Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy using vestibular approach: updates and evidences

Abstract

Recently, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has been applied in thyroid surgery with transoral access. The benefit of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy is the potential for scar-free surgery. However, there are many concerns over some aspects, such as infection, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and oncological outcome. In this paper, we have reviewed the development history and the current clinical evidence of this innovative surgery. We conclude that the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is feasible and can be considered no longer an experimental operation.

Introduction

Since the nineteenth century, the standard open cervical thyroidectomy technique has been significantly improved in order to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. In the present day, the surgical technique now focuses on minimizing visible scarring by moving the incision to a hidden area (1,2). Various remote access thyroidectomy techniques for endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy have been invented and developed for over two decades because of their enhanced cosmetic results compared to open surgery (3-6). However, with those techniques, the scars are still seen at the incision area. Recently, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) of the thyroid has been developed (7,8). A benefit of this innovative thyroid technique is its excellent cosmetic outcome due to scarless surgery. Despite its benefits, however, this procedure has been considered experimental due to the limitations of the previous sublingual approach (9-12). The oral vestibular approach has since been introduced with better clinical outcomes (13-15). We have reviewed the history and development, clinical evidence, and potential future development of transoral thyroidectomy techniques.

Development of minimally invasive thyroidectomy

Minimally invasive surgery has been adopted for thyroid surgery since Ganger in 1996 (16). For over two decades, various approaches for endoscopic thyroidectomies have been proposed, with some becoming popular to date. The rationale for these procedures was to reduce, prevent, or eliminate scarring on the neck by moving to other areas with less pain, less bleeding and a faster recovery period (3-6). The concepts of good minimally-invasive thyroidectomy technique should include: (I) a short distance from incisions to the thyroid, so the risk of instrumental collision is reduced and the distance of flap dissection is shortened for less trauma from access; (II) excellent cosmetic outcome, with incisions ideally hidden on an unnoticeable area of the body; (III) a good operative and anatomic view for patient safety, so no important structures are proximal to the operative area, such as the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, or brachial plexus; (IV) oncological outcome such that the specimen is taken out with good shape; (V) acceptable price, using only conventional instruments with acceptable operative costs, and (VI) simplification, so the technique is simple, with a short learning curve, and can be performed by every surgeon.

However, some remote access thyroidectomy techniques, for example, the BABA technique or axilla technique, cannot be considered minimally invasive because they usually require large areas of flap dissection from the axilla or breast to the thyroid gland (4,5,17,18). Later, the patients may have paresthesia over the skin for a long time after surgery, which might impact their quality of life. Moreover, there are often surgical difficulties as a result of the very long distance from the incision to the thyroid, which can create instrumental collision.

To resolve the problem and achieve the goal of good, minimally invasive thyroidectomy mentioned earlier, transoral access seems to be an appropriate route for thyroidectomy because: (I) the distance between mouth and thyroid is the shortest among the various endoscopic/robotic approaches, resulting in reduction of instrumental collision and difficulties of surgery; (II) the best cosmetic outcomes are achieved as the wound will be hidden intraorally; (III) the operative visualization is a top-down view, cranial to caudal. Surgeons could easily get used to the view and the anatomy is very clear, similar to open surgery but upside down; (IV) no complicated instruments are necessary and the technique is feasible to be performed with a short learning curve, and (V) this is another midline approach meaning that a total thyroidectomy or central lymph node dissection can be performed without any additional incision or port.

Classification of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy

Sublingual approach

The concept of thyroid NOTES has been developed by Witzel et al. (7). In their report, the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy was performed in 2 fresh cadavers and 10 living pigs using a single 10 mm incision in the center of the sublingual area. Additionally, two 3.5 mm incisions for two 3.5 mm trocars were made externally at the neck to allow the triangulation of rigid instruments during surgery. An oscilloscope and ultrasonic shears were used for the entire operation. In their report, no complications or bleeding in the living pigs were found. Karakas et al. (19) introduced another refined technique for the parathyroid called transoral partial parathyroidectomy (TOPP). The technique involved introducing a cervicoscope more dorsally compared to Witzel’s technique, and directly in front of the trachea. Experimentation was performed on 10 living pigs, 10 human cadavers, and finally in 2 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Unfortunately, 1 patient experienced a transient palsy of the right hypoglossal nerve. Karakas et al. continued their evaluation of this technique and reported in another paper in 2014 (20), for which 85 parathyroid adenoma patients were offered TOPP as a surgical option, but only 5 patients accepted the procedure. Of these patients, 2 required conversion to open surgery. One patient experienced transient recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy. One patient experienced transient right hypoglossal nerve injury. They concluded that, although feasible, TOPP was not readily accepted by patients and its complication rate was high. Since that time, TOPP has become impracticable with currently available devices (Table 1).

