of the studies included in the meta-analysis were performed in the Caucasian population, only two publications were from Asians and there was no relevant study from Africans. Thus, to obtain more precise contribution of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on breast cancer risk, additional studies with larger sample size and involving different ethnicities especially Asians and African are crucial. Second, because only published papers and written in English language were included to the meta-analysis, publication bias may have occurred, even though it was not found by making use of statistical tests. Third, in this meta-analysis the overall outcomes were based on individual unadjusted ORs without adjustment for other risk factors such as age, weight, menopausal status, post-menopausal weight, histological findings, and other controllable risk factors. Finally, it is well known both obesity and breast cancer are multifactorial and multigenic trait, therefore this meta-analysis could not address the gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions in the association between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Then, more studies with detailed information environmental factors exposure to assess the possible gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the association between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer are required.

Overall, there was no a significant association between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and breast cancer risk was. As to subgroup stratified by ethnicity, there was no significant association in both Asians and Caucasians.

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