Table 1. Summary of sublingual approach.

Authors	Technique	Ports & incision	Type	N	Complications
Witzel et al. (2008)	Sublingual	20 mm at center of floor of mouth, two 3.5 mm at skin	Cadavers, Pigs	2, 10	–
Karakas et al. (2009)	Sublingual (TOPP)	20 mm at lateral floor of mouth	Pigs, Cadavers, Human	10, 10, 2p	1 hypoglossal nerve injury
Karakas et al. (2014)	Sublingual (TOPP)	20 mm at lateral floor of mouth	Human	5p	1 RLN injury, 2 conversion
Woo (2014)	Sublingual	30 mm at center of floor of mouth	Human	1	–

^P, parathyroidectomy.

Combined sublingual and oral vestibular approach

The combination technique was first introduced by Benhidjeb et al. (8) and was called transoral video-assisted thyroidectomy (TOVAT). The researchers conducted experiments on 5 human cadavers. One 5 mm and two 3 mm trocars were introduced through the floor of the mouth and the oral vestibule. CO₂ was insufflated at a pressure of 4–6 mmHg. After surgery, the cadavers were totally dissected to study the safety and anatomy of the procedure.

Another technique was performed in 8 real patients by Wilhelm et al. Actually, this procedure was similar to TOVAT but the name was changed to endoscopic minimally invasive thyroidectomy (eMIT) (9,10). The center port was refined to 10 mm and another 5 mm port was used at the oral vestibule. In 3 cases, conversion to open surgery was necessary due to specimen size. RLN palsy was found in 2 patients, one transient and one permanent. Mental nerve injury was found in 3 cases. Wilhem et al. later reported a bi-center series of eMIT, collaborating between German and Chinese institutes, reporting their 96 cases of eMIT. However, 1 case was found to have transient RLN injury, 1 case had permanent RLN injury. Mental nerve injury was found in 15 cases. There was infection at the sublingual incision and neck area in 6 cases. Conversion to open surgery was needed in 3 cases (12).

The sublingual route, including combination, has been critiqued and has experienced decreasing popularity due to the difficulty of the technique and its high complication rate (21-25). Although there are some papers still investigating this technique, it is no longer active in real clinical practice (26,27) (Table 2).

Table 2. Summary of combined sublingual and oral vestibular approach.

Authors	Technique	Ports & incision	Type	N	Complications
Benhijeb et al. (2009)	Combined (TOVAT)	5 mm at floor of mouth, two 3 mm at oral vestibule	Cadaver	5	–
Wilhem et al. (2011)	Combined (eMIT)	10 mm at floor of mouth, two 5 mm at oral vestibule	Human	8	1 permanent RLN injury, 1 transient RLN injury, 3 mental nerve injury, 2 conversion
Guo et al. (2014)	Combined	5 mm at floor of mouth, two 3 mm at oral vestibule	Cadaver	15	–
Wilhem et al. (2016)	Combined (eMIT)	10 mm at floor of mouth, two 5 mm at oral vestibule	Human	96	1 transient RLN injury, 1 permanent RLN injury, 15 mental nerve injury, 6 infection, 3 conversion

Oral vestibular approach

The oral vestibular approach was first described by Richmon et al. They first performed transoral robotic-assisted thyroidectomy (TRAT) with a sublingual approach and found later that moving the camera to the oral vestibule was better (28). Nakajo et al. performed transoral video-assisted neck surgery (TOVANS) in 8 cases (13). A single 2.5 cm incision was created at the center of the oral vestibule. The operation was carried out using a gasless technique and K-wire for hanging up the skin. Only 1 case experienced RLN injury. All 8 cases were found to have paresthesia around the chin, persistent for more than 6 months. These refer to the mental nerve injury as well. Wang et al. reported another vestibular technique in 12 patients using 3 vestibular ports and CO₂ insufflation (14). The complication was 2 cases of skin ecchymosis. From those earlier reports, mental nerve injury was the most concerning problem.

The transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) was performed in 60 patients by Anuwong (15). All three ports were placed at the oral vestibule. No mental nerve injury was found and only 2 patients experienced transient RLN palsy, which completely resolved afterwards. To date, 500 cases of TOETVA have been performed at the Police General Hospital, Thailand. The technique will be described in brief in the technique section. Udelsman et al. at reported a series of 7 cases of TOETVA (2 parathyroidectomy and 5 thyroidectomy) with no complications, which was the first series in the United States (29). Jitpratoom et al. reported a comparison study between 46 TOETVA and 49 open thyroidectomies for Grave’s disease in terms of safety (30). The operative time was longer in the TOETVA group. In contrast, pain was lower in the TOETVA group than in open surgery. The remaining parameters showed no significant differences in terms of safety (Table 3).

Table 3. Summary of oral vestibular approach.

Authors	Technique	Ports & incision	Type	N	Complications
Nakajo et al. (2013)	Oral vestibular (TOVANS)	2.5 cm at center	Human	8	1 RLN injury, 8 mental nerve injury
Wang et al. (2013)	Oral vestibular (ETOVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	12	2 skin ecchymosis
Yang et al. (2015)	Oral vestibular (ETOVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	41	2 skin ecchymosis, 1 skin puncture, 1 skin burn, 1 transient RLN injury
Pai et al. (2015)	Oral vestibular	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	1	–
Anuwong (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	60	2 transient RLN injury, 3 temporary hypoparathyroidism, 1 hematoma,
Udelsman et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	7 (5+2p)	–
Sasanakietkul et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOEPVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	12p	1 transient RLN injury
Park et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	1	–
Wang et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	10	–
Inabnet et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	1	–
Dionigi et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	1	–
Zeng et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	12 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	4	–
Jitpratoom et al. (2016)	Oral vestibular (TOETVA)	10 mm at center, two 5 mm at lateral	Human	46	4 transient RLN injury, 10 transient hypocalcemia

Trans-tracheal approach

This technique was reported by Liu et al. in 2015 (31). Total transtracheal endoscopic thyroidectomy was performed in 3 pigs and 14 beagle dogs using a 4.2 mm flexible fiber optic bronchoscope. Endoscopic biopsy forceps and laparoscopic curved instruments were used during the procedure. The scope and instruments were inserted beside the orotracheal tube and then a small incision was made at the anterior tracheal wall to reach the thyroid gland. A total of 26 thyroidectomies and 8 partial thyroidectomies were performed. The anterior tracheal wall was closed using endostitch. The result showed no morbidity or mortality in 5 days. After that, all the animals were sacrificed. However, this is an experimental procedure carried out only on animals. No human clinical application was performed.

From the classifications above, the sublingual approach was no longer active and the trans-tracheal approach was only an animal experiment. The only thyroid NOTES technique that is currently working is the oral vestibular operation. The number of TOETVA publications has increased recently (32-37).

Surgical technique of TOETVA

The technique is based on Anuwong’s technique (15,38). In brief, the patient is placed in a supine position under nasotracheal intubation. Oral tracheal intubation can be used but will somewhat limit the movement of instruments during operation. The neck is placed in a slightly extended position with a sandbag under the shoulders. Pre-operative amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is administered 30 min before incision. Three incisions are made at the oral vestibular area, which is the area between the lower lip and lower teeth, for the laparoscopic trocar insertions. A 10–15 mm trocar is inserted at the center, while another two 5 mm trocars are inserted laterally. The position of the lateral ports has since been refined to a more anterior area, just under the inferior lip to the greatest extent possible. This is done to avoid injury to the branches of mental nerves located just below this area. The working space is then dissected using the dilator first, followed by dissection under direct vision. The plane was in between the strap muscle and platysma muscle. The strap muscle midline raphe is opened up to expose the thyroid and trachea. Lateral dissection of the thyroid is performed and then external suturing by 2/0 silk is introduced from the neck skin outside to retract the strap muscle laterally. Subsequently, thyroid lobectomy was initiated by cutting the isthmus. Next, the superior pole of the thyroid was accessed at the avascular plane between the cricoid and the superior pole of the thyroid, which is called Joll’s space, and which is exposed. Mobilization of the superior pole is performed by inserting the grasper into this space and pulling the superior pole upward (Figure 1). Superior thyroid vessels are then ligated using an ultrasonic scalpel. After that, the thyroid is mobilized to the opposite side as much as possible, which is called the ‘median rotation maneuver’. The upper parathyroid will be revealed after medial rotation. The RLN is then identified at the insertion, traced down to the inferior parallel to the trachea in the trachea-esophageal groove (Figure 2). The lower parathyroid is also preserved. After identification of all important anatomy, a lobectomy is completed using a harmonic scalpel. An endobag is introduced and inserted via a 10 mm port. The specimen is dunked inside this endobag and extracted from the 10–15 mm incision. If the specimen is too large, cutting of the specimen must be done while inside the endobag and under the scope. If a total thyroidectomy is necessary, a contra lateral thyroidectomy can be done with the same technique. Oral vestibule wounds were sutured using 4/0 absorbable sutures. A pressure dressing was placed around the chin for 24 hours. Liquid diet was offered right after surgery and soft diet from the next morning. The patient can be kept in the hospital overnight and discharged the next day. However, in Asian cultures, it is normal for the patient to stay in the hospital as long as possible. In our experience, 3-4 days of post-operation hospital stay is common in Asian countries.

Figure 1.

Anatomic view of TOETVA from endoscopic visualization. CT, cricothyroid; TA, trachea; IS, thyroid isthmus (dissected); RT, right thyroid gland; SP, superior pole of thyroid.

Figure 2.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection. TA, trachea, RT, right thyroid gland (lifted); RLP, right lower parathyroid gland; black arrow, recurrent laryngeal nerve (branching).

Discussion

It is very important for innovative operations to prove themselves in terms of the benefit to the patient. To ensure patients’ safety, clinical evidence is the most important matter of concern before widespread use of that technique. For transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy, there were many studies in animals and cadavers before application to clinical practice (8-15). The transoral approach is to operate from the mouth which is contaminated with many bacteria, to the neck, which is the sterile area. If infection occurs, it can result in the development of abscesses and systemic infection, as well as airway compression. This problem is the main concern in performing transoral thyroidectomy (39). The clinical evidence was sufficient to demonstrate that a sublingual approach may not be appropriate due to many complications which occurred. In particular, some infections were observed in certain series (10,12). In the literature review, there was no infection in the oral vestibular approach. Thus, a pure oral vestibular approach, especially TOETVA, seems to be safer regarding infection.

RLN injury seems to be another problem even in endoscopic or open thyroidectomy. Despite the rate being very low in the present day due to a better operative technique (40,41), it is better to avoid this problem. Inabnet et al. (34), Dionigi et al. (36), and Wang et al. (33) demonstrated intraoperative neuromonitoring in TOETVA operations with good results. However, the numbers of patients in those papers were too small; larger studies should be conducted to confirm that neuromonitoring can reduce the rate of RLN injury.

In the case of total thyroidectomy, hypoparathyroidism is the next important problem. The use of indocyaninegreen (ICG) is being investigated in terms of its use for locating the parathyroid glands or proofing of the viable glands (42-44). This could be applied to TOETVA for reducing the rate of hypoparathyroidism. In our institute, we are currently investigating the ICG in TOETVA and will report our experience very soon.

One drawback of TOETVA is the removal of the specimen. There are concerns about how to remove such a big goiter through a 1 cm incision at the oral vestibule (39). For our specimen extraction technique, inserting the specimen into an endobag is mandatory whether the nodule is benign or malignant. The normal thyroid size not exceeding 3–4 cm can be extracted by using sponges, forceps, and a ‘push and pull technique’ without rupture of the thyroid capsule. Larger glands cannot be extracted without manipulation. In that situation, we have made two to three 1 cm incisions in the thyroid capsule inside the endobag under endoscopic view. Care must be taken to make incisions at the normal thyroid portion, away from the tumor. By this technique, the specimen can be squeezed through 1–1.5 cm incisions. This technique works well for benign tumors. However, there will be occult malignancy on any cancer nodule. In Grave’s disease, the possibility to be cancer is unlikely, so in this case TOETVA can be used safely. In the case of pre-operative diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma, TOETVA could be performed only for 1–2 cm cancer nodules because the central incision size is limited to 1–1.5 cm. We aware of the oncological result of the cancer nodule. Moreover, another benefit of TOETVA is the clear anatomical view. Central lymph node dissection can be done easily and completely. However, long term oncological outcome studies would be necessary to evaluate the benefits in thyroid cancer patients.

For these reasons, we strongly recommend using this TOETVA surgery for: (I) benign thyroid disease with small to moderate thyroid nodules; (II) thyroid cancer which has 1–2 cm cancer nodules, and (III) Grave’s disease limited to 10 cm in size.

Conclusions

TOETVA can be performed safely with excellent cosmetic results, providing good oncological outcomes. In our experience as well as in the literature review, TOETVA is one of the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomies which can be considered no longer an experimental operation. It can be performed in real clinical practice in selected patients with few complications, similar to standard open thyroidectomy.